The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Kidney and Urologic Diseases

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Editor-In-Chief Nephrology:

Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The Living Textbook Of Kidney And Urologic Disease In Alphabetical Order

Anatomy and Physiology

v • d • e Urinary system - Kidney
Layers	Renal fascia • Renal capsule • Renal cortex (Renal column) • Renal medulla (Renal sinus, Renal pyramids, medullary interstitium) • Renal lobe • Cortical lobule • Medullary ray • Nephron
Afferent circulation	Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical radial arteries → Afferent arterioles → Renal corpuscle (Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule)
Renal tubule	Proximal tubule → Loop of Henle (Descending, Thin ascending, Thick ascending) → Distal convoluted tubule → Connecting tubule → Collecting ducts → Duct of Bellini → Renal papilla → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter
Efferent circulation	Glomerulus → Efferent arterioles → Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta → Arcuate vein → Interlobar veins → Renal vein
Juxtaglomerular apparatus	Macula densa • Juxtaglomerular cells • Extraglomerular mesangial cell
Filtration	Glomerular basement membrane • Podocyte • Filtration slits • Intraglomerular mesangial cell • Tubular fluid
Renal physiology	Acid base physiology • Fluid balance

v • d • e Urinary system, physiology: renal physiology and acid base physiology
Filtration	Renal blood flow - Ultrafiltration - Countercurrent exchange
Hormones affecting filtration	Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Aldosterone - Atrial natriuretic peptide
Secretion/clearance	Pharmacokinetics - Clearance of medications
Reabsorption	Solvent drag -Na⁺ - Cl^- -urea -glucose -oligopeptides -protein
Endocrine	Renin - Erythropoietin (EPO) - Calcitriol (Active vitamin D) - Prostaglandins
Assessing Renal function / Measures of dialysis	Glomerular filtration rate - Creatinine clearance - Renal clearance ratio - Urea reduction ratio - Kt/V - Standardized Kt/V - Hemodialysis product - PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow - Extraction ratio)
Acid base physiology	Fluid balance - Darrow Yannet diagram - Body water - Interstitial fluid - Extracellular fluid - Intracellular fluid/Cytosol - Plasma - Transcellular fluid - Base excess - Davenport diagram - Anion gap - Arterial blood gas
Buffering/compensation	Bicarbonate buffering system - Respiratory compensation - Renal compensation

v • d • e Human physiology and endocrinology of reproduction
Anatomy and physiology	Reproductive system (male, female)
Menstrual/Estrous cycle	Menstruation - Follicular phase - Ovulation - Luteal phase
Gametogenesis	Spermatogenesis (spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm) - Oogenesis (oogonium, oocyte, ootid, ovum) - Germ cell (gonocyte, gamete)
Sexuality	Human sexual behavior - Sexual intercourse - Erection - Ejaculation - Orgasm - Insemination - Fertilisation/Fertility - Masturbation - Pregnancy - Postpartum period
Lifespan	Prenatal development - Sexual dimorphism - Sexual differentiation - Puberty (Menarche, Adrenarche) - Maternal age/Paternal age - Climacteric (Menopause, Andropause)
Eggs	Ovum - Oviposition - Oviparity - Ovoviviparity - Viviparity
Reproductive endocrinology	Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis - Andrology - Hormone

Embryology

v • d • e Prenatal development/mammalian embryogenesis - Development of the urinary and reproductive organs
General Urinary/Reproductive system	Cloacal membrane - Cloaca - Urethral groove - Urogenital sinus - Urachus - Urogenital folds
Kidney development	Nephrogenic cord - Nephrotome - Pronephros - Mesonephros (Mesonephric tubules) Ureteric bud - Metanephric blastema
Fetal genital development - primarily internal	Gonadal ridge - Sex cord (Cortical cords, Testis cords) Pronephric duct/Wolffian duct/mesonephric duct - Müllerian duct/paramesonephric ducts (Vaginal plate)
Primarily external	Genital tubercle - Phallus - Labioscrotal folds Gubernaculum - Processus vaginalis
see also list of homologues of the human reproductive system

Disease States

v • d • e

Urinary system · Pathology · Urologic disease / Uropathy (N00-N39, 580-599)

Abdominal

Nephropathy/
(nephritis+
nephrosis)

Glomerulopathy/
glomerulitis/
(glomerulonephritis+
glomerulonephrosis)

Non-proliferative	.0 Minimal change · .1 Focal segmental · .2 Membranous
Proliferative	.3 Mesangial proliferative · .4 Endocapillary proliferative .5/.6 Membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary · .7 Rapidly progressive/crescentic

By syndrome

Nephritic syndrome · Nephrotic syndrome

By condition

IgA/Berger's · Diabetic · Post-streptococcal · Lupus · Amyloidosis

Tubulopathy/
tubulitis

Proximal	RTA (RTA 2)
Thick ascending	Bartter syndrome
Distal convoluted	Gitelman syndrome
Collecting duct	Liddle's syndrome · RTA (RTA 1) · Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Renal papilla	Renal papillary necrosis
Major calyx/pelvis	Hydronephrosis · Pyonephrosis · Reflux nephropathy
Any/all	Acute tubular necrosis

Interstitial nephritis (Pyelonephritis, Danubian endemic familial nephropathy)

Any/all

General syndromes	Renal failure (Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure)
Vascular	Renal artery stenosis · Hypertensive nephropathy · Renovascular hypertension
Other	Analgesic nephropathy · Renal osteodystrophy · Nephroptosis · Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome

Ureteritis · Ureterocele · Megaureter

Pelvic

Bladder	Cystitis (Interstitial cystitis, Trigonitis) · Neurogenic bladder · Vesicointestinal fistula · Vesicoureteral reflux
Urethra	Urethritis (Non-gonococcal urethritis) · Urethral syndrome · Urethral stricture

Any/all

Obstructive uropathy · Urinary tract infection · Retroperitoneal fibrosis · Urolithiasis (Kidney stone, Renal colic)

See also congenital, neoplasia, symptoms/signs

Congenital Disease States

v • d • e

Congenital malformations and deformations of sex organs (Q50-Q56 · 752)

Uterine malformation	Müllerian agenesis · Unicornuate uterus · Uterus didelphys · Bicornuate uterus · Uterine septum · Arcuate uterus
Other	Vaginal septum · Clitoromegaly

Testicle	Cryptorchidism · Polyorchidism · Monorchism · Anorchia
Penis	Hypospadias · Chordee · Micropenis · Macropenis · Penile agenesis · Diphallia

Pseudohermaphroditism · True hermaphroditism · Mixed gonadal dysgenesis · Swyer syndrome · Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome

See also noncongenital, neoplasia

Pharmacotherapy

v • d • e Urologicals (G04)
Acidifiers	Ammonium chloride, Calcium chloride
Urinary antispasmodics (primarily antimuscarinics)	Darifenacin, Emepronium, Fesoterodine, Flavoxate, Meladrazine, Oxybutynin, Propiverine, Solifenacin, Terodiline, Tolterodine, Trospium
For erectile dysfunction	prostaglandins: Alprostadil PDE5 inhibitors: Avanafil - Sildenafil - Tadalafil - Udenafil - Vardenafil alpha blockers: Moxisylyte - Phentolamine - Yohimbine others: Apomorphine - Papaverine
Other urologicals	Acetohydroxamic acid, Collagen, Dimethyl sulfoxide, Magnesium hydroxide, Pentosan polysulfate, Phenazopyridine, Phenyl salicylate, Succinimide
For benign prostatic hypertrophy	5α-reductase inhibitors: Dutasteride, Finasteride Alpha blockers: Alfuzosin, Doxazosin, Silodosin, Tamsulosin, Terazosin Herbals: Pygeum africanum, Serenoa repens

Surgery

v • d • e

Urogenital surgical and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 55-71)

kidney: Nephrostomy - Nephrectomy - Kidney transplantation - Nephropexy

ureter: Ureteroscopy - Ureterostomy - Urinary diversion - Ureterosigmoidostomy

urinary bladder: Cystectomy (Suprapubic cystostomy) - Cystoscopy

Reproductive system - male

prostate: Prostatectomy (Transurethral resection of the prostate)

vas deferens: Vasectomy - Vasovasostomy

penis: Circumcision - Penectomy - Penile prosthesis

testes: orchiectomy

Reproductive system - female
(gynecological surgery)

ovary: Oophorectomy

fallopian tubes: Tubal ligation - Salpingectomy

uterus: Hysterotomy - Hysteroscopy - Pelvic exenteration - Hysterectomy - Vacuum aspiration

vagina: Culdocentesis - Hymenotomy - Vaginectomy

vulva: Vulvectomy - Colposcopy

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