Sandbox:Zahir: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:12, 7 February 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD [2]

Vaginal/Vulvar mass differential diagnosis

	Symptoms							Physical exam		Lab Findings			Imaging			Histopathology
Diseases	Clinical manifestations									Para-clinical findings							Gold standard
	Abnormal vaginal bleeding	Abnormal vaginal dyscharge	Pelvic pain	Itching or burning of the vulva	Other Genitourinary/ Gastrointestinal symptoms	B symptoms	Abdominal pain	Gynecological examinations	Abdominal mass	HPV	Pap smear	STI Panel	Ultrasound	MRI	CT Scan	Histopathology
Cervical cancer^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]	Postmenopausal Intermenstrual Postcoital Bleeding after pelvic exam	+	+	+	Burning during urination Difficulty urinating Pain during sex	+	+	Cervical mass on exam	+	±	Negative Atypical cells	±Chlamydia	Large cervical cancer Angiogenesis on Doppler sonography Bladder involvement Lymph node involvement	T2-weighted MRI : Ovoid, heterogeneous tumor distending the cervical canal with stromal involvement.	PET/CT scan: Detect tumor size Lymph node involvement, Metastases to bladder or rectum	CIN1: mild dysplasia CIN2: moderate dysplasia CIN3: high degree of dysplasia/metastases	Colposcopy/biopsy
Cervical polyp^[9]^[10]^[11]	Postcoital Intermenstrual Postmenopausal Bleeding after exam	+	−	−	−	−	−	Mass on exam	−	−	−	−	Hyper/hypoechogenic masses with or without cysts Filling the endocervical or vaginal canal	May reveal presence of tumor	CT contrast may show presence of a well defined mass	Epithelial cells with no nuclear atypia/mitoses	Hysteroscopy /Biopsy
Cervical leiomyoma^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]	Heavy/prolonged menstrual bleeding Intermenstrual bleeding	+	+	−	Urinary retention Constipation Infertility Bowel obstruction Increase in pregnancy/labor complications	−	+	Large,irregular pelvic mass	±	−	−	−	Well circumscribed hyperechoic mass	T2-weighted MRI: Hypointense masses Homogeneous enhancement Red degeneration	N/A	Spindle shaped smooth muscle cells Mature adipocytes Extracellular matrix consist of collagen,fibronectin.	Clinical diagnosis/ and Ultrasound
Cervical lymphoma^[20]^[21]^[22]	Postmenopausal bleeding	−	+	−	Difficulty urinating Post-coital pain	+	+	Large uterine/cervix mass Irregularity	+	−	−	−	Well-defined, solid, concentric, hypoechoic mass	MRI: Intramyometrial infiltrative nodules	Diffuse heterogeneous uterine/cervical mass & hypoechoic enlarged iliac lymph nodes	Small tumor cells with large nuclei High mitoses and proliferation	Biopsy diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma (DLBCL) most frequent type.
Cervical sarcoma^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]	Intermentrual Postmenopausal	±	+	−	Post-coital pain Fullness in pelvis	±	+	Cervical mass Lump protruding from vagina/vulva	+	−	−	−	Endometrial mass with heterogeneous echogenicity	MRI: Endometrial polypoid mass Hypointense hypervascular solid components	N/A	Mitotic index Cellular atypia Coagulative necrosis	Biopsy
Cervical erosion(Ectropion)^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]	Light bleeding after pelvic exam Spotting	+	+	±	Post-coital pain Painful cramps Pain after sex	−	+	−	−	−	−	-	N/A	N/A	N/A	Squamous metaplasia Vascular ectasia Lymphocytic infiltration	Colposcopy and biopsy
Cervicitis^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]	Intermenstrual bleeding Postcoital Bleeding after pelvic exam	+	+	Itching	Pain during urination Pain during sex Painful menstruation	May have fever only	+/-	Red,inflammed swollen cervix Inflammation/irritation of vulva/vagina	−	−	−	Chlamydia Gonorrhea Herpes simplex Trichomonas vaginalis	To detect complications like PID	N/A	N/A	N/A	Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)
IUD use^[36]^[37]^[38]	Heavy bleeding	±	+	Itching	Painful menstruation	−	+/-	Strings of IUD device Signs of inflammation Discharge Bleeding	−	−	−	±	To detect IUD location and pregnancy	N/A	N/A	N/A	Physical exam and ultrasound
Pelvic inflammatory diseases^[39]^[40]	Postcoital bleeding Intermenstrual bleeding	+	+	Itching/burning	Pain during sex Painful menstruation Burning sensation during urination Pain during bowel movement	Fever	±Abdominal pain Pelvic pain	Vaginal/vulvar tender lesion depending on microbial cause	−	−	−	Chlamydia Gonorrhea	Enlarged fallopian tubes Abscess Hyperemia Ectopic pregnancy/ovarian cyst/abscess	Thickened fluid filled fallopian tubes	N/A	May show endometritis	CDC diagnostic criteria of PID
Endometriosis^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]	Heavy mentrual bleeding	±	Pelvic pain Back pain	−	Painful menstruation Burning/painful urination Painful bowel movement Pain during or after sex Infertility	−	+	Tender uterosacral nodularity Immobile uterus Cervical motion tenderness Retroverted uterus	+	−	−	−	Unilocular/multilocular cysts contating thin/thick septations Increased vascularity showing increased doppler flow	Hyperintensity on T1 weighted images Hypointensity on T2 weighted images	Catamenial pneumothorax, hemothorax & lung nodules	Presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus	Visual inspection by laparoscopy
Adenomyosis^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]	Abnormal uterine bleeding	−	+	−	Painful menstruation	−	+/-	Polypoid mass protruding into the endocervical canal.	+/-	−	−	−	Transvaginal US shows poorly marginated hypoechoic & heterogenous areas within myometrium Myometrial cysts Globular/enlarged uterus with asymmetry	MRI: Thickened junctional zone	Uterine enlargement Thickened inner myometrium Myometrial cysts	Presence of ectopic endometrial glands into the myometrium.	Histology findings post hysterectomy
Cervical ectopic pregnancy^[52]^[53]	Amenorrhea Bleeding after pelvic exam	−	−	−	Pelvic pain	−	+	Soft and disporportionally enlarged uterus.		−		−	Empty uterus Thickened endometrium	T2-weighted MRI: Hypointense large mass T1-weighted MRI: Partially hyperintense mass	N/A	Necrotic hemorrhagic mass with chorionic villus	Hysterectomy and biopsy
DES exposure (Clear cell adenocarcinoma)^[54]^[55]^[56]	Postcoital bleeding Postmenopausal bleeding	+	+/-	+/-	Abdominal pain Blood in feces	+/-	+	Normal looking cervix Cervical exophytic lesions Barrel shaped cervix	-	−	−	−	To determine uterine extent	To detect metastases	Irregular dense mass occupying inferior lip of cervix and posterior fornix	Tumor cells with abundant clear cytoplasm and round nuclei Nucleus show hyperchromasia, moderate pleomorphism & prominent nucleoli	Biopsy
Paget's disease of vulva to cervix^[57]^[58]^[59]	Bleeding from lesion Oozing	±	−	Itching/burning Pain in vulva	−	−	−	Scaly eczematoid lesion in vulva. Erythematous plaques with white scaling. Inguinal lymphadenopathy in case of metastases.	−	−	−	−	N/A	MRI: Hyperintense on diffusion weighted images	May show bilateral enlarged inguinal lymph nodes	Thickened vulvar skin "Cake-icing effect", pathognomonic for vulvavulvar paget's disease Intraepidermal adenocarcinoma which involves epidermis	Biopsy of lesion
Vaginal cancer^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]	Postcoital bleeding	+	+	+/-	Tenesmus Dysuria Urinary frequency Constipation Pelvic pain	+/-	+	Vaginal lump Inguinal lymphadenopathy	In case of metastases to internal organs	−	−	−	Ultrasound: Hydronephrosis in case of pelvic metastases Multiple liver metastases	MRI: Isointense on T1-weighted images Soft-tissue mass with intermediate-to-high signal intensity on T2-weighted images	Provide information about size shape and location of tumor Detects metastases Detects lymph node involvement	Biopsy findings: Squamous cell carcinoma of vagina	Biopsy
Nabothian cyst^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67]	Postcoital bleeding	+	−	−	Pain during sex	−	-	Cystic mass on exam	−	−	−	−	An echoic well defined cystic masses	Intermediate or slightly high signal intensity on T1-weighted High signal intensity on T2-weighted images	Small cysts not visible on CT Large cysts seen as focal low attenuation region	Multiple benign cystic masses, usually few millimeters in diameter	Histological exam if large cystic masses
Rectal cancer^[68]^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]	-	-	+	-	Constipation/diarrhea Absent bowel sounds Rectal mass/bleeding Abdominal tenderness	Weight loss +	LLQ +	NL	+	-	-	+/-	Endoscopic/transrectal US detects tumor extent	Determine tumor stage	Determine tumor stage	Sheets or cords of malignant cells Cellular atypia & pleomorphism High mitotic rate Necrotic debris in glandular lumina	Colonoscopy with biopsy
Submucous uterine leiomyoma^[73]^[74]^[75]	Menorrhagia	-	+	-	Constipation Urinary frequency/incontinence Hydronephrosis	-	+	Enlarged, irregular, firm, nontender uterus	+	-	-	-	Trans vaginal US: well defined hypoechoic Saline US: for submucous fibroids/polypoi	Provides information on no: of fibroids, size, vascularization, relationship with endometrial cavity & serosal surface	Not required	Not required	Physical examination with Ultrasound
Uterine cancer^[76]^[77]^[78]^[79]	Menometorrhagia Intermenstrual bleeding Postcoital bleeding	+	+	-	Polyuria Dysuria	Fatigue Weight loss	+	Enlarged uterus Lymphadenopathy Mesenteric nodules (metastases)	+	-	-	-	Thickened endometrial lining >4cm	Endometrial thickening Lymph node involvement Pelvic metastases	Not required	Endometrial malignant cells Low grade type 1 High grade type 2	Histologic diagnosis
Vaginal lymphoma^[80]^[81]^[82]	+	+	+	+	Abdominal/pelvic pain	-	+	Palpable mass between rectum & vagina	+/-	-	-	-	Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina	Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina	Not required	CD20 & CD79a positive	Immunohistochemistry & biopsy
Vaginal polyp^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86]	Postmenopausal bleeding	+	+	+	Dyspareunia Postcoidal bleeding Dysuria Constipation	-	+	Mass protruding from vagina	+/-	-	-	-	To exclude uterine hyperplasia/carcinoma	To determine the extent	N/A	Benign tissue/premalignant cells	Excisional biopsy
Vaginal adenosis^[87]^[88]	Intermenstrual bleeding Postmenopausal bleeding	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	Palpable cysts,nodularity or ulcers	-	-	-	-	N/A	N/A	N/A	Columnar cells in the ectocervix	Biopsy with histopathological examination

Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].

Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]

On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].

	Symptoms				Physical examination				Diagnosis
Diseases	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis							Gold standard	Additional findings	Others
	Symptoms				Physical examination				Lab Findings			Imaging
	Abdominal pain	Bowel habits	Blood in stool	Weight loss	General appearance	Abdominal exam	Rectal exam	Genitourinary exam	CBC	Tumor markers	Stool test	Colonoscopy	Barium enema	Ultrasound	CT scan
Rectal carcinoma^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]^[93]	LLQ	Constipation/diarrhea	+	+	lethargy pallor confusion emaciation	tenderness hepatomegaly ascites absent bowel sounds	rectal mass rectal bleeding	NL	Anemia	↑ CEA ↑ CA19-9	FOBT+	mass/polyp	Apple core apearance	Endoscopic/trnasrectal US detects tumor extent	Determine tumor stage	colonoscopy with biopsy	DRE & proctoscopy detects tumor localization & extension	↓ Serum iron ↓ Vit: B12 & folate
Rectal polyp^[94]^[95]^[96]	+	Mucous diarrhea	+	+	NL	NL	rectal mass/polyp	NL	NL/anemia	NL	FOBT+	Polyp	N/A	Polyp	N/A	colonoscopy with biopsy	hypoproteinemia hypoalbuminemia	N/A
Anal cancer^[97]^[98]^[99]^[100]	+/-	constipation/diarrhea	+	+/-	NL	NL	lump/mass at anal opening	NL	NL/anemia	N/A	FOBT+	N/A	N/A	Determines anal cancer depth into sphincter	Hypoattenuated necrotic mass on contrast CT	Biopsy	PET/CT detects localization of small anal tumors <2cm	Sentinal lymph node biopsy detects lymph node metastases
Hemorrhoids^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104]	+/-	fecal incontinence/mucous discharge	+	-	NL/weakness,irritability	NL	palpable perianal lump Bleeding PR	NL	iron deficiency anemia	N/A	blood on stool outer surface	Done if colorectal cancer suspected	N/A	N/A	N/A	DRE + anoscopy	anoscopy shows bulging purplish hue veins or dark, pink, glistening mass	None
Rectal prolapse^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]	Abdominal discomfort	constipation/diarrhea	+/-	-	NL	NL	Intermittent rectum protrusion seen	NL	NL/anemia	N/A	Mucous/blood in stool	May be used for screening	N/A	Reveals asymmetry & any sphincter defect	N/A	History & physical examination	DRE shows patulous anus, attenuated sphincter tone & mass	Anal manometry to assess sphincter function
Foreign body^[109]^[110]^[111]^[112]	Anorectal pain and abdominal pain	Constipation	+	-	Anxious Fever Tachycardia Hypotension	Palpable foreign body Absent bowel sounds Signs of peritonitis	Bleeding per rectum Laceration Mucosal tear Sphincter disruption	NL	Leucocytosis Metabolic acidosis	NL	FOBT+	Foreign body	Contraindicated	Foreign body	Foreign body	Plain radiographs show presence of foreign body	NL	NL
Diseases	Abdominal pain	Bowel habits	Blood in stool	Weight loss	General appearance	Abdominal exam	Rectal exam	Genitourinary exam	CBC	Tumor markers	Stool test	Colonoscopy	Barium enema	Ultrasound	CT scan	Gold standard	Additional findings	Others
Prostatitis^[113]^[114]^[115]^[116]	LLQ/groin pain	NL	N/A	-	NL	NL	NL	Tender/enlarged prostate	leukocytosis	NL/↑ PSA	N/A	N/A	N/A	Focal hypoechoic regoin in peripheral prostate Fluid collection suggests abscess	Edematous/enlarged prostate	N/A	prostate biopsy & thermograms may also be done	↑ CRP
Fecal impaction^[117]^[118]^[119]^[120]	+	constipation	-	+/-	agitation confusion Worsening psychosis	abdominal distension with tympany Diffuse abdominal tenderness with palpable malleable tubular structure indicating stool filled rectosigmoid	DRE shows fecal impaction	NL	Mild leukocytosis	N/A	N/A	N/A	Used in softening of stool & stimulation of evacuation	N/A	Presence of fecal matter in colon	DRE to detect fecal impaction	dehydration hyponatremia Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis	Abdominal radiograph to detect fecal loading
Anal stenosis^[121]^[122]^[123]	+	constipation	+	+/-	NL	NL	Visual inspection shows stenosis	NL	NL	N/A	NL	Contraindicated	N/A	N/A	N/A	Visual inspection with DRE	Incomplete evacuation	None
Hypertrophied anal papillae^[124]^[125]^[126]^[127]	-	NL	+/-	-	NL	NL	Firm & palpable papillae on digital examination	NL	NL	N/A	Mixed with blood	N/A	Smooth polyp located inside anal verge	N/A	N/A	Visual inspection with digital examination	Associated with anal fissure & anal skin tag	None
Endometriosis^[128]^[129]^[130]	+/- Dull pelvic pain	Constipation Diarrhea Dyschezia Bowel cramping	-	-	Fatigue	Mild tenderness	Nodules in posterior fornix Adnexal masses Immobility Lateral placement of the cervix or uterus	Tenderness on vaginal exam	Anemia	-	-	N/A	N/A	Lesions can be detected on usg	Not required	N/A	N/A	N/A
Uterine malignancy^[131]^[132]^[133]	-	NL	-	+	Pallor Fatigue	NL	Pelvic mass	Vaginal bleeding Enlarged uterus Fixed uterus	Anemia	Hcg	-	N/A	N/A	Increased thickness of uterine wall >4mm	N/A	Endometrial biopsy	N/A	N/A
Diseases	Abdominal pain	Bowel habits	Blood in stool	Weight loss	General appearance	Abdominal exam	Rectal exam	Genitourinary exam	CBC	Tumor markers	Stool test	Colonoscopy	Barium enema	Ultrasound	CT scan	Gold standard	Additional findings	Others
Cervical malignancy^[134]	-	Normal	-	+	Pallor Fatigue	NL	Pelvic mass	Cervical growth Bleeding Cervical stenosis Fixed uterus	Anemia	N/A	FOBT -	N/A	N/A	Cervical thickening	Detects metastasis	Cone biopsy	N/A	N/A
Pelvic abscess^[135]^[136]	+	Nil	-	+/-	Fever Tachycardia	Guarding Generalized tenderness	Fluctuating mass	Vaginal discharge in females	leucocytosis	-	FOBT -	N/A	N/A	Location and consistency of abscess	Location and consistency of abscess	N/A	N/A	N/A
Pelvic sarcoma^[137]^[138]^[139]	+	NL/constipation	+/-	+/-	NL/cachetic with fever	presence of mass	NL	N/A	Lleukocytosis	↑LDH ↑AFP ↑b-hCG	NL	N/A	N/A	N/A	Well circusmscribed, multinodular/infiltrating mass of soft tissue attenuation	CT/MRI/Biopsy	PET with FDG used for staging	None

References

↑ Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (January 2013). "Symptoms and risk factors to identify women with suspected cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm". Br J Gen Pract. 63 (606): e11–21. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X660733. PMC 3529288. PMID 23336450.
↑ Dunyo, Priscilla; Effah, Kofi; Udofia, Emilia Asuquo (2018). "Factors associated with late presentation of cervical cancer cases at a district hospital: a retrospective study". BMC Public Health. 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6065-6. ISSN 1471-2458.
↑ Khalife D, El Housheimi A, Khalil A, Saba C S, Seoud M, Rammal R, Abdallah IE, Abdallah R (February 2019). "Treatment of cervical cancer metastatic to the abdominal wall with reconstruction using a composite myocutaneous flap: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 27: 38–41. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2018.12.006. PMC 6302027. PMID 30603660. Vancouver style error: name (help)
↑ . doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000498. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Brenner PF (September 1996). "Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 175 (3 Pt 2): 766–9. PMID 8828559.
↑ Alcázar, Juan Luis; Arribas, Sara; Mínguez, José Angel; Jurado, Matías (2014). "The Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Uterine Cervical Cancer". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 64 (5): 311–316. doi:10.1007/s13224-014-0622-4. ISSN 0971-9202.
↑ Qing L, Xiang T, Guofu Z, Weiwei F (September 2014). "Leukemoid reaction in cervical cancer: a case report and review of the literature". BMC Cancer. 14: 670. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-670. PMC 4174654. PMID 25223869.
↑ Qing L, Xiang T, Guofu Z, Weiwei F (September 2014). "Leukemoid reaction in cervical cancer: a case report and review of the literature". BMC Cancer. 14: 670. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-670. PMC 4174654. PMID 25223869.
↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
↑ Irene Pecorella, Marco Monti, Maria Luisa Framarino Dei Malatesta & Gaia Ciardi (2018). "Polyp of the uterine cervix with heterologous fatty tissue". Indian journal of pathology & microbiology. 61 (4): 593–595. doi:10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_105_17. PMID 30303160. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Seema Anushka Tirlapur, Adewale Adeyemo, Neil O'Gorman & Dan Selo-Ojeme (2010). "Clinico-pathological study of cervical polyps". Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 282 (5): 535–538. doi:10.1007/s00404-010-1364-x. PMID 20091045. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H (November 2016). "Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (11). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw190. PMC 5159177. PMID 27887011.
↑ Adaikkalam J (April 2016). "Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (4): EJ01–2. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531. PMID 27190823.
↑ Houser, L. Murray; Carrasco, C. H.; Sheehan, C. R. (1979). "Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance". The British Journal of Radiology. 52 (624): 992–993. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992. ISSN 0007-1285.
↑ Keriakos, Remon; Maher, Mark (2013). "Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period". Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2013/984030. ISSN 2090-6684.
↑ Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM (May 2000). "Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study". Obstet Gynecol. 95 (5): 764–9. PMID 10775744.
↑ Kamra, Hemlata T (2013). "Myxoid Leiomyoma of Cervix". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2013/6171.3805. ISSN 2249-782X.
↑ El-agwany, Ahmed Samy (2015). "Lipoleiomyoma of the uterine cervix: An unusual variant of uterine leiomyoma". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 46 (1): 211–213. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.10.001. ISSN 0378-603X.
↑ Chaparala RP, Fawole AS, Ambrose NS, Chapman AH (March 2004). "Large bowel obstruction due to a benign uterine leiomyoma". Gut. 53 (3): 386, 430. PMC 1773948. PMID 14960521.
↑ Grace A, O'Connell N, Byrne P, Prendiville W, O'Donnell R, Royston D, Walsh CB, Leader M, Kay E (1999). "Malignant lymphoma of the cervix. An unusual presentation and a rare disease". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 20 (1): 26–8. PMID 10422676.
↑ Kanaan, Daniel; Parente, Daniella Braz; Constantino, Carolina Pesce Lamas; Souza, Rodrigo Canellas de (2012). "Linfoma de colo de útero: achados na ressonância magnética". Radiologia Brasileira. 45 (3): 167–169. doi:10.1590/S0100-39842012000300009. ISSN 0100-3984.
↑ Frey NV, Svoboda J, Andreadis C, Tsai DE, Schuster SJ, Elstrom R, Rubin SC, Nasta SD (September 2006). "Primary lymphomas of the cervix and uterus: the University of Pennsylvania's experience and a review of the literature". Leuk. Lymphoma. 47 (9): 1894–901. doi:10.1080/10428190600687653. PMID 17065003.
↑ Wright JD, Rosenblum K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Rader JS, Powell MA, Gibb RK (November 2005). "Cervical sarcomas: an analysis of incidence and outcome". Gynecol. Oncol. 99 (2): 348–51. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.06.021. PMID 16051326.
↑ Khosla, Divya; Gupta, Ruchi; Srinivasan, Radhika; Patel, Firuza D.; Rajwanshi, Arvind (2012). "Sarcomas of Uterine Cervix". International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 22 (6): 1026–1030. doi:10.1097/IGC.0b013e31825a97f6. ISSN 1048-891X.
↑ Miccò M, Sala E, Lakhman Y, Hricak H, Vargas HA (December 2015). "Imaging Features of Uncommon Gynecologic Cancers". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205 (6): 1346–59. doi:10.2214/AJR.14.12695. PMC 5502476. PMID 26587944.
↑ . doi:10.1097/IGC.0b013e31825a97f6. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Mitchell L, King M, Brillhart H, Goldstein A (September 2017). "Cervical Ectropion May Be a Cause of Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis". Sex Med. 5 (3): e212–e214. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2017.03.001. PMC 5562466. PMID 28460993.
↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
↑ Sharma, Abhishek; Ojha, Ranapratap; Sengupta, Parama; Chattopadhyay, Sarbani; Mondal, Soumit (2013). "Cervical intramural pregnancy: Report of a rare case". Nigerian Medical Journal. 54 (4): 271. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.119670. ISSN 0300-1652.
↑ . doi:10.12865/CHSJ.42.02.11. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011). "Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?". Mayo Clin. Proc. 86 (2): 147–50, quiz 151. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512. PMC 3031439. PMID 21270291.
↑ Mattson SK, Polk JP, Nyirjesy P (July 2016). "Chronic Cervicitis: Presenting Features and Response to Therapy". J Low Genit Tract Dis. 20 (3): e30–3. doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000225. PMID 27243142.
↑ Rosenfeld WD, Clark J (June 1989). "Vulvovaginitis and cervicitis". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 36 (3): 489–511. PMID 2660084.
↑ Meyer T (August 2016). "Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections". Microorganisms. 4 (3). doi:10.3390/microorganisms4030025. PMID 27681919.
↑ Woods, Jennifer L.; Bailey, Sarabeth L.; Hensel, Devon J.; Scurlock, Amy M. (2011). "Cervicitis in Adolescents: Do Clinicians Understand Diagnosis and Treatment?". Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 24 (6): 359–364. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.06.006. ISSN 1083-3188.
↑ Trobough GE (March 1978). "Pelvic pain and the IUD". J Reprod Med. 20 (3): 167–74. PMID 347074.
↑ D. Reinprayoon, S. Taneepanichskul, S. Niruthisard & S. Suwajanakon (1999). "Uterine histopathologic changes after Cu-Fix intrauterine device insertion". Contraception. 59 (1): 63–65. PMID 10342087. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Seyma Fadiloglu, B. Dilbaz, E. Fadiloglu & S. Dilbaz (2018). "Relationship between copper IUD complications and ultrasonographic findings". Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 297 (4): 989–996. doi:10.1007/s00404-018-4711-y. PMID 29428979. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Hoenderboom BM, van Benthem B, van Bergen J, Dukers-Muijrers N, Götz HM, Hoebe C, Hogewoning AA, Land JA, van der Sande M, Morré SA, van den Broek I (January 2019). "Relation between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility in a Dutch cohort of women previously tested for chlamydia in a chlamydia screening trial". Sex Transm Infect. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053778. PMID 30606817. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Jaiyeoba O, Soper DE (2011). "A practical approach to the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2011: 753037. doi:10.1155/2011/753037. PMC 3148590. PMID 21822367.
↑ Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P (June 2010). "Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 53 (2): 413–9. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181db7ce8. PMC 2880548. PMID 20436318.
↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
↑ Datta S, Kunde K (July 2008). "From vaginal discharge to endometriosis: an unusual case of endometriosis in pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol. 28 (5): 552–3. doi:10.1080/01443610802247352. PMID 18850447.
↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
↑ Bedaiwy MA, Falcone T (February 2004). "Laboratory testing for endometriosis". Clin. Chim. Acta. 340 (1–2): 41–56. PMID 14734195.
↑ Van Holsbeke C, Van Calster B, Guerriero S, Savelli L, Paladini D, Lissoni AA, Czekierdowski A, Fischerova D, Zhang J, Mestdagh G, Testa AC, Bourne T, Valentin L, Timmerman D (June 2010). "Endometriomas: their ultrasound characteristics". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 35 (6): 730–40. doi:10.1002/uog.7668. PMID 20503240.
↑ Filip G, Balzano A, Cagnacci A (November 2018). "Histological evaluation of the prevalence of adenomyosis, myomas and of their concomitance". Minerva Ginecol. doi:10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04291-0. PMID 30486633.
↑ Fujino T, Watanabe T, Shinmura R, Hahn L, Nagata Y, Hasui K (December 1992). "Acute abdomen due to adenomyosis of the uterus: a case report". Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 18 (4): 333–7. PMID 1492806.
↑ Fujino T, Watanabe T, Shinmura R, Hahn L, Nagata Y, Hasui K (December 1992). "Acute abdomen due to adenomyosis of the uterus: a case report". Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 18 (4): 333–7. PMID 1492806.
↑ Zhou Y, Wu B, Li H (October 1996). "[The value of serum CA125 assays in the diagnosis of uterine adenomyosis]". Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 31 (10): 590–3. PMID 9275451.
↑ Courtney A. Woodfield, Evan S. Siegelman, Beverly G. Coleman & Drew A. Torigian (2009). "CT features of adenomyosis". European journal of radiology. 72 (3): 464–469. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.08.002. PMID 18804933. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mouhajer M, Obed S, Okpala AM (June 2017). "Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy in Resource Deprived Areas: A Rare and Difficult Diagnosis". Ghana Med J. 51 (2): 94–97. PMC 5611908. PMID 28955106.
↑ Rathod, Setu; Samal, SunilKumar (2015). "Cervical ectopic pregnancy". Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine. 6 (1): 257. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.149221. ISSN 0976-9668.
↑ Tantitamit T, Hamontri S, Rangsiratanakul L (May 2017). "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix in second generation young women who are without maternal exposure to diethylstilbestrol: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 20: 34–36. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2017.02.008. PMC 5328756. PMID 28275694.
↑ Subrata Pal, Sritanu Jana & Kingshuk Bose (2015). "Clear cell carcinoma of cervix in a postmenopausal woman: A case report". Journal of mid-life health. 6 (2): 85–87. doi:10.4103/0976-7800.158964. PMID 26167060. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mary G. Dandulakis, Aidas J. Mattis, Andrea R. Hagemann & Ian S. Hagemann (2018). "Cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma with an exceptionally low proliferation index: Report of a case". Gynecologic oncology reports. 23: 16–19. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2017.12.006. PMID 29326971. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ van der Linden, M.; Meeuwis, K.A.P.; Bulten, J.; Bosse, T.; van Poelgeest, M.I.E.; de Hullu, J.A. (2016). "Paget disease of the vulva". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 101: 60–74. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.008. ISSN 1040-8428.
↑ Lloyd J, Evans DJ, Flanagan AM (July 1999). "Extension of extramammary Paget disease of the vulva to the cervix". J. Clin. Pathol. 52 (7): 538–40. PMC 501500. PMID 10605411.
↑ Shaco-Levy R, Bean SM, Vollmer RT, Papalas JA, Bentley RC, Selim MA, Robboy SJ (January 2010). "Paget disease of the vulva: a histologic study of 56 cases correlating pathologic features and disease course". Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 29 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181b1cc5e. PMID 19952933.
↑ Tarney CM, Han J (2014). "Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstet Gynecol Int. 2014: 192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. PMC 4086375. PMID 25045355.
↑ Miccò, Maura; Sala, Evis; Lakhman, Yulia; Hricak, Hedvig; Vargas, Hebert Alberto (2015). "Imaging Features of Uncommon Gynecologic Cancers". American Journal of Roentgenology. 205 (6): 1346–1359. doi:10.2214/AJR.14.12695. ISSN 0361-803X.
↑ Kim, Hwi-Gon; Song, Yong Jung; Na, Yong Jin; Choi, Ook-Hwan (2013). "A Case of Vaginal Cancer with Uterine Prolapse". Journal of Menopausal Medicine. 19 (3): 139. doi:10.6118/jmm.2013.19.3.139. ISSN 2288-6478.
↑ Karateke A, Tugrul S, Yakut Y, Gürbüz A, Cam C (2006). "Management of a case of primary vaginal cancer with irreducible massive uterine prolapse--a case report". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 27 (5): 528–30. PMID 17139994.
↑ Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011). "Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?". Mayo Clin. Proc. 86 (2): 147–50, quiz 151. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512. PMC 3031439. PMID 21270291.
↑ Bin Park, Sung; Lee, Jong Hwa; Lee, Young Ho; Song, Mi Jin; Choi, Hye Jeong (2010). "Multilocular Cystic Lesions in the Uterine Cervix: Broad Spectrum of Imaging Features and Pathologic Correlation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 195 (2): 517–523. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3619. ISSN 0361-803X.
↑ Torky, Haitham A. (2016). "Huge Nabothian cyst causing Hematometra (case report)". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 207: 238–240. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.10.042. ISSN 0301-2115.
↑ Okamoto, Yoshikazu; Tanaka, Yumiko O.; Nishida, Masato; Tsunoda, Hajime; Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki; Itai, Yuji (2003). "MR Imaging of the Uterine Cervix: Imaging-Pathologic Correlation". RadioGraphics. 23 (2): 425–445. doi:10.1148/rg.232025065. ISSN 0271-5333.
↑ Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli & Alessandro Passardi (2015). "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". Clinical colorectal cancer. 14 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014. PMID 26170142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ William Hamilton & Deborah Sharp (2004). "Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines". Family practice. 21 (1): 99–106. PMID 14760054. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Mary R. Kwaan, Robert D. Madoff & Genevieve B. Melton (2015). "Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (25): 7659–7671. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659. PMID 26167068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ V. Raman Muthusamy & Kenneth J. Chang (2007). "Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer". Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 13 (22 Pt 2): 6877s–6884s. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137. PMID 18006793. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli & Mohammad Reza Keramati (2015). "Rectal cancer: a review". Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 29: 171. PMID 26034724.
↑ Jacques Donnez & Marie-Madeleine Dolmans (2016). "Uterine fibroid management: from the present to the future". Human reproduction update. 22 (6): 665–686. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw023. PMID 27466209. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mohamed Sabry & Ayman Al-Hendy (2012). "Medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma". Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 19 (4): 339–353. doi:10.1177/1933719111432867. PMID 22378865. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Sahana Gupta, Jude Jose & Isaac Manyonda (2008). "Clinical presentation of fibroids". Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 22 (4): 615–626. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.008. PMID 18372219. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ "ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65, August 2005: management of endometrial cancer". Obstet Gynecol. 106 (2): 413–25. August 2005. PMID 16055605.
↑ Boruta DM, Gehrig PA, Fader AN, Olawaiye AB (October 2009). "Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review". Gynecol. Oncol. 115 (1): 142–153. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.011. PMID 19592079.
↑ Bokhman JV (February 1983). "Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma". Gynecol. Oncol. 15 (1): 10–7. PMID 6822361.
↑ Felix AS, Weissfeld JL, Stone RA, Bowser R, Chivukula M, Edwards RP, Linkov F (November 2010). "Factors associated with Type I and Type II endometrial cancer". Cancer Causes Control. 21 (11): 1851–6. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9612-8. PMC 2962676. PMID 20628804.
↑ Vera Silva, Paulo Correia, Nuno Oliveira & Luis Sa (2015). "Primary Vaginal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Report of a Rare Clinical Entity". Clinics and practice. 5 (4): 821. doi:10.4081/cp.2015.821. PMID 26918105. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Feng Wang, Xuquan Jing, Bo Liu, Xue Meng, Xindong Sun, Yongsheng Gao, Linlin Wang & Zheng Fu (2018). "Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: A case report". Oncology letters. 15 (3): 3504–3507. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.7805. PMID 29556272. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Salvatore Guastafierro, Amando Tedeschi, Clelia Criscuolo, Maria Celentano, Luigi Cobellis, Raffaele Rossiello & Umberto Falcone (2012). "Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: a case report and a review of the literature". Acta haematologica. 128 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1159/000337336. PMID 22584110.
↑ A. I. al-Nafussi, G. Rebello, D. Hughes & K. Blessing (1992). "Benign vaginal polyp: a histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of 20 polyps with comparison to normal vaginal subepithelial layer". Histopathology. 20 (2): 145–150. PMID 1302457. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Sunil Kumar Samal, Setu Rathod & Seetesh Ghose (2015). "Fibroepithelial Polyps of the Vagina in Pregnancy". Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR. 9 (10): QJ01–QJ02. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/13329.6656. PMID 26557576. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ M. Petrova, J. Laco, K. Cervicek & M. Tomsova (2015). "[Tubulo-squamous polyp of the vagina]". Ceska gynekologie. 80 (3): 173–175. PMID 26087210. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Alexis Heller, Adanna Ukazu & Qing Wang (2017). "Pseudosarcomatous Vaginal Polyp". International journal of surgical pathology. 25 (1): 54–55. doi:10.1177/1066896916666676. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Marguerite B. Vigliani (2017). "A Report of Two Cases of Age-Related Changes in Cervical Morphology in Postmenopausal Women with Vaginal Adenosis". Case reports in obstetrics and gynecology. 2017: 9523853. doi:10.1155/2017/9523853. PMID 28316850.
↑ Tiantian Han, Ying Jin, Yan Li, Yalan Bi & Lingya Pan (2018). "Clinicopathologic features and outcomes of primary vaginal adenosis as a dermatologic and gynecologic burden: A retrospective study". Medicine. 97 (49): e13470. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000013470. PMID 30544435. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli & Alessandro Passardi (2015). "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". Clinical colorectal cancer. 14 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014. PMID 26170142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ William Hamilton & Deborah Sharp (2004). "Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines". Family practice. 21 (1): 99–106. PMID 14760054. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Mary R. Kwaan, Robert D. Madoff & Genevieve B. Melton (2015). "Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (25): 7659–7671. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659. PMID 26167068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ V. Raman Muthusamy & Kenneth J. Chang (2007). "Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer". Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 13 (22 Pt 2): 6877s–6884s. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137. PMID 18006793. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli & Mohammad Reza Keramati (2015). "Rectal cancer: a review". Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 29: 171. PMID 26034724.
↑ N. Oshitani, Y. Moriyama, T. Matsumoto, K. Kobayashi & A. Kitano (1995). "Protein-losing enteropathy from cap polyposis". Lancet (London, England). 346 (8989): 1567. PMID 7491082. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Ioannis Papaconstantinou, Andreas Karakatsanis, Xanthi Benia, George Polymeneas & Evanthia Kostopoulou (2012). "Solitary rectal cap polyp: Case report and review of the literature". World journal of gastrointestinal surgery. 4 (6): 157–162. doi:10.4240/wjgs.v4.i6.157. PMID 22816031. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kheng-Hong Ng, Pawan Mathur, M. Priyanthi Kumarasinghe, Kong-Weng Eu & Francis Seow-Choen (2004). "Cap polyposis: further experience and review". Diseases of the colon and rectum. 47 (7): 1208–1215. doi:10.1007/s10350-004-0561-8. PMID 15164251. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Thomas G. Trautmann & James H. Zuger (2005). "Positron Emission Tomography for pretreatment staging and posttreatment evaluation in cancer of the anal canal". Molecular imaging and biology : MIB : the official publication of the Academy of Molecular Imaging. 7 (4): 309–313. doi:10.1007/s11307-005-0003-6. PMID 16028002. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ D. R. Radin (1994). "Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and rectum in homosexual men: CT findings". Journal of computer assisted tomography. 18 (6): 921–924. PMID 7962800. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ S. D. Otto, L. Lee, H. J. Buhr, B. Frericks, S. Hocht & A. J. Kroesen (2009). "Staging anal cancer: prospective comparison of transanal endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging". Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 13 (7): 1292–1298. doi:10.1007/s11605-009-0870-2. PMID 19365694. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Sajad Ahmad Salati & Azzam Al Kadi (2012). "Anal cancer - a review". International journal of health sciences. 6 (2): 206–230. PMID 23580899. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Varut Lohsiriwat (2012). "Hemorrhoids: from basic pathophysiology to clinical management". World journal of gastroenterology. 18 (17): 2009–2017. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2009. PMID 22563187. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Danny Jacobs (2014). "Clinical practice. Hemorrhoids". The New England journal of medicine. 371 (10): 944–951. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1204188. PMID 25184866. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Varut Lohsiriwat (2013). "Approach to hemorrhoids". Current gastroenterology reports. 15 (7): 332. doi:10.1007/s11894-013-0332-6. PMID 23715885. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Varut Lohsiriwat (2015). "Treatment of hemorrhoids: A coloproctologist's view". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (31): 9245–9252. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9245. PMID 26309351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Julia Segal & Melissa M.. Tavarez (2018). "Rectal Prolapse". PMID 30335341. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Bordeianou L, Hicks CW, Kaiser AM, Alavi K, Sudan R, Wise PE (2014). "Rectal prolapse: an overview of clinical features, diagnosis, and patient-specific management strategies". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 18 (5): 1059–69. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2427-7. PMID 24352613.
↑ Bordeianou L, Paquette I, Johnson E, Holubar SD, Gaertner W, Feingold DL, Steele SR (2017). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Rectal Prolapse". Dis. Colon Rectum. 60 (11): 1121–1131. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000000889. PMID 28991074.
↑ K. M. Hiltunen, M. Matikainen, O. Auvinen & P. Hietanen (1986). "Clinical and manometric evaluation of anal sphincter function in patients with rectal prolapse". American journal of surgery. 151 (4): 489–492. PMID 3963307. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Ooi BS, Ho YH, Eu KW, Nyam D, Leong A, Seow-Choen F (December 1998). "Management of anorectal foreign bodies: a cause of obscure anal pain". Aust N Z J Surg. 68 (12): 852–5. PMID 9885867.
↑ Lake JP, Essani R, Petrone P, Kaiser AM, Asensio J, Beart RW (October 2004). "Management of retained colorectal foreign bodies: predictors of operative intervention". Dis. Colon Rectum. 47 (10): 1694–8. PMID 15540301.
↑ Stack LB, Munter DW (August 1996). "Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 14 (3): 493–521. PMID 8681881.
↑ Goldberg JE, Steele SR (February 2010). "Rectal foreign bodies". Surg. Clin. North Am. 90 (1): 173–84, Table of Contents. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.004. PMID 20109641.
↑ Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate. NIDDK 2016. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/prostate-problems/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed on February 25, 2016
↑ Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR (2010). "Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 82 (4): 397–406. PMID 20704171.
↑ Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT (2010). "Treatment of bacterial prostatitis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (12): 1641–52. doi:10.1086/652861. PMID 20459324.
↑ Mark S. Litwin & Hung-Jui Tan (2017). "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Review". JAMA. 317 (24): 2532–2542. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.7248. PMID 28655021. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Izi Obokhare (2012). "Fecal impaction: a cause for concern?". Clinics in colon and rectal surgery. 25 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1301760. PMID 23449376. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ N. Gurll & M. Steer (1975). "Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for fecal impaction". Diseases of the colon and rectum. 18 (6): 507–511. PMID 1081034. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Zilla H. Hussain, Diana A. Whitehead & Brian E. Lacy (2014). "Fecal impaction". Current gastroenterology reports. 16 (9): 404. doi:10.1007/s11894-014-0404-2. PMID 25119877. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Farshid Araghizadeh (2005). "Fecal impaction". Clinics in colon and rectal surgery. 18 (2): 116–119. doi:10.1055/s-2005-870893. PMID 20011351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Mukta V. Katdare & Rocco Ricciardi (2010). "Anal stenosis". The Surgical clinics of North America. 90 (1): 137–145. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.002. PMID 20109638. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Giuseppe Brisinda, Serafino Vanella, Federica Cadeddu, Gaia Marniga, Pasquale Mazzeo, Francesco Brandara & Giorgio Maria (2009). "Surgical treatment of anal stenosis". World journal of gastroenterology. 15 (16): 1921–1928. PMID 19399922. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ I. T. Khubchandani (1994). "Anal stenosis". The Surgical clinics of North America. 74 (6): 1353–1360. PMID 7985070. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ M. Miyazaki, M. Endoh, T. Suga, N. Yano, T. Kuramoto, Y. Matsumoto, K. Eguchi, M. Yagame, M. Miura & Y. Nomoto (1990). "Rheumatoid factors and glomerulonephritis". Clinical and experimental immunology. 81 (2): 250–255. PMID 2201469. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ J. P. Heiken, G. R. Zuckerman & D. M. Balfe (1984). "The hypertrophied anal papilla: recognition on air-contrast barium enema examinations". Radiology. 151 (2): 315–318. doi:10.1148/radiology.151.2.6709897. PMID 6709897. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Pravin-J. Gupta (2004). "Hypertrophied anal papillae and fibrous anal polyps, should they be removed during anal fissure surgery?". World journal of gastroenterology. 10 (16): 2412–2414. PMID 15285031. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ M. Kusunoki, T. Horai, Y. Sakanoue, H. Yanagi, T. Yamamura & J. Utsunomiya (1991). "Giant hypertrophied anal papilla. Case report". The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica. 157 (8): 491–492. PMID 1681940. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, Pietropaolo G, Consonni D, Crosignani PG (January 2007). "Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients". Hum. Reprod. 22 (1): 266–71. doi:10.1093/humrep/del339. PMID 16936305.
↑ Hickey M, Ballard K, Farquhar C (March 2014). "Endometriosis". BMJ. 348: g1752. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1752. PMID 24647161.
↑ Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Mezzetti TP (2001). "Endometriosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 21 (1): 193–216, questionnaire 288–94. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.1.g01ja14193. PMID 11158655.
↑ Ronghe R, Gaudoin M (March 2010). "Women with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding should be re-investigated but are not more likely to have endometrial cancer". Menopause Int. 16 (1): 9–11. doi:10.1258/mi.2010.010008. PMID 20424280.
↑ Twu NF, Chen SS (August 2000). "Five-year follow-up of patients with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding". Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 63 (8): 628–33. PMID 10969449.
↑ Reed SD, Newton KM, Clinton WL, Epplein M, Garcia R, Allison K, Voigt LF, Weiss NS (June 2009). "Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 200 (6): 678.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.02.032. PMID 19393600.
↑ Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S (September 2007). "Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer". Lancet. 370 (9590): 890–907. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61416-0. PMID 17826171.
↑ Landers DV, Sweet RL (1983). "Tubo-ovarian abscess: contemporary approach to management". Rev. Infect. Dis. 5 (5): 876–84. PMID 6635426.
↑ Benigno BB (December 1981). "Medical and surgical management of the pelvic abscess". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 24 (4): 1187–97. PMID 7333045.
↑ Claudia M. G. Keyzer-Dekker, Richard G. Houtkamp, Johannes L. Peterse & Frits Van Coevorden (2004). "Adult pelvic sarcomas: a heterogeneous collection of sarcomas?". Sarcoma. 8 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1080/13577140410001679211. PMID 18521389.
↑ Angela D. Levy, Maria A. Manning & Markku M. Miettinen (2017). "Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 2-Uncommon Sarcomas". Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 37 (3): 797–812. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160201. PMID 28493803. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Angela D. Levy, Maria A. Manning, Waddah B. Al-Refaie & Markku M. Miettinen (2017). "Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 1-Common Sarcomas: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives". Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 37 (2): 462–483. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160157. PMID 28287938. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23336450-1] Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (January 2013). "Symptoms and risk factors to identify women with suspected cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm". Br J Gen Pract. 63 (606): e11–21. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X660733. PMC 3529288. PMID 23336450.

[DunyoEffah2018-2] Dunyo, Priscilla; Effah, Kofi; Udofia, Emilia Asuquo (2018). "Factors associated with late presentation of cervical cancer cases at a district hospital: a retrospective study". BMC Public Health. 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6065-6. ISSN 1471-2458.

[pmid30603660-3] Khalife D, El Housheimi A, Khalil A, Saba C S, Seoud M, Rammal R, Abdallah IE, Abdallah R (February 2019). "Treatment of cervical cancer metastatic to the abdominal wall with reconstruction using a composite myocutaneous flap: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 27: 38–41. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2018.12.006. PMC 6302027. PMID 30603660. Vancouver style error: name (help)

[4] . doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000498. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)

[pmid8828559-5] Brenner PF (September 1996). "Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 175 (3 Pt 2): 766–9. PMID 8828559.

[AlcázarArribas2014-6] Alcázar, Juan Luis; Arribas, Sara; Mínguez, José Angel; Jurado, Matías (2014). "The Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Uterine Cervical Cancer". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 64 (5): 311–316. doi:10.1007/s13224-014-0622-4. ISSN 0971-9202.

[pmid25223869-7] Qing L, Xiang T, Guofu Z, Weiwei F (September 2014). "Leukemoid reaction in cervical cancer: a case report and review of the literature". BMC Cancer. 14: 670. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-670. PMC 4174654. PMID 25223869.

[pmid252238692-8] Qing L, Xiang T, Guofu Z, Weiwei F (September 2014). "Leukemoid reaction in cervical cancer: a case report and review of the literature". BMC Cancer. 14: 670. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-670. PMC 4174654. PMID 25223869.

[pmid151660702-9] Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.

[10] Irene Pecorella, Marco Monti, Maria Luisa Framarino Dei Malatesta & Gaia Ciardi (2018). "Polyp of the uterine cervix with heterologous fatty tissue". Indian journal of pathology & microbiology. 61 (4): 593–595. doi:10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_105_17. PMID 30303160. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[11] Seema Anushka Tirlapur, Adewale Adeyemo, Neil O'Gorman & Dan Selo-Ojeme (2010). "Clinico-pathological study of cervical polyps". Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 282 (5): 535–538. doi:10.1007/s00404-010-1364-x. PMID 20091045. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid27887011-12] Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H (November 2016). "Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (11). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw190. PMC 5159177. PMID 27887011.

[pmid27190823-13] Adaikkalam J (April 2016). "Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (4): EJ01–2. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531. PMID 27190823.

[HouserCarrasco1979-14] Houser, L. Murray; Carrasco, C. H.; Sheehan, C. R. (1979). "Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance". The British Journal of Radiology. 52 (624): 992–993. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992. ISSN 0007-1285.

[KeriakosMaher2013-15] Keriakos, Remon; Maher, Mark (2013). "Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period". Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2013/984030. ISSN 2090-6684.

[pmid10775744-16] Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM (May 2000). "Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study". Obstet Gynecol. 95 (5): 764–9. PMID 10775744.

[Kamra2013-17] Kamra, Hemlata T (2013). "Myxoid Leiomyoma of Cervix". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2013/6171.3805. ISSN 2249-782X.

[El-agwany2015-18] El-agwany, Ahmed Samy (2015). "Lipoleiomyoma of the uterine cervix: An unusual variant of uterine leiomyoma". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 46 (1): 211–213. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.10.001. ISSN 0378-603X.

[pmid14960521-19] Chaparala RP, Fawole AS, Ambrose NS, Chapman AH (March 2004). "Large bowel obstruction due to a benign uterine leiomyoma". Gut. 53 (3): 386, 430. PMC 1773948. PMID 14960521.

[pmid10422676-20] Grace A, O'Connell N, Byrne P, Prendiville W, O'Donnell R, Royston D, Walsh CB, Leader M, Kay E (1999). "Malignant lymphoma of the cervix. An unusual presentation and a rare disease". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 20 (1): 26–8. PMID 10422676.

[KanaanParente2012-21] Kanaan, Daniel; Parente, Daniella Braz; Constantino, Carolina Pesce Lamas; Souza, Rodrigo Canellas de (2012). "Linfoma de colo de útero: achados na ressonância magnética". Radiologia Brasileira. 45 (3): 167–169. doi:10.1590/S0100-39842012000300009. ISSN 0100-3984.

[pmid17065003-22] Frey NV, Svoboda J, Andreadis C, Tsai DE, Schuster SJ, Elstrom R, Rubin SC, Nasta SD (September 2006). "Primary lymphomas of the cervix and uterus: the University of Pennsylvania's experience and a review of the literature". Leuk. Lymphoma. 47 (9): 1894–901. doi:10.1080/10428190600687653. PMID 17065003.

[pmid16051326-23] Wright JD, Rosenblum K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Rader JS, Powell MA, Gibb RK (November 2005). "Cervical sarcomas: an analysis of incidence and outcome". Gynecol. Oncol. 99 (2): 348–51. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.06.021. PMID 16051326.

[KhoslaGupta2012-24] Khosla, Divya; Gupta, Ruchi; Srinivasan, Radhika; Patel, Firuza D.; Rajwanshi, Arvind (2012). "Sarcomas of Uterine Cervix". International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 22 (6): 1026–1030. doi:10.1097/IGC.0b013e31825a97f6. ISSN 1048-891X.

[pmid26587944-25] Miccò M, Sala E, Lakhman Y, Hricak H, Vargas HA (December 2015). "Imaging Features of Uncommon Gynecologic Cancers". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 205 (6): 1346–59. doi:10.2214/AJR.14.12695. PMC 5502476. PMID 26587944.

[26] . doi:10.1097/IGC.0b013e31825a97f6. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)

[pmid28460993-27] Mitchell L, King M, Brillhart H, Goldstein A (September 2017). "Cervical Ectropion May Be a Cause of Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis". Sex Med. 5 (3): e212–e214. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2017.03.001. PMC 5562466. PMID 28460993.

[pmid15166070-28] Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.

[SharmaOjha2013-29] Sharma, Abhishek; Ojha, Ranapratap; Sengupta, Parama; Chattopadhyay, Sarbani; Mondal, Soumit (2013). "Cervical intramural pregnancy: Report of a rare case". Nigerian Medical Journal. 54 (4): 271. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.119670. ISSN 0300-1652.

[30] . doi:10.12865/CHSJ.42.02.11. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[pmid212702912-31] Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011). "Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?". Mayo Clin. Proc. 86 (2): 147–50, quiz 151. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512. PMC 3031439. PMID 21270291.

[pmid27243142-32] Mattson SK, Polk JP, Nyirjesy P (July 2016). "Chronic Cervicitis: Presenting Features and Response to Therapy". J Low Genit Tract Dis. 20 (3): e30–3. doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000225. PMID 27243142.

[pmid2660084-33] Rosenfeld WD, Clark J (June 1989). "Vulvovaginitis and cervicitis". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 36 (3): 489–511. PMID 2660084.

[pmid27681919-34] Meyer T (August 2016). "Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections". Microorganisms. 4 (3). doi:10.3390/microorganisms4030025. PMID 27681919.

[WoodsBailey2011-35] Woods, Jennifer L.; Bailey, Sarabeth L.; Hensel, Devon J.; Scurlock, Amy M. (2011). "Cervicitis in Adolescents: Do Clinicians Understand Diagnosis and Treatment?". Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 24 (6): 359–364. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.06.006. ISSN 1083-3188.

[pmid347074-36] Trobough GE (March 1978). "Pelvic pain and the IUD". J Reprod Med. 20 (3): 167–74. PMID 347074.

[37] D. Reinprayoon, S. Taneepanichskul, S. Niruthisard & S. Suwajanakon (1999). "Uterine histopathologic changes after Cu-Fix intrauterine device insertion". Contraception. 59 (1): 63–65. PMID 10342087. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[38] Seyma Fadiloglu, B. Dilbaz, E. Fadiloglu & S. Dilbaz (2018). "Relationship between copper IUD complications and ultrasonographic findings". Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 297 (4): 989–996. doi:10.1007/s00404-018-4711-y. PMID 29428979. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid30606817-39] Hoenderboom BM, van Benthem B, van Bergen J, Dukers-Muijrers N, Götz HM, Hoebe C, Hogewoning AA, Land JA, van der Sande M, Morré SA, van den Broek I (January 2019). "Relation between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility in a Dutch cohort of women previously tested for chlamydia in a chlamydia screening trial". Sex Transm Infect. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053778. PMID 30606817. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[pmid21822367-40] Jaiyeoba O, Soper DE (2011). "A practical approach to the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2011: 753037. doi:10.1155/2011/753037. PMC 3148590. PMID 21822367.

[pmid20436318-41] Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P (June 2010). "Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 53 (2): 413–9. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181db7ce8. PMC 2880548. PMID 20436318.

[ChamiéBlasbalg2011-42] Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.

[pmid18850447-43] Datta S, Kunde K (July 2008). "From vaginal discharge to endometriosis: an unusual case of endometriosis in pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol. 28 (5): 552–3. doi:10.1080/01443610802247352. PMID 18850447.

[ChamiéBlasbalg20112-44] Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.

[pmid14734195-45] Bedaiwy MA, Falcone T (February 2004). "Laboratory testing for endometriosis". Clin. Chim. Acta. 340 (1–2): 41–56. PMID 14734195.

[pmid20503240-46] Van Holsbeke C, Van Calster B, Guerriero S, Savelli L, Paladini D, Lissoni AA, Czekierdowski A, Fischerova D, Zhang J, Mestdagh G, Testa AC, Bourne T, Valentin L, Timmerman D (June 2010). "Endometriomas: their ultrasound characteristics". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 35 (6): 730–40. doi:10.1002/uog.7668. PMID 20503240.

[pmid30486633-47] Filip G, Balzano A, Cagnacci A (November 2018). "Histological evaluation of the prevalence of adenomyosis, myomas and of their concomitance". Minerva Ginecol. doi:10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04291-0. PMID 30486633.

[pmid1492806-48] Fujino T, Watanabe T, Shinmura R, Hahn L, Nagata Y, Hasui K (December 1992). "Acute abdomen due to adenomyosis of the uterus: a case report". Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 18 (4): 333–7. PMID 1492806.

[pmid14928062-49] Fujino T, Watanabe T, Shinmura R, Hahn L, Nagata Y, Hasui K (December 1992). "Acute abdomen due to adenomyosis of the uterus: a case report". Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 18 (4): 333–7. PMID 1492806.

[pmid9275451-50] Zhou Y, Wu B, Li H (October 1996). "[The value of serum CA125 assays in the diagnosis of uterine adenomyosis]". Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 31 (10): 590–3. PMID 9275451.

[51] Courtney A. Woodfield, Evan S. Siegelman, Beverly G. Coleman & Drew A. Torigian (2009). "CT features of adenomyosis". European journal of radiology. 72 (3): 464–469. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.08.002. PMID 18804933. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid28955106-52] Mouhajer M, Obed S, Okpala AM (June 2017). "Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy in Resource Deprived Areas: A Rare and Difficult Diagnosis". Ghana Med J. 51 (2): 94–97. PMC 5611908. PMID 28955106.

[RathodSamal2015-53] Rathod, Setu; Samal, SunilKumar (2015). "Cervical ectopic pregnancy". Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine. 6 (1): 257. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.149221. ISSN 0976-9668.

[pmid28275694-54] Tantitamit T, Hamontri S, Rangsiratanakul L (May 2017). "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix in second generation young women who are without maternal exposure to diethylstilbestrol: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 20: 34–36. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2017.02.008. PMC 5328756. PMID 28275694.

[55] Subrata Pal, Sritanu Jana & Kingshuk Bose (2015). "Clear cell carcinoma of cervix in a postmenopausal woman: A case report". Journal of mid-life health. 6 (2): 85–87. doi:10.4103/0976-7800.158964. PMID 26167060. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[56] Mary G. Dandulakis, Aidas J. Mattis, Andrea R. Hagemann & Ian S. Hagemann (2018). "Cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma with an exceptionally low proliferation index: Report of a case". Gynecologic oncology reports. 23: 16–19. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2017.12.006. PMID 29326971. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[van_der_LindenMeeuwis2016-57] van der Linden, M.; Meeuwis, K.A.P.; Bulten, J.; Bosse, T.; van Poelgeest, M.I.E.; de Hullu, J.A. (2016). "Paget disease of the vulva". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 101: 60–74. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.008. ISSN 1040-8428.

[pmid10605411-58] Lloyd J, Evans DJ, Flanagan AM (July 1999). "Extension of extramammary Paget disease of the vulva to the cervix". J. Clin. Pathol. 52 (7): 538–40. PMC 501500. PMID 10605411.

[pmid19952933-59] Shaco-Levy R, Bean SM, Vollmer RT, Papalas JA, Bentley RC, Selim MA, Robboy SJ (January 2010). "Paget disease of the vulva: a histologic study of 56 cases correlating pathologic features and disease course". Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 29 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181b1cc5e. PMID 19952933.

[pmid25045355-60] Tarney CM, Han J (2014). "Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstet Gynecol Int. 2014: 192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. PMC 4086375. PMID 25045355.

[MiccòSala20152-61] Miccò, Maura; Sala, Evis; Lakhman, Yulia; Hricak, Hedvig; Vargas, Hebert Alberto (2015). "Imaging Features of Uncommon Gynecologic Cancers". American Journal of Roentgenology. 205 (6): 1346–1359. doi:10.2214/AJR.14.12695. ISSN 0361-803X.

[KimSong2013-62] Kim, Hwi-Gon; Song, Yong Jung; Na, Yong Jin; Choi, Ook-Hwan (2013). "A Case of Vaginal Cancer with Uterine Prolapse". Journal of Menopausal Medicine. 19 (3): 139. doi:10.6118/jmm.2013.19.3.139. ISSN 2288-6478.

[pmid17139994-63] Karateke A, Tugrul S, Yakut Y, Gürbüz A, Cam C (2006). "Management of a case of primary vaginal cancer with irreducible massive uterine prolapse--a case report". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 27 (5): 528–30. PMID 17139994.

[pmid21270291-64] Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011). "Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?". Mayo Clin. Proc. 86 (2): 147–50, quiz 151. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512. PMC 3031439. PMID 21270291.

[Bin_ParkLee2010-65] Bin Park, Sung; Lee, Jong Hwa; Lee, Young Ho; Song, Mi Jin; Choi, Hye Jeong (2010). "Multilocular Cystic Lesions in the Uterine Cervix: Broad Spectrum of Imaging Features and Pathologic Correlation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 195 (2): 517–523. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3619. ISSN 0361-803X.

[Torky2016-66] Torky, Haitham A. (2016). "Huge Nabothian cyst causing Hematometra (case report)". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 207: 238–240. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.10.042. ISSN 0301-2115.

[OkamotoTanaka2003-67] Okamoto, Yoshikazu; Tanaka, Yumiko O.; Nishida, Masato; Tsunoda, Hajime; Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki; Itai, Yuji (2003). "MR Imaging of the Uterine Cervix: Imaging-Pathologic Correlation". RadioGraphics. 23 (2): 425–445. doi:10.1148/rg.232025065. ISSN 0271-5333.

[68] Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli & Alessandro Passardi (2015). "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". Clinical colorectal cancer. 14 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014. PMID 26170142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[69] William Hamilton & Deborah Sharp (2004). "Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines". Family practice. 21 (1): 99–106. PMID 14760054. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[70] Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Mary R. Kwaan, Robert D. Madoff & Genevieve B. Melton (2015). "Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (25): 7659–7671. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659. PMID 26167068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[71] V. Raman Muthusamy & Kenneth J. Chang (2007). "Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer". Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 13 (22 Pt 2): 6877s–6884s. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137. PMID 18006793. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[72] Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli & Mohammad Reza Keramati (2015). "Rectal cancer: a review". Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 29: 171. PMID 26034724.

[73] Jacques Donnez & Marie-Madeleine Dolmans (2016). "Uterine fibroid management: from the present to the future". Human reproduction update. 22 (6): 665–686. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw023. PMID 27466209. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[74] Mohamed Sabry & Ayman Al-Hendy (2012). "Medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma". Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 19 (4): 339–353. doi:10.1177/1933719111432867. PMID 22378865. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[75] Sahana Gupta, Jude Jose & Isaac Manyonda (2008). "Clinical presentation of fibroids". Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 22 (4): 615–626. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.008. PMID 18372219. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid16055605-76] "ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65, August 2005: management of endometrial cancer". Obstet Gynecol. 106 (2): 413–25. August 2005. PMID 16055605.

[pmid195920792-77] Boruta DM, Gehrig PA, Fader AN, Olawaiye AB (October 2009). "Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review". Gynecol. Oncol. 115 (1): 142–153. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.011. PMID 19592079.

[pmid6822361-78] Bokhman JV (February 1983). "Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma". Gynecol. Oncol. 15 (1): 10–7. PMID 6822361.

[pmid20628804-79] Felix AS, Weissfeld JL, Stone RA, Bowser R, Chivukula M, Edwards RP, Linkov F (November 2010). "Factors associated with Type I and Type II endometrial cancer". Cancer Causes Control. 21 (11): 1851–6. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9612-8. PMC 2962676. PMID 20628804.

[80] Vera Silva, Paulo Correia, Nuno Oliveira & Luis Sa (2015). "Primary Vaginal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Report of a Rare Clinical Entity". Clinics and practice. 5 (4): 821. doi:10.4081/cp.2015.821. PMID 26918105. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[81] Feng Wang, Xuquan Jing, Bo Liu, Xue Meng, Xindong Sun, Yongsheng Gao, Linlin Wang & Zheng Fu (2018). "Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: A case report". Oncology letters. 15 (3): 3504–3507. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.7805. PMID 29556272. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[82] Salvatore Guastafierro, Amando Tedeschi, Clelia Criscuolo, Maria Celentano, Luigi Cobellis, Raffaele Rossiello & Umberto Falcone (2012). "Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: a case report and a review of the literature". Acta haematologica. 128 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1159/000337336. PMID 22584110.

[83] A. I. al-Nafussi, G. Rebello, D. Hughes & K. Blessing (1992). "Benign vaginal polyp: a histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of 20 polyps with comparison to normal vaginal subepithelial layer". Histopathology. 20 (2): 145–150. PMID 1302457. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[84] Sunil Kumar Samal, Setu Rathod & Seetesh Ghose (2015). "Fibroepithelial Polyps of the Vagina in Pregnancy". Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR. 9 (10): QJ01–QJ02. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/13329.6656. PMID 26557576. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[85] M. Petrova, J. Laco, K. Cervicek & M. Tomsova (2015). "[Tubulo-squamous polyp of the vagina]". Ceska gynekologie. 80 (3): 173–175. PMID 26087210. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[86] Alexis Heller, Adanna Ukazu & Qing Wang (2017). "Pseudosarcomatous Vaginal Polyp". International journal of surgical pathology. 25 (1): 54–55. doi:10.1177/1066896916666676. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[87] Marguerite B. Vigliani (2017). "A Report of Two Cases of Age-Related Changes in Cervical Morphology in Postmenopausal Women with Vaginal Adenosis". Case reports in obstetrics and gynecology. 2017: 9523853. doi:10.1155/2017/9523853. PMID 28316850.

[88] Tiantian Han, Ying Jin, Yan Li, Yalan Bi & Lingya Pan (2018). "Clinicopathologic features and outcomes of primary vaginal adenosis as a dermatologic and gynecologic burden: A retrospective study". Medicine. 97 (49): e13470. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000013470. PMID 30544435. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[89] Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli & Alessandro Passardi (2015). "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". Clinical colorectal cancer. 14 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014. PMID 26170142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[90] William Hamilton & Deborah Sharp (2004). "Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines". Family practice. 21 (1): 99–106. PMID 14760054. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[91] Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Mary R. Kwaan, Robert D. Madoff & Genevieve B. Melton (2015). "Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (25): 7659–7671. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659. PMID 26167068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[92] V. Raman Muthusamy & Kenneth J. Chang (2007). "Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer". Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 13 (22 Pt 2): 6877s–6884s. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137. PMID 18006793. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[93] Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli & Mohammad Reza Keramati (2015). "Rectal cancer: a review". Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 29: 171. PMID 26034724.

[94] N. Oshitani, Y. Moriyama, T. Matsumoto, K. Kobayashi & A. Kitano (1995). "Protein-losing enteropathy from cap polyposis". Lancet (London, England). 346 (8989): 1567. PMID 7491082. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[95] Ioannis Papaconstantinou, Andreas Karakatsanis, Xanthi Benia, George Polymeneas & Evanthia Kostopoulou (2012). "Solitary rectal cap polyp: Case report and review of the literature". World journal of gastrointestinal surgery. 4 (6): 157–162. doi:10.4240/wjgs.v4.i6.157. PMID 22816031. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[96] Kheng-Hong Ng, Pawan Mathur, M. Priyanthi Kumarasinghe, Kong-Weng Eu & Francis Seow-Choen (2004). "Cap polyposis: further experience and review". Diseases of the colon and rectum. 47 (7): 1208–1215. doi:10.1007/s10350-004-0561-8. PMID 15164251. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[97] Thomas G. Trautmann & James H. Zuger (2005). "Positron Emission Tomography for pretreatment staging and posttreatment evaluation in cancer of the anal canal". Molecular imaging and biology : MIB : the official publication of the Academy of Molecular Imaging. 7 (4): 309–313. doi:10.1007/s11307-005-0003-6. PMID 16028002. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[98] D. R. Radin (1994). "Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and rectum in homosexual men: CT findings". Journal of computer assisted tomography. 18 (6): 921–924. PMID 7962800. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[99] S. D. Otto, L. Lee, H. J. Buhr, B. Frericks, S. Hocht & A. J. Kroesen (2009). "Staging anal cancer: prospective comparison of transanal endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging". Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 13 (7): 1292–1298. doi:10.1007/s11605-009-0870-2. PMID 19365694. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[100] Sajad Ahmad Salati & Azzam Al Kadi (2012). "Anal cancer - a review". International journal of health sciences. 6 (2): 206–230. PMID 23580899. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[101] Varut Lohsiriwat (2012). "Hemorrhoids: from basic pathophysiology to clinical management". World journal of gastroenterology. 18 (17): 2009–2017. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2009. PMID 22563187. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[102] Danny Jacobs (2014). "Clinical practice. Hemorrhoids". The New England journal of medicine. 371 (10): 944–951. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1204188. PMID 25184866. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[103] Varut Lohsiriwat (2013). "Approach to hemorrhoids". Current gastroenterology reports. 15 (7): 332. doi:10.1007/s11894-013-0332-6. PMID 23715885. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[104] Varut Lohsiriwat (2015). "Treatment of hemorrhoids: A coloproctologist's view". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (31): 9245–9252. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9245. PMID 26309351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[105] Julia Segal & Melissa M.. Tavarez (2018). "Rectal Prolapse". PMID 30335341. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid24352613-106] Bordeianou L, Hicks CW, Kaiser AM, Alavi K, Sudan R, Wise PE (2014). "Rectal prolapse: an overview of clinical features, diagnosis, and patient-specific management strategies". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 18 (5): 1059–69. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2427-7. PMID 24352613.

[pmid28991074-107] Bordeianou L, Paquette I, Johnson E, Holubar SD, Gaertner W, Feingold DL, Steele SR (2017). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Rectal Prolapse". Dis. Colon Rectum. 60 (11): 1121–1131. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000000889. PMID 28991074.

[108] K. M. Hiltunen, M. Matikainen, O. Auvinen & P. Hietanen (1986). "Clinical and manometric evaluation of anal sphincter function in patients with rectal prolapse". American journal of surgery. 151 (4): 489–492. PMID 3963307. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid9885867-109] Ooi BS, Ho YH, Eu KW, Nyam D, Leong A, Seow-Choen F (December 1998). "Management of anorectal foreign bodies: a cause of obscure anal pain". Aust N Z J Surg. 68 (12): 852–5. PMID 9885867.

[pmid15540301-110] Lake JP, Essani R, Petrone P, Kaiser AM, Asensio J, Beart RW (October 2004). "Management of retained colorectal foreign bodies: predictors of operative intervention". Dis. Colon Rectum. 47 (10): 1694–8. PMID 15540301.

[pmid8681881-111] Stack LB, Munter DW (August 1996). "Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 14 (3): 493–521. PMID 8681881.

[pmid20109641-112] Goldberg JE, Steele SR (February 2010). "Rectal foreign bodies". Surg. Clin. North Am. 90 (1): 173–84, Table of Contents. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.004. PMID 20109641.

[nid-113] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate. NIDDK 2016. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/prostate-problems/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed on February 25, 2016

[pmid20704171-114] Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR (2010). "Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment". Am Fam Physician. 82 (4): 397–406. PMID 20704171.

[pmid20459324-115] Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT (2010). "Treatment of bacterial prostatitis". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (12): 1641–52. doi:10.1086/652861. PMID 20459324.

[116] Mark S. Litwin & Hung-Jui Tan (2017). "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Review". JAMA. 317 (24): 2532–2542. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.7248. PMID 28655021. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[117] Izi Obokhare (2012). "Fecal impaction: a cause for concern?". Clinics in colon and rectal surgery. 25 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1301760. PMID 23449376. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[118] N. Gurll & M. Steer (1975). "Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for fecal impaction". Diseases of the colon and rectum. 18 (6): 507–511. PMID 1081034. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[119] Zilla H. Hussain, Diana A. Whitehead & Brian E. Lacy (2014). "Fecal impaction". Current gastroenterology reports. 16 (9): 404. doi:10.1007/s11894-014-0404-2. PMID 25119877. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[120] Farshid Araghizadeh (2005). "Fecal impaction". Clinics in colon and rectal surgery. 18 (2): 116–119. doi:10.1055/s-2005-870893. PMID 20011351. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[121] Mukta V. Katdare & Rocco Ricciardi (2010). "Anal stenosis". The Surgical clinics of North America. 90 (1): 137–145. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.002. PMID 20109638. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[122] Giuseppe Brisinda, Serafino Vanella, Federica Cadeddu, Gaia Marniga, Pasquale Mazzeo, Francesco Brandara & Giorgio Maria (2009). "Surgical treatment of anal stenosis". World journal of gastroenterology. 15 (16): 1921–1928. PMID 19399922. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[123] I. T. Khubchandani (1994). "Anal stenosis". The Surgical clinics of North America. 74 (6): 1353–1360. PMID 7985070. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[124] M. Miyazaki, M. Endoh, T. Suga, N. Yano, T. Kuramoto, Y. Matsumoto, K. Eguchi, M. Yagame, M. Miura & Y. Nomoto (1990). "Rheumatoid factors and glomerulonephritis". Clinical and experimental immunology. 81 (2): 250–255. PMID 2201469. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[125] J. P. Heiken, G. R. Zuckerman & D. M. Balfe (1984). "The hypertrophied anal papilla: recognition on air-contrast barium enema examinations". Radiology. 151 (2): 315–318. doi:10.1148/radiology.151.2.6709897. PMID 6709897. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[126] Pravin-J. Gupta (2004). "Hypertrophied anal papillae and fibrous anal polyps, should they be removed during anal fissure surgery?". World journal of gastroenterology. 10 (16): 2412–2414. PMID 15285031. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[127] M. Kusunoki, T. Horai, Y. Sakanoue, H. Yanagi, T. Yamamura & J. Utsunomiya (1991). "Giant hypertrophied anal papilla. Case report". The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica. 157 (8): 491–492. PMID 1681940. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid16936305-128] Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, Pietropaolo G, Consonni D, Crosignani PG (January 2007). "Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients". Hum. Reprod. 22 (1): 266–71. doi:10.1093/humrep/del339. PMID 16936305.

[pmid24647161-129] Hickey M, Ballard K, Farquhar C (March 2014). "Endometriosis". BMJ. 348: g1752. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1752. PMID 24647161.

[pmid11158655-130] Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Mezzetti TP (2001). "Endometriosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 21 (1): 193–216, questionnaire 288–94. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.1.g01ja14193. PMID 11158655.

[pmid20424280-131] Ronghe R, Gaudoin M (March 2010). "Women with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding should be re-investigated but are not more likely to have endometrial cancer". Menopause Int. 16 (1): 9–11. doi:10.1258/mi.2010.010008. PMID 20424280.

[pmid10969449-132] Twu NF, Chen SS (August 2000). "Five-year follow-up of patients with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding". Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 63 (8): 628–33. PMID 10969449.

[pmid19393600-133] Reed SD, Newton KM, Clinton WL, Epplein M, Garcia R, Allison K, Voigt LF, Weiss NS (June 2009). "Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 200 (6): 678.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.02.032. PMID 19393600.

[pmid17826171-134] Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S (September 2007). "Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer". Lancet. 370 (9590): 890–907. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61416-0. PMID 17826171.

[pmid6635426-135] Landers DV, Sweet RL (1983). "Tubo-ovarian abscess: contemporary approach to management". Rev. Infect. Dis. 5 (5): 876–84. PMID 6635426.

[pmid7333045-136] Benigno BB (December 1981). "Medical and surgical management of the pelvic abscess". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 24 (4): 1187–97. PMID 7333045.

[137] Claudia M. G. Keyzer-Dekker, Richard G. Houtkamp, Johannes L. Peterse & Frits Van Coevorden (2004). "Adult pelvic sarcomas: a heterogeneous collection of sarcomas?". Sarcoma. 8 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1080/13577140410001679211. PMID 18521389.

[138] Angela D. Levy, Maria A. Manning & Markku M. Miettinen (2017). "Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 2-Uncommon Sarcomas". Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 37 (3): 797–812. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160201. PMID 28493803. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[139] Angela D. Levy, Maria A. Manning, Waddah B. Al-Refaie & Markku M. Miettinen (2017). "Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 1-Common Sarcomas: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives". Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 37 (2): 462–483. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160157. PMID 28287938. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{ZAS}}
-==Algorithm==
+==Vaginal/Vulvar mass differential diagnosis==
-{{familytree/start}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Diseases Of Immune Dysregulation:(A) Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) & EBV Susceptibility }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | B02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |B01=Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis(HLH)|B02=Susceptibility to EBV }}
-{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree | | | | C01 | | | | C02 | | | | |!| | | | | C03 | | | | | | | | | | | |C01=Hypopigmentation|C02=Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Syndromes|C03=EBV Associated with HLH }}
-{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree | | | | |)| D01 | |)| D02 | | | |)| D03 | |)| D04 | | | | | | | | | | |D01=Chediak Higashi Syndrome:LYST|D02=Perforin Deficiency(FHL2)|D03=RASGRP1 Deficiency|D04=XL,XLP1.SH2DIA }}
-{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree | | | | |)| E01 | |)| E02 | | | |)| E03 | |)| E04 | | | | | | | | | | |E01=Griscelli Syndrome type2:RAB27a|E02=UNCBD/Munc13-4 deficiency(FHL3)|E03=CD70 Deficiency|E04=XL,XLP2,XIAP }}
-{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree | | | | |)| F01 | |)| F02 | | | |)| F03 | |)| F04 | | | | | | | | | | |F01=Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome type2:AP3B1|F02=Syntaxin II Deficiency(FHL4)|F03=CTPS1 Deficiency|F04=AR, CD27 Deficiency }}
-{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | |`| G01 | |`| G02 | | | |)| G03 | |`| G04 | | | | | | | | | | |G01=Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome type10|G02=STXBP2/Munc18-2 Deficiency|G03=RLTPR (CARMIL2) Deficiency|G04=FAAP24 Deficiency }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)| H01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |H01=ITK Deficiency }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)| I01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |I01=MAGT1 Deficiency }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`| J01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |J01=PRKCD Deficiency }}
-{{familytree/end}}
-==Pathophysiology==
+{|
+|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
+! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
+| colspan="9" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
+! colspan="7" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
+| colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
+|-
+! colspan="7" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
+! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical exam
+! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
+! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
+|-
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abnormal
+vaginal bleeding
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abnormal vaginal dyscharge
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pelvic
+pain
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Itching or
+burning of the vulva
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other Genitourinary/ Gastrointestinal symptoms
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |B symptoms
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gynecological examinations
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal
+mass
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |HPV
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pap smear
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |STI Panel
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MRI
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT Scan
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cervical cancer]]<ref name="pmid23336450">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C |title=Symptoms and risk factors to identify women with suspected cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm |journal=Br J Gen Pract |volume=63 |issue=606 |pages=e11–21 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23336450 |pmc=3529288 |doi=10.3399/bjgp13X660733 |url=}}</ref><ref name="DunyoEffah2018">{{cite journal|last1=Dunyo|first1=Priscilla|last2=Effah|first2=Kofi|last3=Udofia|first3=Emilia Asuquo|title=Factors associated with late presentation of cervical cancer cases at a district hospital: a retrospective study|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=18|issue=1|year=2018|issn=1471-2458|doi=10.1186/s12889-018-6065-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid30603660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khalife D, El Housheimi A, Khalil A, Saba C S, Seoud M, Rammal R, Abdallah IE, Abdallah R |title=Treatment of cervical cancer metastatic to the abdominal wall with reconstruction using a composite myocutaneous flap: A case report |journal=Gynecol Oncol Rep |volume=27 |issue= |pages=38–41 |date=February 2019 |pmid=30603660 |pmc=6302027 |doi=10.1016/j.gore.2018.12.006 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000498.}}</ref><ref name="pmid8828559">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brenner PF |title=Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=175 |issue=3 Pt 2 |pages=766–9 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8828559 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="AlcázarArribas2014">{{cite journal|last1=Alcázar|first1=Juan Luis|last2=Arribas|first2=Sara|last3=Mínguez|first3=José Angel|last4=Jurado|first4=Matías|title=The Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Uterine Cervical Cancer|journal=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India|volume=64|issue=5|year=2014|pages=311–316|issn=0971-9202|doi=10.1007/s13224-014-0622-4}}</ref><ref name="pmid25223869">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qing L, Xiang T, Guofu Z, Weiwei F |title=Leukemoid reaction in cervical cancer: a case report and review of the literature |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=14 |issue= |pages=670 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25223869 |pmc=4174654 |doi=10.1186/1471-2407-14-670 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid252238692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qing L, Xiang T, Guofu Z, Weiwei F |title=Leukemoid reaction in cervical cancer: a case report and review of the literature |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=14 |issue= |pages=670 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25223869 |pmc=4174654 |doi=10.1186/1471-2407-14-670 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Postmenopausal]]
+* [[Menstrual|Intermenstrual]]
+* [[Coitus|Postcoital]]
+* [[Bleeding]] after [[Pelvic examination|pelvic exam]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Burning during urination]]
+* [[Dysuria|Difficulty urinating]]
+* [[Dyspareunia|Pain during sex]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
++
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Cervical]] mass on exam
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Negative
+* Atypical [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±[[Chlamydia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Large [[cervical cancer]]
+* [[Angiogenesis]] on [[Doppler sonography]]
-===Pathology===
+* [[Urinary bladder|Bladder]] involvement
-*AAA
-*BBB
-**CCC
-* abc
+* [[Lymph node]] involvement
-* def
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |  '''T2-weighted [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]''' :
+* Ovoid, heterogeneous [[tumor]] distending the cervical canal with stromal involvement.
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |  '''[[Positron emission tomography|PET]]/[[Computed tomography|CT scan]]''':
+* Detect [[tumor]] size
+* [[Lymph node]] involvement,
+* [[Metastasis|Metastases]] to [[Urinary bladder|bladder]] or [[rectum]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia|CIN1]]: mild [[dysplasia]]
-{| class="wikitable"
+* [[Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia|CIN2]]: moderate [[dysplasia]]
-! colspan="2" |Diseases
-!A
+* [[Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia|CIN3]]: high degree of [[dysplasia]]/[[Metastasis|metastases]]
-!B
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Colposcopy]]/[[biopsy]]
 |-
-! rowspan="2" |ABC
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cervical polyp]]<ref name="pmid151660702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell H |title=Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=BMJ |volume=328 |issue=7451 |pages=1306–8 |date=May 2004 |pmid=15166070 |pmc=420177 |doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
-|Type 1
+ | author = [[Irene Pecorella]], [[Marco Monti]], [[Maria Luisa Framarino Dei Malatesta]] & [[Gaia Ciardi]]
-|
+ | title = Polyp of the uterine cervix with heterologous fatty tissue
-|
+ | journal = [[Indian journal of pathology & microbiology]]
+ | volume = 61
+ | issue = 4
+ | pages = 593–595
+ | year = 2018
+ | month = October-December
+ | doi = 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_105_17
+ | pmid = 30303160
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Seema Anushka Tirlapur]], [[Adewale Adeyemo]], [[Neil O'Gorman]] & [[Dan Selo-Ojeme]]
+ | title = Clinico-pathological study of cervical polyps
+ | journal = [[Archives of gynecology and obstetrics]]
+ | volume = 282
+ | issue = 5
+ | pages = 535–538
+ | year = 2010
+ | month = November
+ | doi = 10.1007/s00404-010-1364-x
+ | pmid = 20091045
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Coitus|Postcoital]]
+* [[Abnormal uterine bleeding|Intermenstrual]]
+* [[Postmenopausal]]
+* [[Bleeding]] after exam
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | −
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Mass]] on exam
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Hyper/hypoechogenic [[Mass|masses]] with or without [[Cyst|cysts]]
+* Filling the [[Endocervix|endocervical]] or [[Vagina|vaginal canal]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |May reveal presence of [[tumor]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|CT contrast]] may show presence of a well defined [[mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Epithelial cells]] with no [[nuclear]] [[atypia]]/[[Mitosis|mitoses]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Hysteroscopy]] /[[Biopsy]]
 |-
-|Type 2
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leiomyoma|Cervical leiomyoma]]<ref name="pmid27887011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H |title=Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity |journal=J Surg Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue=11 |pages= |date=November 2016 |pmid=27887011 |pmc=5159177 |doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw190 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27190823">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adaikkalam J |title=Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=EJ01–2 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27190823 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531 |url=}}</ref><ref name="HouserCarrasco1979">{{cite journal|last1=Houser|first1=L. Murray|last2=Carrasco|first2=C. H.|last3=Sheehan|first3=C. R.|title=Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|volume=52|issue=624|year=1979|pages=992–993|issn=0007-1285|doi=10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992}}</ref><ref name="KeriakosMaher2013">{{cite journal|last1=Keriakos|first1=Remon|last2=Maher|first2=Mark|title=Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period|journal=Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=2013|year=2013|pages=1–3|issn=2090-6684|doi=10.1155/2013/984030}}</ref><ref name="pmid10775744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM |title=Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=764–9 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10775744 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Kamra2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kamra|first1=Hemlata T|title=Myxoid Leiomyoma of Cervix|journal=JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH|year=2013|issn=2249782X|doi=10.7860/JCDR/2013/6171.3805}}</ref><ref name="El-agwany2015">{{cite journal|last1=El-agwany|first1=Ahmed Samy|title=Lipoleiomyoma of the uterine cervix: An unusual variant of uterine leiomyoma|journal=The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine|volume=46|issue=1|year=2015|pages=211–213|issn=0378603X|doi=10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.10.001}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaparala RP, Fawole AS, Ambrose NS, Chapman AH |title=Large bowel obstruction due to a benign uterine leiomyoma |journal=Gut |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=386, 430 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14960521 |pmc=1773948 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-|
+* Heavy/prolonged [[menstrual bleeding]]
+* [[Abnormal uterine bleeding|Intermenstrual bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Urinary retention]]
+* [[Constipation]]
+* [[Infertility]]
+* [[Bowel obstruction]]
+* Increase in [[pregnancy]]/[[Childbirth|labor]] complications
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Large,irregular [[Pelvic masses|pelvic mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+*
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Well circumscribed hyperechoic [[mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''T2-weighted [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]''':
+* Hypointense [[Mass|masses]]
+* Homogeneous
+enhancement
+* Red degeneration
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Spindle shaped [[smooth muscle cells]]
+* Mature [[Adipocyte|adipocytes]]
+* [[Extracellular matrix]] consist of [[collagen]],[[fibronectin]].
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Clinical]] [[diagnosis]]/ and
+* [[Ultrasound]]
 |-
-!DEF
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lymphoma|Cervical lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid10422676">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grace A, O'Connell N, Byrne P, Prendiville W, O'Donnell R, Royston D, Walsh CB, Leader M, Kay E |title=Malignant lymphoma of the cervix. An unusual presentation and a rare disease |journal=Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=26–8 |date=1999 |pmid=10422676 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="KanaanParente2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kanaan|first1=Daniel|last2=Parente|first2=Daniella Braz|last3=Constantino|first3=Carolina Pesce Lamas|last4=Souza|first4=Rodrigo Canellas de|title=Linfoma de colo de útero: achados na ressonância magnética|journal=Radiologia Brasileira|volume=45|issue=3|year=2012|pages=167–169|issn=0100-3984|doi=10.1590/S0100-39842012000300009}}</ref><ref name="pmid17065003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frey NV, Svoboda J, Andreadis C, Tsai DE, Schuster SJ, Elstrom R, Rubin SC, Nasta SD |title=Primary lymphomas of the cervix and uterus: the University of Pennsylvania's experience and a review of the literature |journal=Leuk. Lymphoma |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=1894–901 |date=September 2006 |pmid=17065003 |doi=10.1080/10428190600687653 |url=}}</ref>
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-|
+* [[Postmenopausal bleeding]]
-|
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Dysuria|Difficulty urinating]]
+* [[Coitus|Post-coital]] [[pain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Large [[Uterus|uterine]]/[[cervix]] [[mass]]
+* Irregularity
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Well-defined, solid, concentric, hypoechoic [[mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''[[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI:]]'''
+* [[Myometrium|Intramyometrial]] infiltrative nodules
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diffuse heterogeneous [[Uterus|uterine]]/[[Cervix|cervical]] [[mass]] & hypoechoic enlarged [[iliac lymph nodes]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Small [[Tumor cell|tumor cells]] with large [[nuclei]]
+* High [[Mitosis|mitoses]] and [[proliferation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Biopsy]]
+* [[Diffuse large B cell lymphoma|diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma (DLBCL)]] most frequent type.
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sarcoma|Cervical sarcoma]]<ref name="pmid16051326">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wright JD, Rosenblum K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Rader JS, Powell MA, Gibb RK |title=Cervical sarcomas: an analysis of incidence and outcome |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=348–51 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16051326 |doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.06.021 |url=}}</ref><ref name="KhoslaGupta2012">{{cite journal|last1=Khosla|first1=Divya|last2=Gupta|first2=Ruchi|last3=Srinivasan|first3=Radhika|last4=Patel|first4=Firuza D.|last5=Rajwanshi|first5=Arvind|title=Sarcomas of Uterine Cervix|journal=International Journal of Gynecological Cancer|volume=22|issue=6|year=2012|pages=1026–1030|issn=1048-891X|doi=10.1097/IGC.0b013e31825a97f6}}</ref><ref name="pmid26587944">{{cite journal |vauthors=Miccò M, Sala E, Lakhman Y, Hricak H, Vargas HA |title=Imaging Features of Uncommon Gynecologic Cancers |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=205 |issue=6 |pages=1346–59 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26587944 |pmc=5502476 |doi=10.2214/AJR.14.12695 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1097/IGC.0b013e31825a97f6.}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Abnormal uterine bleeding|Intermentrual]]
+* [[Postmenopausal]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Coitus|Post-coital]] [[pain]]
+* Fullness in [[pelvis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Cervix|Cervical]] [[mass]]
+* [[Lump]] protruding  from [[vagina]]/[[vulva]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Endometrium|Endometrial]] [[mass]] with heterogeneous echogenicity
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''[[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]:'''
+* [[Endometrium|Endometrial]] polypoid [[mass]]
+* Hypointense hypervascular solid components
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Mitotic index]]
+* [[Cell (biology)|Cellular]] [[atypia]]
+* [[Coagulative necrosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Biopsy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cervical erosion|Cervical erosion(Ectropion)]]<ref name="pmid28460993">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell L, King M, Brillhart H, Goldstein A |title=Cervical Ectropion May Be a Cause of Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis |journal=Sex Med |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=e212–e214 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28460993 |pmc=5562466 |doi=10.1016/j.esxm.2017.03.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15166070">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell H |title=Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=BMJ |volume=328 |issue=7451 |pages=1306–8 |date=May 2004 |pmid=15166070 |pmc=420177 |doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306 |url=}}</ref><ref name="SharmaOjha2013">{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Abhishek|last2=Ojha|first2=Ranapratap|last3=Sengupta|first3=Parama|last4=Chattopadhyay|first4=Sarbani|last5=Mondal|first5=Soumit|title=Cervical intramural pregnancy: Report of a rare case|journal=Nigerian Medical Journal|volume=54|issue=4|year=2013|pages=271|issn=0300-1652|doi=10.4103/0300-1652.119670}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.12865/CHSJ.42.02.11}}</ref><ref name="pmid212702912">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML |title=Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry? |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=147–50; quiz 151 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21270291 |pmc=3031439 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0512 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Light [[bleeding]] after [[Pelvic examination|pelvic exam]]
+* Spotting
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Coitus|Post-coital]] [[pain]]
+* Painful [[Cramp|cramps]]
+* [[Dyspareunia|Pain after sex]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Squamous metaplasia]]
+* [[Ectasia|Vascular ectasia]]
+* [[Lymphocytic]] [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Colposcopy]] and [[biopsy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cervicitis]]<ref name="pmid27243142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattson SK, Polk JP, Nyirjesy P |title=Chronic Cervicitis: Presenting Features and Response to Therapy |journal=J Low Genit Tract Dis |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=e30–3 |date=July 2016 |pmid=27243142 |doi=10.1097/LGT.0000000000000225 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2660084">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenfeld WD, Clark J |title=Vulvovaginitis and cervicitis |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=489–511 |date=June 1989 |pmid=2660084 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27681919">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meyer T |title=Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections |journal=Microorganisms |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages= |date=August 2016 |pmid=27681919 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms4030025 |url=}}</ref><ref name="WoodsBailey2011">{{cite journal|last1=Woods|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Bailey|first2=Sarabeth L.|last3=Hensel|first3=Devon J.|last4=Scurlock|first4=Amy M.|title=Cervicitis in Adolescents: Do Clinicians Understand Diagnosis and Treatment?|journal=Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology|volume=24|issue=6|year=2011|pages=359–364|issn=10833188|doi=10.1016/j.jpag.2011.06.006}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Abnormal uterine bleeding|Intermenstrual bleeding]]
+* [[Coitus|Postcoital]]
+* [[Bleeding]] after [[Pelvic examination|pelvic exam]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Itching]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Dysuria|Pain during urination]]
+* [[Dyspareunia|Pain during sex]]
+* [[Dysmenorrhea|Painful menstruation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* May have [[fever]] only
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Red,[[Inflammation|inflammed]] swollen [[cervix]]
+* [[Inflammation]]/[[irritation]] of [[vulva]]/[[vagina]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]]
+* [[Gonorrhea]]
+* [[Herpes simplex]]
+* [[Trichomonas vaginalis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |To detect [[complications]] like [[PID]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Nucleic acid amplification technique|Nucleic acid amplification tests]] ([[NAAT]]<nowiki/>s)
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Intrauterine device|IUD use]]<ref name="pmid347074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Trobough GE |title=Pelvic pain and the IUD |journal=J Reprod Med |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=167–74 |date=March 1978 |pmid=347074 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[D. Reinprayoon]], [[S. Taneepanichskul]], [[S. Niruthisard]] & [[S. Suwajanakon]]
+ | title = Uterine histopathologic changes after Cu-Fix intrauterine device insertion
+ | journal = [[Contraception]]
+ | volume = 59
+ | issue = 1
+ | pages = 63–65
+ | year = 1999
+ | month = January
+ | pmid = 10342087
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Seyma Fadiloglu]], [[B. Dilbaz]], [[E. Fadiloglu]] & [[S. Dilbaz]]
+ | title = Relationship between copper IUD complications and ultrasonographic findings
+ | journal = [[Archives of gynecology and obstetrics]]
+ | volume = 297
+ | issue = 4
+ | pages = 989–996
+ | year = 2018
+ | month = April
+ | doi = 10.1007/s00404-018-4711-y
+ | pmid = 29428979
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Heavy [[bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Itching]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Dysmenorrhea|Painful menstruation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Strings of [[Intrauterine device|IUD]] device
+* Signs of [[inflammation]]
+* [[Discharge]]
+* [[Bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |To detect [[Intrauterine device|IUD]] location and [[pregnancy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination|Physical exam]] and [[ultrasound]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pelvic inflammatory disease|Pelvic inflammatory diseases]]<ref name="pmid30606817">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hoenderboom BM, van Benthem BHB, van Bergen JEAM, Dukers-Muijrers NHTM, Götz HM, Hoebe CJPA, Hogewoning AA, Land JA, van der Sande MAB, Morré SA, van den Broek IVF |title=Relation between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility in a Dutch cohort of women previously tested for chlamydia in a chlamydia screening trial |journal=Sex Transm Infect |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=January 2019 |pmid=30606817 |doi=10.1136/sextrans-2018-053778 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21822367">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jaiyeoba O, Soper DE |title=A practical approach to the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease |journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=753037 |date=2011 |pmid=21822367 |pmc=3148590 |doi=10.1155/2011/753037 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Coitus|Postcoital]] [[bleeding]]
+* [[Abnormal uterine bleeding|Intermenstrual bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Itching]]/burning
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Dyspareunia|Pain during sex]]
+* [[Dysmenorrhea|Painful menstruation]]
+* [[Burning during urination|Burning sensation during urination]]
+* [[Pain]] during [[bowel movement]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Fever
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±[[Abdominal pain|Abdominal]]
+[[Abdominal pain|pain]]
+* [[Pelvic pain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Vagina|Vaginal]]/[[Vulva|vulvar]]  tender lesion depending on microbial cause
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]]
+* [[Gonorrhea]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Enlarged [[fallopian tubes]]
+* [[Abscess]]
+* [[Hyperaemia|Hyperemia]]
+* [[Ectopic pregnancy]]/[[ovarian cyst]]/[[abscess]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Thickened fluid filled [[fallopian tubes]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |May show [[endometritis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Pelvic inflammatory disease diagnostic criteria|CDC diagnostic criteria of PID]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endometriosis]]<ref name="pmid20436318">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P |title=Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis |journal=Clin Obstet Gynecol |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=413–9 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20436318 |pmc=2880548 |doi=10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181db7ce8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ChamiéBlasbalg2011">{{cite journal|last1=Chamié|first1=Luciana Pardini|last2=Blasbalg|first2=Roberto|last3=Pereira|first3=Ricardo Mendes Alves|last4=Warmbrand|first4=Gisele|last5=Serafini|first5=Paulo Cesar|title=Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=31|issue=4|year=2011|pages=E77–E100|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.314105193}}</ref><ref name="pmid18850447">{{cite journal |vauthors=Datta S, Kunde K |title=From vaginal discharge to endometriosis: an unusual case of endometriosis in pregnancy |journal=J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=552–3 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18850447 |doi=10.1080/01443610802247352 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ChamiéBlasbalg20112">{{cite journal|last1=Chamié|first1=Luciana Pardini|last2=Blasbalg|first2=Roberto|last3=Pereira|first3=Ricardo Mendes Alves|last4=Warmbrand|first4=Gisele|last5=Serafini|first5=Paulo Cesar|title=Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=31|issue=4|year=2011|pages=E77–E100|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.314105193}}</ref><ref name="pmid14734195">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bedaiwy MA, Falcone T |title=Laboratory testing for endometriosis |journal=Clin. Chim. Acta |volume=340 |issue=1-2 |pages=41–56 |date=February 2004 |pmid=14734195 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20503240">{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Holsbeke C, Van Calster B, Guerriero S, Savelli L, Paladini D, Lissoni AA, Czekierdowski A, Fischerova D, Zhang J, Mestdagh G, Testa AC, Bourne T, Valentin L, Timmerman D |title=Endometriomas: their ultrasound characteristics |journal=Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=730–40 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20503240 |doi=10.1002/uog.7668 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Menometrorrhagia|Heavy mentrual bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Pelvic pain]]
+* [[Back pain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Dysmenorrhea|Painful menstruation]]
+* [[Dysuria|Burning/painful urination]]
+* Painful [[bowel movement]]
+* [[Dyspareunia|Pain during or after sex]]
+* [[Infertility]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Tenderness|Tender]] [[Uterosacral ligaments|uterosacral]] nodularity
+* Immobile [[uterus]]
+* [[Cervical motion tenderness]]
+* [[Retroverted uterus]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Unilocular/multilocular [[Cyst|cysts]] contating thin/thick septations
+* Increased [[vascularity]] showing increased doppler flow
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Hyperintensity on T1 weighted images
+* Hypointensity on T2 weighted images
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Catamenial pneumothorax]], [[hemothorax]] & [[Pulmonary nodule|lung nodules]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Presence of [[Endometrium|endometrial tissue]] outside the [[uterus]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Visual [[Inspection (medicine)|inspection]] by [[laparoscopy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Adenomyosis]]<ref name="pmid30486633">{{cite journal |vauthors=Filip G, Balzano A, Cagnacci A |title=Histological evaluation of the prevalence of adenomyosis, myomas and of their concomitance |journal=Minerva Ginecol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=November 2018 |pmid=30486633 |doi=10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04291-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1492806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fujino T, Watanabe T, Shinmura R, Hahn L, Nagata Y, Hasui K |title=Acute abdomen due to adenomyosis of the uterus: a case report |journal=Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=333–7 |date=December 1992 |pmid=1492806 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14928062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fujino T, Watanabe T, Shinmura R, Hahn L, Nagata Y, Hasui K |title=Acute abdomen due to adenomyosis of the uterus: a case report |journal=Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=333–7 |date=December 1992 |pmid=1492806 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9275451">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhou Y, Wu B, Li H |title=[The value of serum CA125 assays in the diagnosis of uterine adenomyosis] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=590–3 |date=October 1996 |pmid=9275451 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Courtney A. Woodfield]], [[Evan S. Siegelman]], [[Beverly G. Coleman]] & [[Drew A. Torigian]]
+ | title = CT features of adenomyosis
+ | journal = [[European journal of radiology]]
+ | volume = 72
+ | issue = 3
+ | pages = 464–469
+ | year = 2009
+ | month = December
+ | doi = 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.08.002
+ | pmid = 18804933
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Abnormal uterine bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Dysmenorrhea|Painful menstruation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Polypoid [[mass]] protruding into the [[Endocervix|endocervical canal.]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Transvaginal ultrasound|Transvaginal US]] shows poorly marginated hypoechoic & heterogenous areas within [[myometrium]]
+* [[Myometrium|Myometrial]] [[Cyst|cysts]]
+* Globular/enlarged [[uterus]] with asymmetry
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''[[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]:'''
+* Thickened junctional zone
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Enlarged uterus|Uterine enlargement]]
+* Thickened inner [[myometrium]]
+* [[Myometrium|Myometrial]] [[Cyst|cysts]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Presence of [[ectopic]] [[Endometrium|endometrial]] [[Gland|glands]] into the [[myometrium]].
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Histology]] findings post [[hysterectomy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ectopic pregnancy|Cervical ectopic pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid28955106">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mouhajer M, Obed S, Okpala AM |title=Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy in Resource Deprived Areas: A Rare and Difficult Diagnosis |journal=Ghana Med J |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=94–97 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28955106 |pmc=5611908 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="RathodSamal2015">{{cite journal|last1=Rathod|first1=Setu|last2=Samal|first2=SunilKumar|title=Cervical ectopic pregnancy|journal=Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine|volume=6|issue=1|year=2015|pages=257|issn=0976-9668|doi=10.4103/0976-9668.149221}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Amenorrhea]]
+* [[Bleeding]] after [[Pelvic examination|pelvic exam]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Pelvic pain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Soft and disporportionally [[enlarged uterus]].
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Empty [[uterus]]
+* Thickened [[endometrium]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | '''T2-weighted [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]''':
+* Hypointense large [[mass]]
+'''T1-weighted [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]''':
+* Partially hyperintense [[mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Necrosis|Necrotic]] [[hemorrhagic]] [[mass]] with [[chorionic villus]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Hysterectomy]] and [[biopsy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[DES|DES exposure]] (Clear cell adenocarcinoma)<ref name="pmid28275694">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tantitamit T, Hamontri S, Rangsiratanakul L |title=Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix in second generation young women who are without maternal exposure to diethylstilbestrol: A case report |journal=Gynecol Oncol Rep |volume=20 |issue= |pages=34–36 |date=May 2017 |pmid=28275694 |pmc=5328756 |doi=10.1016/j.gore.2017.02.008 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Subrata Pal]], [[Sritanu Jana]] & [[Kingshuk Bose]]
+ | title = Clear cell carcinoma of cervix in a postmenopausal woman: A case report
+ | journal = [[Journal of mid-life health]]
+ | volume = 6
+ | issue = 2
+ | pages = 85–87
+ | year = 2015
+ | month = April-June
+ | doi = 10.4103/0976-7800.158964
+ | pmid = 26167060
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Mary G. Dandulakis]], [[Aidas J. Mattis]], [[Andrea R. Hagemann]] & [[Ian S. Hagemann]]
+ | title = Cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma with an exceptionally low proliferation index: Report of a case
+ | journal = [[Gynecologic oncology reports]]
+ | volume = 23
+ | pages = 16–19
+ | year = 2018
+ | month = February
+ | doi = 10.1016/j.gore.2017.12.006
+ | pmid = 29326971
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Coitus|Postcoital]] [[bleeding]]
+* [[Postmenopausal bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Abdominal pain]]
+* [[Melena|Blood in feces]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Normal looking [[cervix]]
+* [[Cervical]] exophytic lesions
+* Barrel shaped [[cervix]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |To determine [[Uterus|uterine]] extent
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |To detect [[Metastasis|metastases]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Irregular dense [[mass]] occupying inferior lip of [[cervix]] and [[posterior fornix]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Tumor cell|Tumor cells]] with abundant clear [[cytoplasm]] and round [[nuclei]]
+* [[Nucleus]] show hyperchromasia, moderate [[pleomorphism]] & prominent [[nucleoli]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Biopsy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Paget's disease of [[vulva]] to [[cervix]]<ref name="van der LindenMeeuwis2016">{{cite journal|last1=van der Linden|first1=M.|last2=Meeuwis|first2=K.A.P.|last3=Bulten|first3=J.|last4=Bosse|first4=T.|last5=van Poelgeest|first5=M.I.E.|last6=de Hullu|first6=J.A.|title=Paget disease of the vulva|journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology|volume=101|year=2016|pages=60–74|issn=10408428|doi=10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.008}}</ref><ref name="pmid10605411">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lloyd J, Evans DJ, Flanagan AM |title=Extension of extramammary Paget disease of the vulva to the cervix |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=538–40 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10605411 |pmc=501500 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19952933">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shaco-Levy R, Bean SM, Vollmer RT, Papalas JA, Bentley RC, Selim MA, Robboy SJ |title=Paget disease of the vulva: a histologic study of 56 cases correlating pathologic features and disease course |journal=Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=69–78 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19952933 |doi=10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181b1cc5e |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Bleeding]] from [[lesion]]
+* [[Oozing]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |±
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Itching]]/burning
+* [[Pain]] in [[vulva]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+*
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Scaly [[eczema|eczematoid]] lesion in [[vulva]].
+* [[Erythematous plaques]] with white scaling.
+* Inguinal lymphadenopathy in case of [[metastases]].
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''[[MRI]]:'''
+* Hyperintense on diffusion weighted images
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* May show bilateral enlarged [[inguinal lymph nodes]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Thickened [[vulva|vulvar]] [[skin]]
+* "Cake-icing effect", [[pathognomonic]] for [[vulva|vulva]]vulvar paget's disease
+* Intraepidermal [[adenocarcinoma]] which involves [[epidermis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Biopsy]] of lesion
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Vaginal cancer]]<ref name="pmid25045355">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tarney CM, Han J |title=Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management |journal=Obstet Gynecol Int |volume=2014 |issue= |pages=192087 |date=2014 |pmid=25045355 |pmc=4086375 |doi=10.1155/2014/192087 |url=}}</ref><ref name="MiccòSala20152">{{cite journal|last1=Miccò|first1=Maura|last2=Sala|first2=Evis|last3=Lakhman|first3=Yulia|last4=Hricak|first4=Hedvig|last5=Vargas|first5=Hebert Alberto|title=Imaging Features of Uncommon Gynecologic Cancers|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=205|issue=6|year=2015|pages=1346–1359|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.14.12695}}</ref><ref name="KimSong2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Hwi-Gon|last2=Song|first2=Yong Jung|last3=Na|first3=Yong Jin|last4=Choi|first4=Ook-Hwan|title=A Case of Vaginal Cancer with Uterine Prolapse|journal=Journal of Menopausal Medicine|volume=19|issue=3|year=2013|pages=139|issn=2288-6478|doi=10.6118/jmm.2013.19.3.139}}</ref><ref name="pmid17139994">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karateke A, Tugrul S, Yakut Y, Gürbüz A, Cam C |title=Management of a case of primary vaginal cancer with irreducible massive uterine prolapse--a case report |journal=Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=528–30 |date=2006 |pmid=17139994 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[coitus|Postcoital]] [[bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
++
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Tenesmus]]
+* [[Dysuria]]
+* [[Urinary frequency]]
+* [[Constipation]]
+* [[Pelvic pain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[vagina|Vaginal]] [[lump]]
+* Inguinal [[lymphadenopathy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* In case of [[metastases]] to internal organs
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''[[Ultrasound]]:'''
+* [[Hydronephrosis]] in case of [[pelvis|pelvic]] [[metastases]]
+* Multiple [[liver]] [[metastases]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''[[MRI]]:'''
+* Isointense on T1-weighted images
+* Soft-tissue [[mass]] with intermediate-to-high signal intensity on T2-weighted images
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Provide information about size shape and location of [[tumor]]
+* Detects [[metastases]]
+* Detects [[lymph node]] involvement
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''[[Biopsy]] findings:'''
+* [[Squamous cell carcinoma]] of [[vagina]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Biopsy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nabothian cyst]]<ref name="pmid21270291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML |title=Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry? |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=147–50; quiz 151 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21270291 |pmc=3031439 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0512 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Bin ParkLee2010">{{cite journal|last1=Bin Park|first1=Sung|last2=Lee|first2=Jong Hwa|last3=Lee|first3=Young Ho|last4=Song|first4=Mi Jin|last5=Choi|first5=Hye Jeong|title=Multilocular Cystic Lesions in the Uterine Cervix: Broad Spectrum of Imaging Features and Pathologic Correlation|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=195|issue=2|year=2010|pages=517–523|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3619}}</ref><ref name="Torky2016">{{cite journal|last1=Torky|first1=Haitham A.|title=Huge Nabothian cyst causing Hematometra (case report)|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=207|year=2016|pages=238–240|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.10.042}}</ref><ref name="OkamotoTanaka2003">{{cite journal|last1=Okamoto|first1=Yoshikazu|last2=Tanaka|first2=Yumiko O.|last3=Nishida|first3=Masato|last4=Tsunoda|first4=Hajime|last5=Yoshikawa|first5=Hiroyuki|last6=Itai|first6=Yuji|title=MR Imaging of the Uterine Cervix: Imaging-Pathologic Correlation|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=23|issue=2|year=2003|pages=425–445|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.232025065}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Coitus|Postcoital]] [[bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Dyspareunia|Pain during sex]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Cyst|Cystic]] [[mass]] on exam
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |−
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* An echoic well defined [[Cyst|cystic]] [[Mass|masses]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Intermediate or slightly high signal intensity on T1-weighted
+* High signal intensity on T2-weighted images
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Small [[Cyst|cysts]] not visible on [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+* Large [[Cyst|cysts]] seen as focal low attenuation region
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Multiple [[benign]] [[Cyst|cystic]] [[Mass|masses]], usually few millimeters in diameter
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Histological]] exam if large [[cystic]] [[Mass|masses]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Rectal cancer]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Chiara Molinari]], [[Federica Matteucci]], [[Paola Caroli]] & [[Alessandro Passardi]]
+ | title = Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
+ | journal = [[Clinical colorectal cancer]]
+ | volume = 14
+ | issue = 4
+ | pages = 227–238
+ | year = 2015
+ | month = December
+ | doi = 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014
+ | pmid = 26170142
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[William Hamilton]] & [[Deborah Sharp]]
+ | title = Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines
+ | journal = [[Family practice]]
+ | volume = 21
+ | issue = 1
+ | pages = 99–106
+ | year = 2004
+ | month = February
+ | pmid = 14760054
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Wolfgang B. Gaertner]], [[Mary R. Kwaan]], [[Robert D. Madoff]] & [[Genevieve B. Melton]]
+ | title = Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers
+ | journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
+ | volume = 21
+ | issue = 25
+ | pages = 7659–7671
+ | year = 2015
+ | month = July
+ | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659
+ | pmid = 26167068
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[V. Raman Muthusamy]] & [[Kenneth J. Chang]]
+ | title = Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer
+ | journal = [[Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research]]
+ | volume = 13
+ | issue = 22 Pt 2
+ | pages = 6877s–6884s
+ | year = 2007
+ | month = November
+ | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137
+ | pmid = 18006793
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli]] & [[Mohammad Reza Keramati]]
+ | title = Rectal cancer: a review
+ | journal = [[Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran]]
+ | volume = 29
+ | pages = 171
+ | year = 2015
+ | month =
+ | pmid = 26034724
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
+* [[Absent bowel sounds]]
+* [[Rectal mass]]/[[bleeding]]
+* [[Abdominal tenderness]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Weight loss]] +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Left lower quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide|LLQ]] +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Endoscopic ultrasound|Endoscopic]]/[[Transrectal ultrasonography|transrectal US]] detects [[tumor]] extent
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Determine [[tumor]] stage
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Determine [[tumor]] stage
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Sheets or cords of [[malignant]] [[cells]]
+* [[Cell (biology)|Cellular]] [[atypia]] & [[pleomorphism]]
+* High [[Mitosis|mitotic rate]]
+* [[Necrosis|Necrotic]] debris in [[Gland|glandular]] lumina
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterine leiomyoma|Submucous uterine leiomyoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Jacques Donnez]] & [[Marie-Madeleine Dolmans]]
+ | title = Uterine fibroid management: from the present to the future
+ | journal = [[Human reproduction update]]
+ | volume = 22
+ | issue = 6
+ | pages = 665–686
+ | year = 2016
+ | month = November
+ | doi = 10.1093/humupd/dmw023
+ | pmid = 27466209
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Mohamed Sabry]] & [[Ayman Al-Hendy]]
+ | title = Medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma
+ | journal = [[Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)]]
+ | volume = 19
+ | issue = 4
+ | pages = 339–353
+ | year = 2012
+ | month = April
+ | doi = 10.1177/1933719111432867
+ | pmid = 22378865
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Sahana Gupta]], [[Jude Jose]] & [[Isaac Manyonda]]
+ | title = Clinical presentation of fibroids
+ | journal = [[Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology]]
+ | volume = 22
+ | issue = 4
+ | pages = 615–626
+ | year = 2008
+ | month = August
+ | doi = 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.01.008
+ | pmid = 18372219
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Menorrhagia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Constipation]]
+* [[Polyuria|Urinary frequency]]/[[Urinary incontinence|incontinence]]
+* [[Hydronephrosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Enlarged, irregular, firm, nontender [[uterus]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Transvaginal ultrasound|Trans vaginal US]]: well defined hypoechoic
+* Saline US: for [[submucous]] [[Leiomyoma|fibroids]]/polypoi
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Provides information on no: of [[Leiomyoma|fibroids]], size, vascularization, relationship with [[Endometrium|endometrial cavity]] & [[Serosa|serosal surface]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not required
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not required
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Physical examination]] with [[Ultrasound]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterine cancer]]<ref name="pmid16055605">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=ACOG practice bulletin, clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 65, August 2005: management of endometrial cancer |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=413–25 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16055605 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid195920792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boruta DM, Gehrig PA, Fader AN, Olawaiye AB |title=Management of women with uterine papillary serous cancer: a Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) review |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=142–153 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19592079 |doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.06.011 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6822361">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bokhman JV |title=Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=10–7 |date=February 1983 |pmid=6822361 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20628804">{{cite journal |vauthors=Felix AS, Weissfeld JL, Stone RA, Bowser R, Chivukula M, Edwards RP, Linkov F |title=Factors associated with Type I and Type II endometrial cancer |journal=Cancer Causes Control |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1851–6 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20628804 |pmc=2962676 |doi=10.1007/s10552-010-9612-8 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Menorrhagia|Menometorrhagia]]
+* [[Abnormal uterine bleeding|Intermenstrual bleeding]]
+* [[Coitus|Postcoital]] [[bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Polyuria]]
+* [[Dysuria]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Fatigue]]
+* [[Weight loss]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Enlarged [[uterus]]
+* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
+* Mesenteric nodules ([[Metastasis|metastases]])
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Thickened [[Endometrium|endometrial lining]] >4cm
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Endometrium|Endometrial]] thickening
+* [[Lymph node]] involvement
+* [[Pelvis|Pelvic]] [[Metastasis|metastases]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not required
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Endometrium|Endometrial]] [[malignant]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
+* Low grade type 1
+* High grade type 2
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Histologic]] [[diagnosis]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Vaginal [[lymphoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Vera Silva]], [[Paulo Correia]], [[Nuno Oliveira]] & [[Luis Sa]]
+ | title = Primary Vaginal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Report of a Rare Clinical Entity
+ | journal = [[Clinics and practice]]
+ | volume = 5
+ | issue = 4
+ | pages = 821
+ | year = 2015
+ | month = November
+ | doi = 10.4081/cp.2015.821
+ | pmid = 26918105
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Feng Wang]], [[Xuquan Jing]], [[Bo Liu]], [[Xue Meng]], [[Xindong Sun]], [[Yongsheng Gao]], [[Linlin Wang]] & [[Zheng Fu]]
+ | title = Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: A case report
+ | journal = [[Oncology letters]]
+ | volume = 15
+ | issue = 3
+ | pages = 3504–3507
+ | year = 2018
+ | month = March
+ | doi = 10.3892/ol.2018.7805
+ | pmid = 29556272
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Salvatore Guastafierro]], [[Amando Tedeschi]], [[Clelia Criscuolo]], [[Maria Celentano]], [[Luigi Cobellis]], [[Raffaele Rossiello]] & [[Umberto Falcone]]
+ | title = Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vagina: a case report and a review of the literature
+ | journal = [[Acta haematologica]]
+ | volume = 128
+ | issue = 1
+ | pages = 33–38
+ | year = 2012
+ | month =
+ | doi = 10.1159/000337336
+ | pmid = 22584110
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdominal pain|Abdominal]]/[[pelvic pain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Palpable]] [[mass]] between [[rectum]] & [[vagina]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diffuse [[mass]] in external [[Cervix|cervical]] orifice & invading the [[vagina]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diffuse [[mass]] in external [[Cervix|cervical]] orifice & invading the [[vagina]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not required
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[CD20]] & [[CD79|CD79a]] positive
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Immunohistochemistry]] & [[biopsy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Vaginal [[polyp]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[A. I. al-Nafussi]], [[G. Rebello]], [[D. Hughes]] & [[K. Blessing]]
+ | title = Benign vaginal polyp: a histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of 20 polyps with comparison to normal vaginal subepithelial layer
+ | journal = [[Histopathology]]
+ | volume = 20
+ | issue = 2
+ | pages = 145–150
+ | year = 1992
+ | month = February
+ | pmid = 1302457
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Sunil Kumar Samal]], [[Setu Rathod]] & [[Seetesh Ghose]]
+ | title = Fibroepithelial Polyps of the Vagina in Pregnancy
+ | journal = [[Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR]]
+ | volume = 9
+ | issue = 10
+ | pages = QJ01–QJ02
+ | year = 2015
+ | month = October
+ | doi = 10.7860/JCDR/2015/13329.6656
+ | pmid = 26557576
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[M. Petrova]], [[J. Laco]], [[K. Cervicek]] & [[M. Tomsova]]
+ | title = &#91;Tubulo-squamous polyp of the vagina&#93;
+ | journal = [[Ceska gynekologie]]
+ | volume = 80
+ | issue = 3
+ | pages = 173–175
+ | year = 2015
+ | month = June
+ | pmid = 26087210
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Alexis Heller]], [[Adanna Ukazu]] & [[Qing Wang]]
+ | title = Pseudosarcomatous Vaginal Polyp
+ | journal = [[International journal of surgical pathology]]
+ | volume = 25
+ | issue = 1
+ | pages = 54–55
+ | year = 2017
+ | month = February
+ | doi = 10.1177/1066896916666676
+ | pmid =}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Postmenopausal bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Dyspareunia]]
+* [[Coitus|Postcoidal]] [[bleeding]]
+* [[Dysuria]]
+* [[Constipation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Mass]] protruding from [[vagina]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |To exclude [[Uterus|uterine]] [[hyperplasia]]/[[Uterine cancer|carcinoma]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |To determine the extent
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Benign]] [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]]/[[premalignant]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Excisional biopsy]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Vagina|Vaginal adenosis]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Marguerite B. Vigliani]]
+ | title = A Report of Two Cases of Age-Related Changes in Cervical Morphology in Postmenopausal Women with Vaginal Adenosis
+ | journal = [[Case reports in obstetrics and gynecology]]
+ | volume = 2017
+ | pages = 9523853
+ | year = 2017
+ | month =
+ | doi = 10.1155/2017/9523853
+ | pmid = 28316850
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Tiantian Han]], [[Ying Jin]], [[Yan Li]], [[Yalan Bi]] & [[Lingya Pan]]
+ | title = Clinicopathologic features and outcomes of primary vaginal adenosis as a dermatologic and gynecologic burden: A retrospective study
+ | journal = [[Medicine]]
+ | volume = 97
+ | issue = 49
+ | pages = e13470
+ | year = 2018
+ | month = December
+ | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000013470
+ | pmid = 30544435
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Abnormal uterine bleeding|Intermenstrual bleeding]]
+* [[Postmenopausal bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Palpable]] [[Cyst|cysts]],nodularity or [[Ulcer|ulcers]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Columnar cells in the [[ectocervix]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]] with [[Histopathology|histopathological]] examination
 |}
-==Algorithm==
+==Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases==
-{{Family tree/start}}
+[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Combined Immunodeficiencies Generally Less Pronounced than Severe Combined Immunodeficiency }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }}
+OR
-{{Family tree | | | | | B01 | | | | B02 | | | | | | | B03 | | | | | | | B04 | | | | | | | | B05 | | | | B06 | | | | | | | | | | |B01=Low CD4: MHC II Expression?|B02=Low CD8|B03=Low B Cells|B04=Ig: Often Normal|B05=Ig Low|B06=Normal Ig but Low Specific Antibody Response}}
-{{Family tree | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree | | | C01 | | C02 | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | H01 | | H02 | | | | | | | | |C01=Absent: MHCII Deficiency|C02=Present:  XL: MAGT 1 Def:, AR: LCK Def:, AD: UNC119 Def:|H01=IL2IR Def:|H02=MALT1 Def: }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | D01 | | D02 | | D03 | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |D01=CD8 def:|D02=ZAP70 def:|D03=MHC1 def:}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | E01 | | E02 | | E03 | | E04 | | E05 | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |E01=DOCK8 def:|E02=MST1 def:|E03=IL21 def:|E04=NIK def:|E05=Moesin def:}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | F02 | | F03 | | F04 | | F05 | | F06 | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |F01=CD3Y def:|F02=RHOH def:|F03=TCR alpha def:|F04=BCL11B def:|F05=OX40 def:|F06=LAT def}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | G01 | | G02 | | G03 | | G04 | | G05 | | G06 | | G07 | | G08 | | | | | | | | |G01=DOCK2 def:|G02=CARDII def:(LOF)|G03=BCL10 def:|G04=IKBKB Def:|G05=ICOS def:|G06=TFRC def:|G07=RelB def:|G08=CD40 ligand def:(CD154)}}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{Family tree/end}}
-==Algorithm==
+[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
-{{familytree/start}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Diseases of Immune Dysregulation: (B) Syndromes with Autoimmunity and Others }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | | | | | | | | | |B01=Syndromes with Autoimmunity|B02=Immune Dysregulation with Colitis: IBD, Normal Tc & Bc }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)| C02 | | | | | | | |C01=Increased CD4-CD8-TCR alpha/beta (Double Negative T cells)|C02=IL10 Deficiency, IL10, AR }}
-{{familytree | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | D01 | | | | D02 | | | | | | | | | | D03 | | | | | |)| D04 | | | | | | | |D01=Yes|D02=Occassionally|D03=NO: Regulatory T cells Defects?|D04=IL10Ra Deficiency, IL10RA, AR }}
-{{familytree | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | |)| E01 | | |)| E02 | | | | | E03 | | | | E04 | | |)| E05 | | | | | | | |E01=ALPS, Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome|E02=LRBA Deficiency|E03=NO|E04=YES|E05=IL10Rb Deficiency, IL10RB, RA }}
-{{familytree | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | |)| F01 | | |`| F02 | | | | | |)| F03 | | |)| F04 |`| F05 | | | | | | | |F01=ALPS-FAS TNFRSF, AD or AR|F02=STAT3 GOF mutation,STAT3 AD|F03=Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy with candidiasis & ectodermal dystrophy: APECED (APS-1)|F04=IPEX Immune dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy,enteropathy,X-linked FOXP-3|F05=NFATS haploinsufficiency, NAFTS, AD }}
-{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | |)| G01 | | | | | | | | | | | |)| G02 | | |)| G03 | | | | | | | | | | | |G01=ALPS-FASLG TNFSF6, AR|G02=ITCH Deficiency, ITCH, AR|G03=CD25 Deficiency, IL2RA, AR }}
-{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | |)| H01 | | | | | | | | | | | |)| H02 | | |)| H03 | | | | | | | | | | | |H01=ALPS-Caspase10, Casp10, AD|H02=ZAP70 combined hylomorphic and activation mutations, ZAP70, AR|H03=CTLA4 deficiency (ALPSV) CTLA4, AD }}
-{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | |)| I01 | | | | | | | | | | | |)| I02 | | |`| I03 | | | | | | | | | | | |I01=ALPS-Caspase8, Casp8, AR|I02=Tripeptidyl-peptidase II deficiency, TPP2, AR|I03=BACH2 deficiency. BACH2, AD }}
-{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | |`| J01 | | | | | | | | | | | |)| J02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |J01=FADD deficiency, FADD, AR|J02=JAK1 GOF, JAK1, AD }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`| K01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |K01=Prolidase deficiency. PEPD, AR }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree/end}}
+OR
-==Algorithm==
+As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].
-{{familytree/start}}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Defects in Intrinsic & Innate Immunity: (A) Bacterial and Parasitic Infections }}
-{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | | | | | | | | | | | | B03 | | | | |B01=Predisposition to Invasive Bacterial Infections (pyrogens)|B02=Predisposition to Parasitic & Fungal Infections|B03=Others }}
-{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | |)| C01 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |)| C02 | | |C01=IRAK4 Deficiency, IRAK4, AR, MyD88 Deficiency, MYD88, AR|C02=Osteopetrosis }}
-{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | |)| D01 | | | | | | | |)| D02 | | |)| D03 | | | | | | | |)| D04 | | |D01=IRAK-1 Deficiency:IRAK1,XL|D02=Predisposition to mucocutaneous candidiasis(CMC)|D03=CARD9 Deficiency, CARD9, AR|D04=Hyderadenitis Suppurativa }}
-{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | |)| E01 | | | | | | | |)| E02 | | |`| E03 | | | | | | | |)| E04 | | |E01=TIRAP Deficiency, TIRAP, AR|E02=STAT1 GOF, STAT1, AD|E03=Trypanosomiasis APOL1, AD|E04=Acute liver failure due to NBAS deficiency, NBAS, AR }}
-{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | |`| F01 | | | | | | | |)| F02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`| F03 | | |F01=Isolated Congenital Asplenia, RPSA, AD; HMOX, AR|F02=IL-17F Deficiency, IL-17F, AD|F03=Acute necrotizing encephalopathy, RANBP2, AD }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)| G01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |G01=IL-17RA Deficiency, IL-17RA, AR }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)| H01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |H01=IL-17RC Deficiency, IL-17RC, AR }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`| I01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |I01=ACT1 Deficiency, ACT1, AR }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
-{{familytree/end}}
+===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===
-==Algorithm==
+On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
-{{familytree/start}}
+{|
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Defects in Intrinsic & Innate Immunity: (B) MSMD & Viral Infections }}
+|-
-{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | }}
+! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
-{{familytree | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | | | | | | | | |B01=Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease(MSMD)|B02=Predominant susceptibility to viral infections }}
+! colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
-{{familytree | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
+! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis
-{{familytree | | C01 | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | C03 | | | | | | C04 | | | | | C05 | |C01=Severe Phenotypes|C02=Moderate Phenotypes|C03=Epidermodysplasia verruciformis(HPV)|C04=Predisposition to severe viral infections|C05=Herpes simplex encephalitis }}
+| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
-{{familytree | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | }}
+! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
-{{familytree | | D01 | | | | |)| D02 | | | | | | | | | |)| D03 | | | | |)| D04 | | | | | | |D01=Complete IFNGR1 def: and IFNGR2 def:, IFNGR1,IFNGR2,AR|D02=IL12 & 23 receptor B1 chain def:, IL12P40 def:, STAT1 LOF, Partial IFNYR1 & 2, AD IFNGR1, TyK2 def:|D03=EVER1 def:, TMC6, AR|D04=STAT1 def: (AR LOF)}}
+! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | }}
+|-
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | |`| E01 | | | | | | | | | |)| E02 | | | | |)| E03 | | | | | | |E01=ISG15 def:, ISG15,AR; Macrophage Gp91 Phox def:CYBB,XL,IRG8 def:,IRF8,AD; IRF8 def:, IRF8 AR; RORc def:, ROCR,AR; JACK1(LOF),JAK1,AR|E02=EVER2 def:, TMC8,AR|E03=STAT2 def: (STAT2 AR) }}
+! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | }}
+! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`| F01 | | | | |)| F02 | | | | | | |F01=WHIM (Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, Myelokathexis) Syndrome, CXCR4, AD,GOF|F02=IRF7 def: (IRF7,AR) }}
+|-
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | }}
+! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)| G01 | | | | | | |G02=IFNAR2 def: (IFNAR2,AR) }}
+! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | }}
+|-
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)| H01 | | | | | | |H01=CD16 def: (FCGR3A,AR) }}
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | }}
+! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bowel habits
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`| I01 | | | | | | |I01=MDAS def: (LOF), IFIH1,AR }}
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood in stool
-{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
-{{familytree/end}}
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |General appearance
+! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal exam
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rectal exam
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genitourinary exam
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tumor markers
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Stool test
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Colonoscopy
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Barium enema
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Rectal carcinoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Chiara Molinari]], [[Federica Matteucci]], [[Paola Caroli]] & [[Alessandro Passardi]]
+ | title = Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
+ | journal = [[Clinical colorectal cancer]]
+ | volume = 14
+ | issue = 4
+ | pages = 227–238
+ | year = 2015
+ | month = December
+ | doi = 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014
+ | pmid = 26170142
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[William Hamilton]] & [[Deborah Sharp]]
+ | title = Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines
+ | journal = [[Family practice]]
+ | volume = 21
+ | issue = 1
+ | pages = 99–106
+ | year = 2004
+ | month = February
+ | pmid = 14760054
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Wolfgang B. Gaertner]], [[Mary R. Kwaan]], [[Robert D. Madoff]] & [[Genevieve B. Melton]]
+ | title = Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers
+ | journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
+ | volume = 21
+ | issue = 25
+ | pages = 7659–7671
+ | year = 2015
+ | month = July
+ | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659
+ | pmid = 26167068
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[V. Raman Muthusamy]] & [[Kenneth J. Chang]]
+ | title = Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer
+ | journal = [[Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research]]
+ | volume = 13
+ | issue = 22 Pt 2
+ | pages = 6877s–6884s
+ | year = 2007
+ | month = November
+ | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137
+ | pmid = 18006793
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli]] & [[Mohammad Reza Keramati]]
+ | title = Rectal cancer: a review
+ | journal = [[Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran]]
+ | volume = 29
+ | pages = 171
+ | year = 2015
+ | month =
+ | pmid = 26034724
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Left lower quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide|LLQ]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[lethargy]]
+* [[pallor]]
+* [[confusion]]
+* [[emaciation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[tenderness]]
+* [[hepatomegaly]]
+* [[ascites]]
+* [[absent bowel sounds]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[rectal mass]]
+* [[rectal bleeding]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[CEA|↑ CEA]]
+* [[CA 19-9|↑ CA19-9]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[mass]]/[[polyp]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Apple core apearance
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Endoscopic/trnasrectal US detects [[tumor]] extent
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Determine tumor stage
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rectal examination|DRE]] & [[proctoscopy]] detects [[tumor]] localization & extension
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Serum iron|↓ Serum iron]]
+* ↓ [[Vitamin b12|Vit: B12]] & [[Folic Acid|folate]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Rectal polyp<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[N. Oshitani]], [[Y. Moriyama]], [[T. Matsumoto]], [[K. Kobayashi]] & [[A. Kitano]]
+ | title = Protein-losing enteropathy from cap polyposis
+ | journal = [[Lancet (London, England)]]
+ | volume = 346
+ | issue = 8989
+ | pages = 1567
+ | year = 1995
+ | month = December
+ | pmid = 7491082
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Ioannis Papaconstantinou]], [[Andreas Karakatsanis]], [[Xanthi Benia]], [[George Polymeneas]] & [[Evanthia Kostopoulou]]
+ | title = Solitary rectal cap polyp: Case report and review of the literature
+ | journal = [[World journal of gastrointestinal surgery]]
+ | volume = 4
+ | issue = 6
+ | pages = 157–162
+ | year = 2012
+ | month = June
+ | doi = 10.4240/wjgs.v4.i6.157
+ | pmid = 22816031
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Kheng-Hong Ng]], [[Pawan Mathur]], [[M. Priyanthi Kumarasinghe]], [[Kong-Weng Eu]] & [[Francis Seow-Choen]]
+ | title = Cap polyposis: further experience and review
+ | journal = [[Diseases of the colon and rectum]]
+ | volume = 47
+ | issue = 7
+ | pages = 1208–1215
+ | year = 2004
+ | month = July
+ | doi = 10.1007/s10350-004-0561-8
+ | pmid = 15164251
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Diarrhea|Mucous diarrhea]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[rectal mass]]/[[polyp]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Polyp]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Polyp]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[hypoproteinemia]]
+* [[hypoalbuminemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anal cancer]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Thomas G. Trautmann]] & [[James H. Zuger]]
+ | title = Positron Emission Tomography for pretreatment staging and posttreatment evaluation in cancer of the anal canal
+ | journal = [[Molecular imaging and biology : MIB : the official publication of the Academy of Molecular Imaging]]
+ | volume = 7
+ | issue = 4
+ | pages = 309–313
+ | year = 2005
+ | month = July-August
+ | doi = 10.1007/s11307-005-0003-6
+ | pmid = 16028002
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[D. R. Radin]]
+ | title = Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and rectum in homosexual men: CT findings
+ | journal = [[Journal of computer assisted tomography]]
+ | volume = 18
+ | issue = 6
+ | pages = 921–924
+ | year = 1994
+ | month = November-December
+ | pmid = 7962800
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[S. D. Otto]], [[L. Lee]], [[H. J. Buhr]], [[B. Frericks]], [[S. Hocht]] & [[A. J. Kroesen]]
+ | title = Staging anal cancer: prospective comparison of transanal endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging
+ | journal = [[Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract]]
+ | volume = 13
+ | issue = 7
+ | pages = 1292–1298
+ | year = 2009
+ | month = July
+ | doi = 10.1007/s11605-009-0870-2
+ | pmid = 19365694
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Sajad Ahmad Salati]] & [[Azzam Al Kadi]]
+ | title = Anal cancer - a review
+ | journal = [[International journal of health sciences]]
+ | volume = 6
+ | issue = 2
+ | pages = 206–230
+ | year = 2012
+ | month = June
+ | pmid = 23580899
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[lump]]/[[mass]] at [[Anus|anal opening]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Determines [[anal cancer]] depth into [[sphincter]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hypoattenuated [[Necrosis|necrotic]] [[mass]] on contrast [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Positron emission tomography|PET]]/[[Computed tomography|CT]] detects localization of small anal [[Tumor|tumors]] <2cm
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Sentinal [[lymph node]] [[biopsy]] detects [[lymph node]] [[Metastasis|metastases]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhoids]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Varut Lohsiriwat]]
+ | title = Hemorrhoids: from basic pathophysiology to clinical management
+ | journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
+ | volume = 18
+ | issue = 17
+ | pages = 2009–2017
+ | year = 2012
+ | month = May
+ | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2009
+ | pmid = 22563187
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Danny Jacobs]]
+ | title = Clinical practice. Hemorrhoids
+ | journal = [[The New England journal of medicine]]
+ | volume = 371
+ | issue = 10
+ | pages = 944–951
+ | year = 2014
+ | month = September
+ | doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1204188
+ | pmid = 25184866
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Varut Lohsiriwat]]
+ | title = Approach to hemorrhoids
+ | journal = [[Current gastroenterology reports]]
+ | volume = 15
+ | issue = 7
+ | pages = 332
+ | year = 2013
+ | month = July
+ | doi = 10.1007/s11894-013-0332-6
+ | pmid = 23715885
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Varut Lohsiriwat]]
+ | title = Treatment of hemorrhoids: A coloproctologist's view
+ | journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
+ | volume = 21
+ | issue = 31
+ | pages = 9245–9252
+ | year = 2015
+ | month = August
+ | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9245
+ | pmid = 26309351
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[fecal incontinence]]/[[Mucus|mucous]] discharge
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[weakness]],[[irritability]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[palpable]] perianal [[lump]]
+* [[Rectal bleeding|Bleeding PR]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[iron deficiency anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[blood]] on [[stool]] outer surface
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Done if [[colorectal cancer]] suspected
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] + [[anoscopy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[anoscopy]] shows bulging purplish hue veins or dark, pink, glistening mass
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Rectal prolapse]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Julia Segal]] & [[Melissa M.. Tavarez]]
+ | title = Rectal Prolapse
+ | year = 2018
+ | month = January
+ | pmid = 30335341
+}}</ref><ref name="pmid24352613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordeianou L, Hicks CW, Kaiser AM, Alavi K, Sudan R, Wise PE |title=Rectal prolapse: an overview of clinical features, diagnosis, and patient-specific management strategies |journal=J. Gastrointest. Surg. |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=1059–69 |year=2014 |pmid=24352613 |doi=10.1007/s11605-013-2427-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28991074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordeianou L, Paquette I, Johnson E, Holubar SD, Gaertner W, Feingold DL, Steele SR |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Rectal Prolapse |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=1121–1131 |year=2017 |pmid=28991074 |doi=10.1097/DCR.0000000000000889 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[K. M. Hiltunen]], [[M. Matikainen]], [[O. Auvinen]] & [[P. Hietanen]]
+ | title = Clinical and manometric evaluation of anal sphincter function in patients with rectal prolapse
+ | journal = [[American journal of surgery]]
+ | volume = 151
+ | issue = 4
+ | pages = 489–492
+ | year = 1986
+ | month = April
+ | pmid = 3963307
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdominal discomfort]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Intermittent [[rectum]] [[Rectal prolapse|protrusion]] seen
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Mucus|Mucous]]/[[blood in stool]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |May be used for [[screening]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Reveals asymmetry & any [[sphincter]] defect
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |History & [[physical examination]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] shows patulous [[anus]], attenuated [[sphincter]] tone & [[mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Anal [[manometry]] to assess [[sphincter]] function
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Foreign body]]<ref name="pmid9885867">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ooi BS, Ho YH, Eu KW, Nyam D, Leong A, Seow-Choen F |title=Management of anorectal foreign bodies: a cause of obscure anal pain |journal=Aust N Z J Surg |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=852–5 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9885867 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15540301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lake JP, Essani R, Petrone P, Kaiser AM, Asensio J, Beart RW |title=Management of retained colorectal foreign bodies: predictors of operative intervention |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1694–8 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15540301 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8681881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stack LB, Munter DW |title=Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=493–521 |date=August 1996 |pmid=8681881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20109641">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldberg JE, Steele SR |title=Rectal foreign bodies |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=173–84, Table of Contents |date=February 2010 |pmid=20109641 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.004 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Anorectal pain and [[abdominal pain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Constipation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Anxious]]
+*[[Fever]]
+*[[Tachycardia]]
+*[[Hypotension]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*Palpable foreign body
+*[[Absent bowel sounds]]
+*[[Signs]] of [[peritonitis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Rectal bleeding|Bleeding per rectum]]
+*[[Laceration]]
+*[[Mucosal]] tear
+*[[Sphincter]] disruption
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+*[[Leukocytosis|Leucocytosis]]
+*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Foreign body]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Contraindicated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Foreign body]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Foreign body]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Plain radiographs show presence of [[foreign body]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+|-
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bowel habits
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood in stool
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |General appearance
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal exam
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rectal exam
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genitourinary exam
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tumor markers
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Stool test
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Colonoscopy
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Barium enema
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
+| style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prostatitis]]<ref name="nid">Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate. NIDDK 2016. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/prostate-problems/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed on February 25, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid20704171">{{cite journal| author=Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR| title=Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 82 | issue= 4 | pages= 397-406 | pmid=20704171 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20704171  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20459324">{{cite journal| author=Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT| title=Treatment of bacterial prostatitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 50 | issue= 12 | pages= 1641-52 | pmid=20459324 | doi=10.1086/652861 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20459324  }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Mark S. Litwin]] & [[Hung-Jui Tan]]
+ | title = The Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Review
+ | journal = [[JAMA]]
+ | volume = 317
+ | issue = 24
+ | pages = 2532–2542
+ | year = 2017
+ | month = June
+ | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.7248
+ | pmid = 28655021
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |LLQ/[[groin]] pain
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tenderness (medicine)|Tender]]/enlarged [[prostate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/↑ [[Prostate specific antigen|PSA]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Focal hypoechoic regoin in peripheral [[prostate]]
+* Fluid collection suggests [[abscess]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Edematous/enlarged [[prostate]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[prostate biopsy]] & thermograms may also be done
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fecal impaction]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Izi Obokhare]]
+ | title = Fecal impaction: a cause for concern?
+ | journal = [[Clinics in colon and rectal surgery]]
+ | volume = 25
+ | issue = 1
+ | pages = 53–58
+ | year = 2012
+ | month = March
+ | doi = 10.1055/s-0032-1301760
+ | pmid = 23449376
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[N. Gurll]] & [[M. Steer]]
+ | title = Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for fecal impaction
+ | journal = [[Diseases of the colon and rectum]]
+ | volume = 18
+ | issue = 6
+ | pages = 507–511
+ | year = 1975
+ | month = September
+ | pmid = 1081034
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Zilla H. Hussain]], [[Diana A. Whitehead]] & [[Brian E. Lacy]]
+ | title = Fecal impaction
+ | journal = [[Current gastroenterology reports]]
+ | volume = 16
+ | issue = 9
+ | pages = 404
+ | year = 2014
+ | month = September
+ | doi = 10.1007/s11894-014-0404-2
+ | pmid = 25119877
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Farshid Araghizadeh]]
+ | title = Fecal impaction
+ | journal = [[Clinics in colon and rectal surgery]]
+ | volume = 18
+ | issue = 2
+ | pages = 116–119
+ | year = 2005
+ | month = May
+ | doi = 10.1055/s-2005-870893
+ | pmid = 20011351
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[agitation]]
+* [[confusion]]
+* Worsening [[psychosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[abdominal distension]] with tympany
+* Diffuse abdominal [[tenderness]] with palpable malleable tubular structure indicating [[stool]] filled rectosigmoid
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] shows [[fecal impaction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Leukocytosis|Mild leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Used in softening of [[stool]] & stimulation of evacuation
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Presence of fecal matter in [[colon]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] to detect [[fecal impaction]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[dehydration]]
+* [[hyponatremia]]
+* Hypokalemic [[metabolic alkalosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdomen|Abdominal]] [[Radiography|radiograph]] to detect fecal loading
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Anal stenosis<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Mukta V. Katdare]] & [[Rocco Ricciardi]]
+ | title = Anal stenosis
+ | journal = [[The Surgical clinics of North America]]
+ | volume = 90
+ | issue = 1
+ | pages = 137–145
+ | year = 2010
+ | month = February
+ | doi = 10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.002
+ | pmid = 20109638
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Giuseppe Brisinda]], [[Serafino Vanella]], [[Federica Cadeddu]], [[Gaia Marniga]], [[Pasquale Mazzeo]], [[Francesco Brandara]] & [[Giorgio Maria]]
+ | title = Surgical treatment of anal stenosis
+ | journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
+ | volume = 15
+ | issue = 16
+ | pages = 1921–1928
+ | year = 2009
+ | month = April
+ | pmid = 19399922
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[I. T. Khubchandani]]
+ | title = Anal stenosis
+ | journal = [[The Surgical clinics of North America]]
+ | volume = 74
+ | issue = 6
+ | pages = 1353–1360
+ | year = 1994
+ | month = December
+ | pmid = 7985070
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Visual inspection shows [[stenosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Contraindicated
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Visual inspection with [[Digital rectal examination|DRE]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Incomplete evacuation
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Hypertrophied anal papillae<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[M. Miyazaki]], [[M. Endoh]], [[T. Suga]], [[N. Yano]], [[T. Kuramoto]], [[Y. Matsumoto]], [[K. Eguchi]], [[M. Yagame]], [[M. Miura]] & [[Y. Nomoto]]
+ | title = Rheumatoid factors and glomerulonephritis
+ | journal = [[Clinical and experimental immunology]]
+ | volume = 81
+ | issue = 2
+ | pages = 250–255
+ | year = 1990
+ | month = August
+ | pmid = 2201469
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[J. P. Heiken]], [[G. R. Zuckerman]] & [[D. M. Balfe]]
+ | title = The hypertrophied anal papilla: recognition on air-contrast barium enema examinations
+ | journal = [[Radiology]]
+ | volume = 151
+ | issue = 2
+ | pages = 315–318
+ | year = 1984
+ | month = May
+ | doi = 10.1148/radiology.151.2.6709897
+ | pmid = 6709897
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Pravin-J. Gupta]]
+ | title = Hypertrophied anal papillae and fibrous anal polyps, should they be removed during anal fissure surgery?
+ | journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
+ | volume = 10
+ | issue = 16
+ | pages = 2412–2414
+ | year = 2004
+ | month = August
+ | pmid = 15285031
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[M. Kusunoki]], [[T. Horai]], [[Y. Sakanoue]], [[H. Yanagi]], [[T. Yamamura]] & [[J. Utsunomiya]]
+ | title = Giant hypertrophied anal papilla. Case report
+ | journal = [[The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica]]
+ | volume = 157
+ | issue = 8
+ | pages = 491–492
+ | year = 1991
+ | month = August
+ | pmid = 1681940
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Firm & palpable [[Papilla|papillae]] on digital examination
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Mixed with [[blood]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Smooth [[polyp]] located inside [[anal verge]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Visual inspection with [[Digital rectal examination|digital examination]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Associated with [[anal fissure]] & anal skin tag
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endometriosis]]<ref name="pmid16936305">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, Pietropaolo G, Consonni D, Crosignani PG |title=Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients |journal=Hum. Reprod. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=266–71 |date=January 2007 |pmid=16936305 |doi=10.1093/humrep/del339 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24647161">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hickey M, Ballard K, Farquhar C |title=Endometriosis |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue= |pages=g1752 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24647161 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g1752 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11158655">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Mezzetti TP |title=Endometriosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation |journal=Radiographics |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=193–216; questionnaire 288–94 |date=2001 |pmid=11158655 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.1.g01ja14193 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+* Dull [[pelvic pain]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Constipation]]
+* [[Diarrhea]]
+* [[Dyschezia]]
+* Bowel cramping
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Fatigue]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tenderness|Mild tenderness]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Nodules in [[posterior fornix]]
+* Adnexal masses
+* [[Immobility]]
+* Lateral placement of the [[cervix]] or [[uterus]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tenderness]] on [[Vagina|vaginal]] exam
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lesion|Lesions]] can be detected on [[Ultrasound|usg]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not required
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterine cancer|Uterine malignancy]]<ref name="pmid20424280">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ronghe R, Gaudoin M |title=Women with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding should be re-investigated but are not more likely to have endometrial cancer |journal=Menopause Int |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20424280 |doi=10.1258/mi.2010.010008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10969449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Twu NF, Chen SS |title=Five-year follow-up of patients with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding |journal=Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) |volume=63 |issue=8 |pages=628–33 |date=August 2000 |pmid=10969449 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19393600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reed SD, Newton KM, Clinton WL, Epplein M, Garcia R, Allison K, Voigt LF, Weiss NS |title=Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=200 |issue=6 |pages=678.e1–6 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19393600 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2009.02.032 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pallor]]
+* [[Fatigue]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pelvic masses|Pelvic mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vaginal bleeding]]
+* Enlarged [[uterus]]
+* Fixed [[uterus]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|Hcg]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Increased thickness of uterine wall >4mm
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Endometrial biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+|-
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bowel habits
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood in stool
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |General appearance
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal exam
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rectal exam
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genitourinary exam
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tumor markers
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Stool test
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Colonoscopy
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Barium enema
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
+| style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cervical cancer|Cervical malignancy]]<ref name="pmid17826171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S |title=Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9590 |pages=890–907 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17826171 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61416-0 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pallor]]
+[[Fatigue]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pelvic masses|Pelvic mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Cervix|Cervical]] growth
+* [[Bleeding]]
+* [[Cervix|Cervical]] stenosis
+* Fixed [[uterus]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]] -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cervix|Cervical]] thickening
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Detects [[metastasis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cone biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pelvic abscess]]<ref name="pmid6635426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landers DV, Sweet RL |title=Tubo-ovarian abscess: contemporary approach to management |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=876–84 |date=1983 |pmid=6635426 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7333045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benigno BB |title=Medical and surgical management of the pelvic abscess |journal=Clin Obstet Gynecol |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=1187–97 |date=December 1981 |pmid=7333045 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Nil
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Fever]]
+* [[Tachycardia]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Guarding]]
+* Generalized [[tenderness]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluctuating [[mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vaginal discharge]] in [[Female|females]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[leucocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]] -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Location and consistency of [[abscess]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Location and consistency of [[abscess]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sarcoma|Pelvic sarcoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Claudia M. G. Keyzer-Dekker]], [[Richard G. Houtkamp]], [[Johannes L. Peterse]] & [[Frits Van Coevorden]]
+ | title = Adult pelvic sarcomas: a heterogeneous collection of sarcomas?
+ | journal = [[Sarcoma]]
+ | volume = 8
+ | issue = 1
+ | pages = 19–24
+ | year = 2004
+ | month =
+ | doi = 10.1080/13577140410001679211
+ | pmid = 18521389
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Angela D. Levy]], [[Maria A. Manning]] & [[Markku M. Miettinen]]
+ | title = Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 2-Uncommon Sarcomas
+ | journal = [[Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc]]
+ | volume = 37
+ | issue = 3
+ | pages = 797–812
+ | year = 2017
+ | month = May-June
+ | doi = 10.1148/rg.2017160201
+ | pmid = 28493803
+}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Angela D. Levy]], [[Maria A. Manning]], [[Waddah B. Al-Refaie]] & [[Markku M. Miettinen]]
+ | title = Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 1-Common Sarcomas: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives
+ | journal = [[Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc]]
+ | volume = 37
+ | issue = 2
+ | pages = 462–483
+ | year = 2017
+ | month = March-April
+ | doi = 10.1148/rg.2017160157
+ | pmid = 28287938
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[constipation]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[Cachexia|cachetic]] with [[fever]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |presence of [[mass]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |L[[leukocytosis]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* ↑[[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]]
+* ↑[[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]]
+* ↑[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|b-hCG]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Well circusmscribed, multinodular/infiltrating [[mass]] of soft tissue attenuation
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|CT]]/[[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]/[[Biopsy]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Positron emission tomography|PET]] with [[Fluorodeoxyglucose|FDG]] used for staging
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
+|}
-==Algorithm==
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}