Pseudohermaphroditism
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| Pseudohermaphroditism Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | Q56.1-Q56.3 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 752.7 |
| DiseasesDB | 14836 14839 |
| MeSH | D011545 |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753
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Overview
Pseudohermaphroditism or pseudo-hermaphroditism, is a name used to describe the fact that some people are born with external sex organs that look intermediate between the typical vagina or penis. The term was adopted to distinguish between these people, who have typical ovaries or testes, and "true" hermaphrodites, who do not. It is also used for a range of other rare human physicalities. The term pseudohermaphroditism is now restricted to the technical literature, having been replaced by intersex in most public discussion, though this term is also challenged (see External links below).
The inadequency of the term outside technical descriptions can be demonstrated by many examples, but a simple one is the case of women with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS). These women typically have primary and secondary sexual characteristics typical of other women, however they are genetically XY and have internal testes, rather than ovaries. They often marry but cannot have children. However scientifically precise the description "male" pseudohermaphrodite may be for such women, it is clearly socially inappropriate. CAIS is little better. Most intersex conditions are normal (if rare) human physicalities. The S for syndrome in CAIS does not accord with the "normality" CAIS women feel about their bodies.
Terminology
Use of the term "pseudohermaphroditism" can be problematic. The term "pseudohermaphroditism" was created by Edwin Klebs in 1876, [1][2] long before the genetic roles of the X chromosome and Y chromosome and the social components of gender identity were well characterized, which is why the term is usually used to describe the dissonance between gonadal histology and external genital appearance.
The term "intersexuality" was introduced by Richard Goldschmidt in 1923. [1][3] However, the term "intersex" has also been challenged; the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology have adopted a nomenclature system based on disorders of sex development which covers "congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical" and thus replaces many disparate terms, including but not limited to those based on "hermaphrodite."[4][5]
One example of the challenges involved in the use of the term is the case of women with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS). These women typically have primary and secondary sexual characteristics typical of other women; however, they are genetically XY and have internal testes, rather than ovaries. They often marry but cannot have children. However scientifically precise the description "male" pseudohermaphrodite may be for such women, it is clearly socially inappropriate. CAIS is little better. The S for syndrome in CAIS does not accord with the "normality" CAIS women feel about their bodies.
Surgery
Surgery has sometimes been performed to alter the appearance of the genitals.[6][7] Modern approaches often involve delaying surgery when possible until the child matures enough to express a preference.
External links
Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
WikiDoc Research Resources for Pseudohermaphroditism | |
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| Articles on Pseudohermaphroditism | Most recent articles on Pseudohermaphroditism • Most cited articles on Pseudohermaphroditism • Review articles on Pseudohermaphroditism • Articles on Pseudohermaphroditism in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ |
| Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Pseudohermaphroditism | Powerpoint slides on Pseudohermaphroditism • Images of Pseudohermaphroditism • Photos of Pseudohermaphroditism • Podcasts & MP3s on Pseudohermaphroditism • Videos on Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Pseudohermaphroditism | Cochrane Collaboration on Pseudohermaphroditism • Bandolier on Pseudohermaphroditism • TRIP on Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Cost Effectiveness of Pseudohermaphroditism | Cost Effectiveness of Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Clinical Trials Involving Pseudohermaphroditism | Ongoing Trials on Pseudohermaphroditism at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Pseudohermaphroditism • Clinical Trials on Pseudohermaphroditism at Google |
| Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Pseudohermaphroditism | US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Pseudohermaphroditism • NICE Guidance on Pseudohermaphroditism • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Pseudohermaphroditism • CDC on Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Textbook Information on Pseudohermaphroditism | Books and Textbook Information on Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Pharmacology Resources on Pseudohermaphroditism | Dosing of Pseudohermaphroditism • Drug interactions with Pseudohermaphroditism • Side effects of Pseudohermaphroditism • Allergic reactions to Pseudohermaphroditism • Overdose information on Pseudohermaphroditism • Carcinogenicity information on Pseudohermaphroditism • Pseudohermaphroditism in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Pseudohermaphroditism • |
| Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Pseudohermaphroditism | Genetics of Pseudohermaphroditism • Pharmacogenomics of Pseudohermaphroditism • Proteomics of Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Newstories on Pseudohermaphroditism | Pseudohermaphroditism in the news • Be alerted to news on Pseudohermaphroditism • News trends on Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Commentary on Pseudohermaphroditism | Blogs on Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Patient Resources on Pseudohermaphroditism | Patient resources on Pseudohermaphroditism • Discussion groups on Pseudohermaphroditism • Patient Handouts on Pseudohermaphroditism • Directions to Hospitals Treating Pseudohermaphroditism • Risk calculators and risk factors for Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Healthcare Provider Resources on Pseudohermaphroditism | Symptoms of Pseudohermaphroditism • Causes & Risk Factors for Pseudohermaphroditism • Diagnostic studies for Pseudohermaphroditism • Treatment of Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Pseudohermaphroditism | CME Programs on Pseudohermaphroditism |
| International Resources on Pseudohermaphroditism | Pseudohermaphroditism en Espanol • Pseudohermaphroditism en Francais |
| Business Resources on Pseudohermaphroditism | Pseudohermaphroditism in the Marketplace • Patents on Pseudohermaphroditism |
| Informatics Resources on Pseudohermaphroditism | List of terms related to Pseudohermaphroditism |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
