File:Map of the human mitochondrial genome.svgLocation of the MT-CO3 gene in the human mitochondrial genome. MT-CO3 is one of the three cytochrome c oxidase subunit mitochondrial genes (orange boxes).
The MT-CO3 gene produces a 30 kDa protein composed of 261 amino acids.[6][7] COX3, the protein encoded by this gene, is a member of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 family. This protein is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. COX3 is a multi-pass transmembrane protein. It contains 7 transmembrane domains at positions 15-35, 42-59, 81-101, 127-147, 159-179, 197-217, and 239-259.[4][5]
Function
Cytochrome c oxidase (EC1.9.3.1) is the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain of mitochondria and many aerobic bacteria. It catalyzes the transfer of electrons from reduced cytochrome c to molecular oxygen:
This reaction is coupled to the pumping of four additional protons across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane.[8][9]
Cytochrome c oxidase is an oligomeric enzymatic complex that is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane of eukaryotes and in the plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes. The core structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase contains three common subunits, I, II and III. In prokaryotes, subunits I and III can be fused and a fourth subunit is sometimes found, whereas in eukaryotes there are a variable number of additional small subunits.[10]
As the bacterial respiratory systems are branched, they have a number of distinct terminal oxidases, rather than the single cytochrome c oxidase present in the eukaryotic mitochondrial systems. Although the cytochrome o oxidases do not catalyze the cytochrome c but the quinol (ubiquinol) oxidation they belong to the same haem-copper oxidase superfamily as cytochrome c oxidases. Members of this family share sequence similarities in all three core subunits: subunit I is the most conserved subunit, whereas subunit II is the least conserved.[11][12][13]
LHON is a maternally inherited disease resulting in acute or subacute loss of central vision, due to optic nerve dysfunction. Cardiac conduction defects and neurological defects have also been described in some patients. LHON results from primary mitochondrial DNA mutations affecting the respiratory chain complexes. Mutations at positions 9438 and 9804, which result in glycine-78 to serine and alanine-200 to threonineamino acid changes, have been associated with this disease.[14][4][5]
Recurrent myoglobinuria is characterized by recurrent attacks of rhabdomyolysis (necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle) associated with muscle pain and weakness, and followed by excretion of myoglobin in the urine. It has been associated with mitochondrial complex IV deficiency.[16][4][5]
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↑Michel H (November 1999). "Cytochrome c oxidase: catalytic cycle and mechanisms of proton pumping--a discussion". Biochemistry. 38 (46): 15129–40. doi:10.1021/bi9910934. PMID10563795.
↑Belevich I, Verkhovsky MI, Wikström M (April 2006). "Proton-coupled electron transfer drives the proton pump of cytochrome c oxidase". Nature. 440 (7085): 829–32. doi:10.1038/nature04619. PMID16598262.
↑Mather MW, Springer P, Hensel S, Buse G, Fee JA (March 1993). "Cytochrome oxidase genes from Thermus thermophilus. Nucleotide sequence of the fused gene and analysis of the deduced primary structures for subunits I and III of cytochrome caa3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (8): 5395–408. PMID8383670.
↑Santana M, Kunst F, Hullo MF, Rapoport G, Danchin A, Glaser P (May 1992). "Molecular cloning, sequencing, and physiological characterization of the qox operon from Bacillus subtilis encoding the aa3-600 quinol oxidase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (15): 10225–31. PMID1316894.
↑Chepuri V, Lemieux L, Au DC, Gennis RB (July 1990). "The sequence of the cyo operon indicates substantial structural similarities between the cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase of Escherichia coli and the aa3-type family of cytochrome c oxidases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (19): 11185–92. PMID2162835.
↑Keightley JA, Hoffbuhr KC, Burton MD, Salas VM, Johnston WS, Penn AM, Buist NR, Kennaway NG (April 1996). "A microdeletion in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit III associated with COX deficiency and recurrent myoglobinuria". Nature Genetics. 12 (4): 410–6. doi:10.1038/ng0496-410. PMID8630495.
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Chomyn A, Mariottini P, Cleeter MW, Ragan CI, Matsuno-Yagi A, Hatefi Y, Doolittle RF, Attardi G (1985). "Six unidentified reading frames of human mitochondrial DNA encode components of the respiratory-chain NADH dehydrogenase". Nature. 314 (6012): 592–7. doi:10.1038/314592a0. PMID3921850.
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Elkon H, Don J, Melamed E, Ziv I, Shirvan A, Offen D (June 2002). "Mutant and wild-type alpha-synuclein interact with mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase". Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 18 (3): 229–38. doi:10.1385/JMN:18:3:229. PMID12059041.
Coble MD, Just RS, O'Callaghan JE, Letmanyi IH, Peterson CT, Irwin JA, Parsons TJ (June 2004). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms over the entire mtDNA genome that increase the power of forensic testing in Caucasians". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 118 (3): 137–46. doi:10.1007/s00414-004-0427-6. PMID14760490.
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