Prazosin

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Prazosin
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

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Overview

Prazosin is a alpha-adrenergic blocker that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of hypertension. Common adverse reactions include orthostatic hypotension, palpitations, nausea, asthenia, dizziness, headache, lethargy and somnolence.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Hypertension
  • Initial dose:
  • 1 mg two or three times a day
  • Maintenance dose:
  • Dosage may be slowly increased to a total daily dose of 20 mg given in divided doses. The therapeutic dosages most commonly employed have ranged from 6 mg to 15 mg daily given in divided doses. Doses higher than 20 mg usually do not increase efficacy, however a few patients may benefit from further increases up to a daily dose of 40 mg given in divided doses. After initial titration some patients can be maintained adequately on a twice daily dosage regimen.
  • Use with other drugs:

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Prazosin in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Congestive heart failure
Dream disorder - posttraumatic stress disorder
  • A 6-week open-label trial, with 5 patients, with history of exposure to civilian trauma, in a non-military environment, who subsequently developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):[3][4]
  • 1 to 4 mg/day
  • 2 to 10 mg/day
Erectile dysfunction
  • The therapeutic response to prazosin proved to be better than the placebo response for the following dosages of prazosin:
  • 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 micrograms[6]
Poisoning due to scorpion venom
  • A study shows that there is benefit in the use of prazosin in cases of envenomation by the Indian red scorpion, showed by the reduction of morbidity, mortality, and recovery time.
  • 0.5 mg every 6 hours, until improvement of the clinical status.[7]
Raynaud's phenomenon
  • 1 mg orally 3 times/day[8]

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding FDA-Label indications Use of Prazosin in pediatric patients.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Prazosin in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Poisoning due to scorpion venom
  • A study shows that there is benefit in the use of prazosin in cases of envenomation by the Indian red scorpion, showed by the reduction of morbidity, mortality, and recovery time.
  • 0.25 mg every 6 hours, until improvement of the clinical status.[7]

Contraindications

  • Prazosin is contraindicated in patients with known sensitivity to:

Warnings

  • Prazosin, as other alpha-blockers, may cause:
  • Syncope with sudden loss of consciousness:
  • May be due to an excessive postural hypotensive effect
  • Occasionally the syncopal episode has been preceded by a bout of severe tachycardia with heart rates of 120–160 beats per minute
  • Syncopal episodes have usually occurred within 30 to 90 minutes of the initial dose of the drug
  • These have often been reported in association with rapid dosage increases or the introduction of another antihypertensive drug into the regimen of a patient taking high doses of prazosin.
  • The incidence of syncopal episodes is approximately 1% in patients given an initial dose of 2 mg or greater.
  • Clinical trials conducted during the investigational phase of this drug suggest that syncopal episodes can be minimized by limiting the initial dose of the drug to 1 mg, by subsequently increasing the dosage slowly, and by introducing any additional antihypertensive drugs into the patient's regimen with caution.
  • If syncope occurs, the patient should be placed in the recumbent position and treated supportively as necessary. This adverse effect is self-limiting and in most cases does not recur after the initial period of therapy or during subsequent dose titration.
  • The patient should be cautioned about these possible adverse effects and advised what measures to take should they develop. The patient should also be cautioned to avoid situations where injury could result should syncope occur during the initiation of prazosin therapy.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

  • Clinical trials were conducted on more than 900 patients. During these trials and subsequent marketing experience, the most frequent reactions associated with prazosin therapy are:
  • In most instances, side effects have disappeared with continued therapy or have been tolerated with no decrease in dose of drug.
  • Less frequent adverse reactions which are reported to occur in 1–4% of patients are:
Central Nervous System
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Miscellaneous
  • Fewer than 1% of patients have reported the following:
Gastrointestinal
Cardiovascular
Central Nervous System
Dermatologic
Genitourinary
EENT
Miscellaneous
  • Single reports of pigmentary mottling and serous retinopathy, and a few reports of cataract development or disappearance have been reported. In these instances, the exact causal relationship has not been established because the baseline observations were frequently inadequate.
  • In more specific slit-lamp and funduscopic studies, which included adequate baseline examinations, no drug-related abnormal ophthalmological findings have been reported.
  • Literature reports exist associating prazosin therapy with a worsening of pre-existing narcolepsy. A causal relationship is uncertain in these cases.

Postmarketing Experience

General
Autonomic Nervous System
Cardiovascular
Endocrine
Psychiatric
Skin/Appendages
Vascular
Vision
Special Senses

Drug Interactions

  • Prazosin has been administered without any adverse drug interaction in limited clinical experience to date with the following:
  • Addition of a diuretic or other antihypertensive agent to prazosin has been shown to cause an additive hypotensive effect. This effect can be minimized by reducing the prazosin dose to 1 to 2 mg three times a day, by introducing additional antihypertensive drugs cautiously, and then by retitrating prazosin based on clinical response.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): C

  • Prazosin has been shown to be associated with decreased litter size at birth, 1, 4, and 21 days of age in rats when given doses more than 225 times the usual maximum recommended human dose. No evidence of drug-related external, visceral, or skeletal fetal abnormalities were observed. No drug-related external, visceral, or skeletal abnormalities were observed in fetuses of pregnant rabbits and pregnant monkeys at doses more than 225 times and 12 times the usual maximum recommended human dose, respectively.
  • The use of prazosin and a beta-blocker for the control of severe hypertension in 44 pregnant women revealed no drug-related fetal abnormalities or adverse effects. Therapy with prazosin was continued for as long as 14 weeks. Prazosin has also been used alone or in combination with other hypotensive agents in severe hypertension of pregnancy by other investigators. No fetal or neonatal abnormalities have been reported with the use of prazosin.
  • There are no adequate and well controlled studies which establish the safety of prazosin in pregnant women. Prazosin should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the mother and fetus.


Pregnancy Category (AUS): B2 There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of prazosin in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Prazosin during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • Prazosin has been shown to be excreted in small amounts in human milk. Caution should be exercised when prazosin is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Prazosin in geriatric settings.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Prazosin with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Prazosin with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Prazosin in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Prazosin in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

  • No carcinogenic potential was demonstrated in an 18 month study in rats with prazosin at dose levels more than 225 times the usual maximum recommended human dose of 20 mg per day.
  • In a fertility and general reproductive performance study in rats, both males and females, treated with 75 mg/kg (225 times the usual maximum recommended human dose), demonstrated decreased fertility, while those treated with 25 mg/kg (75 times the usual maximum recommended human dose) did not.
  • In chronic studies (one year or more) of prazosin in rats and dogs, testicular changes consisting of atrophy and necrosis occurred at 25 mg/kg/day (75 times the usual maximum recommended human dose). No testicular changes were seen in rats or dogs at 10 mg/kg/day (30 times the usual maximum recommended human dose). In view of the testicular changes observed in animals, 105 patients on long term prazosin therapy were monitored for 17-ketosteroid excretion and no changes indicating a drug effect were observed. In addition, 27 males on prazosin for up to 51 months did not have changes in sperm morphology suggestive of drug effect.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Prazosin in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

Oral

Monitoring

Hypotension

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Prazosin and IV administrations.

Overdosage

  • Accidental ingestion of at least 50 mg of prazosin in a two year old child resulted in:

Acute Overdose

Hypotension

Management

  • If this measure is inadequate:
  • Shock should first be treated with volume expanders.
  • If necessary, vasopressors should then be used.

Pharmacology

Template:Px
Prazosin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-[4-(2-Furoyl)piperazin-1-yl]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-amine
Identifiers
CAS number 19216-56-9
ATC code C02CA01
PubChem 4893
DrugBank DB00457
Chemical data
Formula Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox 
Mol. mass 383.401 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability ~60%
Protein binding 97%
Metabolism ?
Half life 2–3 hours
Excretion ?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

?

Legal status

POM(UK)

Routes Oral

Mechanism of Action

  • The exact mechanism of the hypotensive action of prazosin is unknown:
  • Prazosin causes a decrease in total peripheral resistance and was originally thought to have a direct relaxant action on vascular smooth muscle.
  • Recent animal studies, however, have suggested that the vasodilator effect of prazosin is also related to blockade of postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. The results of dog forelimb experiments demonstrate that the peripheral vasodilator effect of prazosin is confined mainly to the level of the resistance vessels (arterioles).
  • Unlike conventional alpha-blockers, the antihypertensive action of prazosin is usually not accompanied by a reflex tachycardia. Tolerance has not been observed to develop in long term therapy.

Structure

Prazosin, a quinazoline derivative, is the first of a new chemical class of antihypertensives. It is the hydrochloride salt of 1-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)-4-(2-furoyl) piperazine and its structural formula is:

This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Molecular formula C19H21N5O4•HCl It is a white, crystalline substance, slightly soluble in water and isotonic saline, and has a molecular weight of 419.87. Each 1 mg capsule of prazosin for oral use contains drug equivalent to 1 mg free base. Inert ingredients in the formulations are: hard gelatin capsules (which may contain Blue 1, Red 3, Red 28, Red 40, and other inert ingredients); magnesium stearate; sodium lauryl sulfate; starch; sucrose.

Pharmacodynamics

  • Hemodynamic studies have been carried out in man following acute single dose administration and during the course of long term maintenance therapy.
  • In clinical studies in which lipid profiles were followed, there were generally no adverse changes noted between pre- and post-treatment lipid levels.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Following oral administration, human plasma concentrations reach a peak at about three hours with a plasma half-life of two to three hours. The drug is highly bound to plasma protein. Bioavailability studies have demonstrated that the total absorption relative to the drug in a 20% alcoholic solution is 90%, resulting in peak levels approximately 65% of that of the drug in solution.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Nonclinical Toxicology of prazosin in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of prazosin in the drug label.

How Supplied

This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Storage

There is limited information regarding storage conditions of doxazosin in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

Dizziness or drowsiness may occur after the first dose of this medicine. Avoid driving or performing hazardous tasks for the first 24 hours after taking this medicine or when the dose is increased. Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting may occur, especially when rising from a lying or sitting position. Getting up slowly may help lessen the problem. These effects may also occur if you drink alcohol, stand for long periods of time, exercise, or if the weather is hot. While taking MINIPRESS, be careful in the amount of alcohol you drink. Also, use extra care during exercise or hot weather, or if standing for long periods. Check with your physician if you have any questions.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • These effects may also occur in case of alcohol consumption, when standing for long periods of time, exercise, or in presence of hot weather. Attention should be given when taking prazosin, particularly to the amount of alcohol consumed.

Brand Names

  • Minipress

Look-Alike Drug Names

  • N/A

Drug Shortage Status

Drug Shortage

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. Lowe F (1999). "Alpha-1-adrenoceptor blockade in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia". Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2 (3): 110–119. doi:10.1038/sj.pcan.4500302. PMID 12496820.
  2. Westheim A, Koss A, Sivertssen E (1986). "Hemodynamic effects at rest and during exercise in long-term treatment with prazosin in chronic congestive heart failure". Acta Med Scand. 219 (5): 449–53. PMID 3526819.
  3. Raskind MA, Thompson C, Petrie EC, Dobie DJ, Rein RJ, Hoff DJ; et al. (2002). "Prazosin reduces nightmares in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder". J Clin Psychiatry. 63 (7): 565–8. PMID 12143911.
  4. Taylor F, Raskind MA (2002). "The alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin improves sleep and nightmares in civilian trauma posttraumatic stress disorder". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 22 (1): 82–5. PMID 11799347.
  5. Raskind MA, Dobie DJ, Kanter ED, Petrie EC, Thompson CE, Peskind ER (2000). "The alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin ameliorates combat trauma nightmares in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a report of 4 cases". J Clin Psychiatry. 61 (2): 129–33. PMID 10732660.
  6. Peterson CA, Bennett AH, Hellstrom WJ, Kaiser FE, Morley JE, Nemo KJ; et al. (1998). "Erectile response to transurethral alprostadil, prazosin and alprostadil-prazosin combinations". J Urol. 159 (5): 1523–7, discussion 1527-8. doi:10.1097/00005392-199805000-00030. PMID 9554347.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH (1996). "Severe envenoming by the Indian red scorpion Mesobuthus tamulus: the use of prazosin therapy". QJM. 89 (9): 701–4. PMID 8917746.
  8. Wollersheim H, Thien T, Fennis J, van Elteren P, van 't Laar A (1986). "Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of prazosin in Raynaud's phenomenon". Clin Pharmacol Ther. 40 (2): 219–25. PMID 3731684.

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