Stomach cancer epidemiology and demographics
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Stomach cancer represents roughly 2% (25,500) of all new cancer cases yearly in the United States, but it is much more common in Korea, Japan, Great Britain, South America, and Iceland. It is associated with high salt in the diet, smoking, and low intake of fruits and vegetables. Infection with the bacterium H. pylori is the main risk factor in about 80% or more of gastric cancers. It is more common in men.
Gastric or stomach cancer has very high incidence in Korea and Japan. Gastric cancer is the leading cancer type in Korea with 20.8% of malignant neoplasms, the second leading cause of cancer deaths. It is suspected several risk factors are involved including diet, gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori infection. A Korean diet, high in salted, stewed and broiled foods, is thought to be a contributing factor. Ten percent of cases show a genetic component.[1] In Japan and other countries bracken consumption and spores are correlated to stomach cancer incidence.[2] Epidemiologists have yet to fully account for the high rates of gastric cancer as compared to other countries.
A very small percentage of diffuse-type gastric cancers (see Histopathology below) are thought to be genetic. Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC) has recently been identified and research is ongoing. However, genetic testing and treatment options are already available for families at risk[3].
Metastasis occurs in 80-90% of individuals with stomach cancer, with a five year survival rate of 75% in those diagnosed in early stages and less than 30% of those diagnosed in late stages. The death rate is 12,400 a year in the United States.
Prevalence
- In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of stomach cancer is 23.5 per 100,000 in 2011.[4]
Incidence
- The delay-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer in 2011 was estimated to be 7.27 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[4]
- In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer was 7.17 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[4]
Age
- While the overall age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 7.5 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer by age category is:[4]
- Under 65 years: 2.9 per 100,000
- 65 and over: 38.8 per 100,000
Gender
- In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of stomach cancer by gender in 2011 is:[4]
- In males: 30.3 per 100,000
- In females: 18.2 per 100,000
- In the United States, the delay-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer by gender in 2011 is:[4]
- In males: 9.95 per 100,000 persons
- In females: 5.14 per 100,000 persons
- In the United States, the age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer by gender on 2011 is:[4]
- In males: 9.82 per 100,000 persons
- In females: 5.06 per 100,000 persons
- Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of stomach cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011. These graphs are adapted from SEER: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.[4]
[Insert figure x.1 from the report]
Race
- Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted prevalence of stomach cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.[4]
| All Races | White | Black | Asian/Pacific Islander | Hispanic | |
| Age-adjusted prevalence | 23.5 per 100,000 | 18.9 per 100,000 | 28.8 per 100,000 | 47.5 per 100,000 | 33.2 per 100,000 |
- Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of stomach cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.[4]
[Insert figure x.2 from the report]
API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native
Percent Distribution of stomach cancer by Histology
Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of stomach cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between YEAR and YEAR in the United States are:[4]
References
- ↑ AHyuk-Joon Lee, Han-Kwang Yang, Yoon-Ok Ahn, Gastric cancer in Korea Gastric Cancer, Volume 5, Number 3 / September, 2002. DOI:10.1007/s101200200031]
- ↑ Alonso-Amelot ME, Avendano M., Human Carcinogenesis and Bracken Fern: A Review of the Evidence, Curr Med Chem. 2002 Mar;9(6):675-86
- ↑ "Germline E-cadherin mutations in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: assessment of 42 new families and review of genetic screening criteria -- Brooks-Wilson et al. 41 (7): 508 -- Journal of Medical Genetics".
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.