Cranial nerves
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Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. Although thirteen cranial nerves in humans fit this description, twelve are conventionally recognized. The nerves from the third onward arise from the brain stem. Except for the tenth and the eleventh nerve, they primarily serve the motor and sensory systems of the head and neck region. However, unlike peripheral nerves which are separated to achieve segmental innervation, cranial nerves are divided to serve one or a few specific functions in wider anatomical territories.
Names of Nerves
The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are traditionally abbreviated by the corresponding Roman numerals. They are numbered according to where their nuclei lie in the brain stem, e.g. Cranial Nerve III (the Oculomotor nerve) leaves the brainstem at a higher position than Cranial nerve XII, whose origin is located more caudally (lower) than the other cranial nerves.
| # | Name | Nuclei | Function |
| 0 | Cranial nerve zero (CN0 is not traditionally recognized.)[1] | olfactory trigone, medial olfactory gyrus, and lamina terminalis |
Still controversial New research indicates CN0 may play a role in the detection of pheromones [1][1] |
| I | Olfactory nerve | Anterior olfactory nucleus | Transmits the sense of smell |
| II | Optic nerve | Lateral geniculate nucleus | Transmits visual information to the brain |
| III | Oculomotor nerve | Oculomotor nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus | Innervates levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique, which collectively perform most eye movements |
| IV | Trochlear nerve | Trochlear nucleus | Innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses, pulls laterally, and intorts the eyeball |
| V | Trigeminal nerve | Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, Spinal trigeminal nucleus, Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, Trigeminal motor nucleus | Receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication |
| VI | Abducens nerve | Abducens nucleus | Innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye |
| VII | Facial nerve | Facial nucleus, Solitary nucleus, Superior salivary nucleus | Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and stapedius, receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and provides secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland |
| VIII | Vestibulocochlear nerve (or auditory-vestibular nerve or statoacustic nerve) | Vestibular nuclei, Cochlear nuclei | Senses sound, rotation and gravity (essential for balance & movement) |
| IX | Glossopharyngeal nerve | Nucleus ambiguus, Inferior salivary nucleus, Solitary nucleus | Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus (essential for tactile, pain, and thermal sensation). Sensation is relayed to opposite thalamus and some hypothalamic nuclei. |
| X | Vagus nerve | Nucleus ambiguus, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus, Solitary nucleus | Supplies branchiomotor innervation to most laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles; provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure; and receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis. A major function: controls muscles for voice and resonance. Symptoms of damage: dysphagia (swallowing problems). |
| XI | Accessory nerve (or cranial accessory nerve or spinal accessory nerve) | Nucleus ambiguus, Spinal accessory nucleus | Controls muscles of the neck and overlaps with functions of the vagus. Examples of symptoms of damage: inability to shrug, weak head movement, velopharyngeal insufficiency) |
| XII | Hypoglossal nerve | Hypoglossal nucleus | Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue and other glossal muscles. Important for swallowing (bolus formation) and speech articulation. |
Cranial nerves in non-human vertebrates
Human cranial nerves are evolutionarily homologous to those found in many other vertebrates. Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs. These characters are synapomorphies for their respective clades. In some primitive cartilagenous fishes, such as the dogfish (Squalos acanthos), there is a terminal nerve numbered zero (as it exits the brain before the first cranial nerve).
Mnemonic devices
As the list is important to keep in mind during the examination of the nervous system, there are many mnemonic devices in circulation to help remember the names and order of the cranial nerves. Because the mind recalls rhymes well, the best mnemonics often use rhyming schemes. The best known example is, "On Old Olympus' Towering Top A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops,"[1] where And represents auditory vestibular and Some represents spinal accessory.
Another to help remember the types of information these nerves carry (sensory, motor, or both) is thus:
- Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More.
See also
External links
- Examination of the cranial nerves - University of Toronto Medicine
- Norman/Georgetown cranialnerves
- CN Medical Notes on rahulgladwin.com
References
Nervous system physiology: neurophysiology - reflex | |
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| Cranial nerve | midbrain: Pupillary light reflex - Accommodation reflex pons/medulla: Jaw jerk reflex - Corneal reflex - Caloric reflex test/Vestibulo-ocular reflex - Gag reflex |
| Tendon reflexes | upper limb: Biceps reflex - Brachioradialis reflex - Extensor digitorum reflex - Triceps reflex lower limb: Patellar reflex - Ankle jerk reflex - Plantar reflex |
| Primitive reflexes | Galant - Grasp - Moro - Rooting - Stepping - Sucking - Tonic neck |
| Other | Baroreflex - Acoustic reflex - H-reflex - Oculocardiac reflex - Stretch reflex - Startle reaction - Optokinetic - Withdrawal reflex - Crossed extensor reflex |
WikiDoc Research Resources for Cranial nerves | |
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| Articles on Cranial nerves | Most recent articles on Cranial nerves • Most cited articles on Cranial nerves • Review articles on Cranial nerves • Articles on Cranial nerves in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ |
| Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Cranial nerves | Powerpoint slides on Cranial nerves • Images of Cranial nerves • Photos of Cranial nerves • Podcasts & MP3s on Cranial nerves • Videos on Cranial nerves |
| Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Cranial nerves | Cochrane Collaboration on Cranial nerves • Bandolier on Cranial nerves • TRIP on Cranial nerves |
| Cost Effectiveness of Cranial nerves | Cost Effectiveness of Cranial nerves |
| Clinical Trials Involving Cranial nerves | Ongoing Trials on Cranial nerves at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Cranial nerves • Clinical Trials on Cranial nerves at Google |
| Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Cranial nerves | US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Cranial nerves • NICE Guidance on Cranial nerves • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Cranial nerves • CDC on Cranial nerves |
| Textbook Information on Cranial nerves | Books and Textbook Information on Cranial nerves |
| Pharmacology Resources on Cranial nerves | Dosing of Cranial nerves • Drug interactions with Cranial nerves • Side effects of Cranial nerves • Allergic reactions to Cranial nerves • Overdose information on Cranial nerves • Carcinogenicity information on Cranial nerves • Cranial nerves in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Cranial nerves • |
| Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Cranial nerves | Genetics of Cranial nerves • Pharmacogenomics of Cranial nerves • Proteomics of Cranial nerves |
| Newstories on Cranial nerves | Cranial nerves in the news • Be alerted to news on Cranial nerves • News trends on Cranial nerves |
| Commentary on Cranial nerves | Blogs on Cranial nerves |
| Patient Resources on Cranial nerves | Patient resources on Cranial nerves • Discussion groups on Cranial nerves • Patient Handouts on Cranial nerves • Directions to Hospitals Treating Cranial nerves • Risk calculators and risk factors for Cranial nerves |
| Healthcare Provider Resources on Cranial nerves | Symptoms of Cranial nerves • Causes & Risk Factors for Cranial nerves • Diagnostic studies for Cranial nerves • Treatment of Cranial nerves |
| Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Cranial nerves | CME Programs on Cranial nerves |
| International Resources on Cranial nerves | Cranial nerves en Espanol • Cranial nerves en Francais |
| Business Resources on Cranial nerves | Cranial nerves in the Marketplace • Patents on Cranial nerves |
| Informatics Resources on Cranial nerves | List of terms related to Cranial nerves |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
