Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D): Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
(/* 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline/ 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline/2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) {{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clini...)
 
(15 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 10: Line 10:
|}
|}
{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}}{{MS}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}}{{MS}} [[User:Edzelco|Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D.]] [Mailto:efco@alum.up.edu.ph]


== 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline/2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID:[http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>==
== 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline/ 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline/2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID:[http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>==


===Patients with Refractory End-Stage Heart Failure (Stage D) (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref><ref name="pmid16160202">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160202 ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 112 (12):e154-235. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16160202 16160202]</ref>===
===Specialty Referral for Advanced [[HF]] (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref><ref name="pmid16160202">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160202 ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 112 (12):e154-235. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16160202 16160202]</ref>===


{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"  
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
 
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Fluid restriction (1.5 to 2 L/d) is reasonable in stage D, especially in patients with hyponatremia, to reduce congestive symptoms. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In [[patients]] with advanced [[HF]], when consistent with the [[patient]]'s goals of [[care]], timely referral for [[HF]] specialty [[care]] is recommended to review [[HF]] [[management]] and assess suitability for advanced [[HF]] [[therapies]] (eg, [[LVAD]], [[cardiac transplantation]], [[palliative care]], and [[palliative inotropes]]). <ref name="pmid29806100">{{cite journal| author=Crespo-Leiro MG, Metra M, Lund LH, Milicic D, Costanzo MR, Filippatos G | display-authors=etal| title=Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. | journal=Eur J Heart Fail | year= 2018 | volume= 20 | issue= 11 | pages= 1505-1535 | pmid=29806100 | doi=10.1002/ejhf.1236 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29806100  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25953697">{{cite journal| author=Fang JC, Ewald GA, Allen LA, Butler J, Westlake Canary CA, Colvin-Adams M | display-authors=etal| title=Advanced (stage D) heart failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Guidelines Committee. | journal=J Card Fail | year= 2015 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 519-34 | pmid=25953697 | doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.04.013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25953697  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30225959">{{cite journal| author=Greenberg B, Fang J, Mehra M, Stevenson LW| title=Advanced heart failure: Trans-Atlantic perspectives on the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology position statement. | journal=Eur J Heart Fail | year= 2018 | volume= 20 | issue= 11 | pages= 1536-1539 | pmid=30225959 | doi=10.1002/ejhf.1313 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30225959  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324966">{{cite journal| author=Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG | display-authors=etal| title=2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. | journal=Circulation | year= 2009 | volume= 119 | issue= 14 | pages= e391-479 | pmid=19324966 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192065 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324966  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28455343">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. | journal=Circulation | year= 2017 | volume= 136 | issue= 6 | pages= e137-e161 | pmid=28455343 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000509 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28455343  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23355639">{{cite journal| author=Thomas R, Huntley A, Mann M, Huws D, Paranjothy S, Elwyn G | display-authors=etal| title=Specialist clinics for reducing emergency admissions in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. | journal=Heart | year= 2013 | volume= 99 | issue= 4 | pages= 233-9 | pmid=23355639 | doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302313 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23355639  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-LD]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
 
===Non[[pharmacological]] [[Management]]: Advanced [[HF]] (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref><ref name="pmid16160202">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160202 ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 112 (12):e154-235. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16160202 16160202]</ref>===
 
===Specialty Referral for Advanced HF (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref><ref name="pmid16160202">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160202 ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 112 (12):e154-235. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16160202 16160202]</ref>===
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Meticulous identification and control of fluid retention is recommended in patients with [[refractory endstage HF]]. <ref name="pmid7398185">{{cite journal |author=Brater DC, Chennavasin P, Seiwell R |title=Furosemide in patients with heart failure: shift in dose-response curves |journal=[[Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics]] |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=182–6 |year=1980 |month=August |pmid=7398185 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid8800113">{{cite journal |author=Dormans TP, van Meyel JJ, Gerlag PG, Tan Y, Russel FG, Smits P |title=Diuretic efficacy of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: bolus injection versus continuous infusion |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=376–82 |year=1996 |month=August |pmid=8800113 |doi=10.1016/0735-1097(96)00161-1 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0735-1097(96)00161-1 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid9284855">{{cite journal |author=Cotter G, Weissgarten J, Metzkor E, Moshkovitz Y, Litinski I, Tavori U, Perry C, Zaidenstein R, Golik A |title=Increased toxicity of high-dose furosemide versus low-dose dopamine in the treatment of refractory congestive heart failure |journal=[[Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics]] |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=187–93 |year=1997 |month=August |pmid=9284855 |doi=10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90067-9 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90067-9 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid16437464">{{cite journal |author=Faris R, Flather MD, Purcell H, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJ |title=Diuretics for heart failure |journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online)]] |volume= |issue=1 |pages=CD003838 |year=2006 |pmid=16437464 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003838.pub2 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003838.pub2 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid16325040">{{cite journal |author=Costanzo MR, Saltzberg M, O'Sullivan J, Sobotka P |title=Early ultrafiltration in patients with decompensated heart failure and diuretic resistance |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=2047–51 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16325040 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.099 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(05)02208-4 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid12932605">{{cite journal |author=Domanski M, Norman J, Pitt B, Haigney M, Hanlon S, Peyster E |title=Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=705–8 |year=2003 |month=August |pmid=12932605 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109703007654 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid12106936">{{cite journal |author=Cicoira M, Zanolla L, Rossi A, Golia G, Franceschini L, Brighetti G, Marino P, Zardini P |title=Long-term, dose-dependent effects of spironolactone on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=304–10 |year=2002 |month=July |pmid=12106936 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109702019654 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid11853901">{{cite journal |author=Faris R, Flather M, Purcell H, Henein M, Poole-Wilson P, Coats A |title=Current evidence supporting the role of diuretics in heart failure: a meta analysis of randomised controlled trials |journal=[[International Journal of Cardiology]] |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=149–58 |year=2002 |month=February |pmid=11853901 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167527301006003 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]


|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Until definitive therapy (e.g., coronary revascularization, mechanical circulatory support, heart transplantation) or resolution of the acute precipitating problem, patients with cardiogenic shock should receive temporary intravenous inotropic support to maintain systemic perfusion and preserve end-organ performance. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For [[patients]] with advanced [[HF]] and [[hyponatremia]], the benefit of [[fluid]] restriction to reduce [[congestive]] [[symptoms]] is uncertain. <ref name="pmid28775063">{{cite journal| author=Dunlap ME, Hauptman PJ, Amin AN, Chase SL, Chiodo JA, Chiong JR | display-authors=etal| title=Current Management of Hyponatremia in Acute Heart Failure: A Report From the Hyponatremia Registry for Patients With Euvolemic and Hypervolemic Hyponatremia (HN Registry). | journal=J Am Heart Assoc | year= 2017 | volume= 6 | issue= 8 | pages=  | pmid=28775063 | doi=10.1161/JAHA.116.005261 | pmc=5586406 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28775063  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23787719">{{cite journal| author=Philipson H, Ekman I, Forslund HB, Swedberg K, Schaufelberger M| title=Salt and fluid restriction is effective in patients with chronic heart failure. | journal=Eur J Heart Fail | year= 2013 | volume= 15 | issue= 11 | pages= 1304-10 | pmid=23787719 | doi=10.1093/eurjhf/hft097 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23787719  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23273588">{{cite journal| author=Albert NM, Nutter B, Forney J, Slifcak E, Tang WH| title=A randomized controlled pilot study of outcomes of strict allowance of fluid therapy in hyponatremic heart failure (SALT-HF). | journal=J Card Fail | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-9 | pmid=23273588 | doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.11.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23273588  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26292805">{{cite journal| author=De Vecchis R, Baldi C, Cioppa C, Giasi A, Fusco A| title=Effects of limiting fluid intake on clinical and laboratory outcomes in patients with heart failure. Results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | journal=Herz | year= 2016 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 63-75 | pmid=26292805 | doi=10.1007/s00059-015-4345-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26292805  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-LD]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
 
===[[Inotropic]] Support (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref><ref name="pmid16160202">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160202 ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 112 (12):e154-235. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16160202 16160202]</ref>===


{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' Referral for [[cardiac transplantation]] in potentially eligible patients is recommended for patients with [[refractory end-stage HF]].<ref name="pmid16962464">{{cite journal| author=Mehra MR, Kobashigawa J, Starling R, Russell S, Uber PA, Parameshwar J et al.| title=Listing criteria for heart transplantation: International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the care of cardiac transplant candidates--2006. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2006 | volume= 25 | issue= 9 | pages= 1024-42 | pmid=16962464 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2006.06.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16962464  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid16962463">{{cite journal |author=Jessup M, Banner N, Brozena S, Campana C, Costard-Jäckle A, Dengler T, Hunt S, Metra M, Rahmel A, Renlund D, Ross H, Warner Stevenson L |title=Optimal pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management of cardiac transplant candidates: approaches to be considered prior to transplant evaluation: International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the care of cardiac transplant candidates--2006 |journal=[[The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation]] |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1003–23 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16962463 |doi=10.1016/j.healun.2006.06.007 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053-2498(06)00459-1 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]


|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' Referral of patients with [[refractory end-stage HF]] to a [[HF]] program with expertise in the management of [[refractory HF]] is useful. <ref name="pmid11286953">{{cite journal |author=McAlister FA, Lawson FM, Teo KK, Armstrong PW |title=A systematic review of randomized trials of disease management programs in heart failure |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=378–84 |year=2001 |month=April |pmid=11286953 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9343(00)00743-9 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid15990759">{{cite journal |author=Whellan DJ, Hasselblad V, Peterson E, O'Connor CM, Schulman KA |title=Metaanalysis and review of heart failure disease management randomized controlled clinical trials |journal=[[American Heart Journal]] |volume=149 |issue=4 |pages=722–9 |year=2005 |month=April |pmid=15990759 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2004.09.023 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002870304006477 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid17383282">{{cite journal |author=Yancy CW, Krum H, Massie BM, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Cheng M, Kim SS, Evans R |title=The Second Follow-up Serial Infusions of Nesiritide (FUSION II) trial for advanced heart failure: study rationale and design |journal=[[American Heart Journal]] |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=478–84 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17383282 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2007.02.004 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-8703(07)00136-6 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid17426062">{{cite journal |author=Clark RA, Inglis SC, McAlister FA, Cleland JG, Stewart S |title=Telemonitoring or structured telephone support programmes for patients with chronic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)]] |volume=334 |issue=7600 |pages=942 |year=2007 |month=May |pmid=17426062 |pmc=1865411 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39156.536968.55 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17426062 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In [[patients]] with advanced (staged D) [[HF]] refractory to GDMT and device [[therapy]] who are eligible for and awaiting MCS or [[cardiac transplantation]], continuous [[intravenous]] [[inotropic]] support is reasonable as "bridge [[therapy]]". <ref name="pmid27374840">{{cite journal| author=Al-Kindi SG, Farhoud M, Zacharias M, Ginwalla MB, ElAmm CA, Benatti RD | display-authors=etal| title=Left Ventricular Assist Devices or Inotropes for Decreasing Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Listed for Heart Transplantation. | journal=J Card Fail | year= 2017 | volume= 23 | issue= 3 | pages= 209-215 | pmid=27374840 | doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.06.421 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27374840  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2584188">{{cite journal| author=Modi S, Behere DV, Mitra S| title=Interaction of thiocyanate with horseradish peroxidase. 1H and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance studies. | journal=J Biol Chem | year= 1989 | volume= 264 | issue= 33 | pages= 19677-84 | pmid=2584188 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2584188  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12595851">{{cite journal| author=Aranda JM, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, Cleeton TS, Walker TC, Monroe VS | display-authors=etal| title=Comparison of dobutamine versus milrinone therapy in hospitalized patients awaiting cardiac transplantation: a prospective, randomized trial. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 2003 | volume= 145 | issue= 2 | pages= 324-9 | pmid=12595851 | doi=10.1067/mhj.2003.50 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12595851  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15454175">{{cite journal| author=Brozena SC, Twomey C, Goldberg LR, Desai SS, Drachman B, Kao A | display-authors=etal| title=A prospective study of continuous intravenous milrinone therapy for status IB patients awaiting heart transplant at home. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2004 | volume= 23 | issue= 9 | pages= 1082-6 | pmid=15454175 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2003.08.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15454175  }} </ref>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''6.''' Options for end-of-life care should be discussed with the patient and family when severe symptoms in patients with [[refractory end-stage HF]] persist despite application of all recommended therapies. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]


|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''7.''' Patients with [[refractory end-stage HF]] and [[implantable defibrillators]] should receive information about the option to inactivate [[defibrillation]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>''2.''' In select [[patients]] with stage D [[HF]], despite optimal GDMT and device [[therapy]] who are ineligible for either MCS or [[cardiac transplantation]], continuous [[intravenous]] [[inotropic]] support may be considered as [[palliative therapy]] for [[symptom]] control and improvement in functional status. <ref name="pmid19808355">{{cite journal| author=Gorodeski EZ, Chu EC, Reese JR, Shishehbor MH, Hsich E, Starling RC| title=Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2009 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 320-4 | pmid=19808355 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.839076 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19808355  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10385768">{{cite journal| author=O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF, Adams KF, McNulty SE, Grossman SH | display-authors=etal| title=Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 138 | issue= 1 Pt 1 | pages= 78-86 | pmid=10385768 | doi=10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70250-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10385768  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12815567">{{cite journal| author=Hershberger RE, Nauman D, Walker TL, Dutton D, Burgess D| title=Care processes and clinical outcomes of continuous outpatient support with inotropes (COSI) in patients with refractory endstage heart failure. | journal=J Card Fail | year= 2003 | volume= 9 | issue= 3 | pages= 180-7 | pmid=12815567 | doi=10.1054/jcaf.2003.24 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12815567  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
|}


{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"  
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (No Benefit)
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (Harm)
 
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>''2.''' In [[patients]] with [[HF]], long-term use of either continuous or intermittent [[intravenous]] [[inotropic agents]], for reasons other than [[palliative care]] or as a bridge to advanced [[therapies]], is potentially harmful. <ref name="pmid19808355">{{cite journal| author=Gorodeski EZ, Chu EC, Reese JR, Shishehbor MH, Hsich E, Starling RC| title=Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2009 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 320-4 | pmid=19808355 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.839076 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19808355  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10385768">{{cite journal| author=O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF, Adams KF, McNulty SE, Grossman SH | display-authors=etal| title=Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 138 | issue= 1 Pt 1 | pages= 78-86 | pmid=10385768 | doi=10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70250-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10385768  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15992636">{{cite journal| author=Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Berkowitz RL, LeJemtel TH | display-authors=etal| title=In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 46 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-64 | pmid=15992636 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.051 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15992636  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30007556">{{cite journal| author=Nizamic T, Murad MH, Allen LA, McIlvennan CK, Wordingham SE, Matlock DD | display-authors=etal| title=Ambulatory Inotrope Infusions in Advanced Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | journal=JACC Heart Fail | year= 2018 | volume= 6 | issue= 9 | pages= 757-767 | pmid=30007556 | doi=10.1016/j.jchf.2018.03.019 | pmc=6119101 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30007556  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10426835">{{cite journal| author=Oliva F, Latini R, Politi A, Staszewsky L, Maggioni AP, Nicolis E | display-authors=etal| title=Intermittent 6-month low-dose dobutamine infusion in severe heart failure: DICE multicenter trial. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 138 | issue= 2 Pt 1 | pages= 247-53 | pmid=10426835 | doi=10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70108-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10426835  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11911756">{{cite journal| author=Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF, Benza R, Bourge R, Colucci WS | display-authors=etal| title=Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2002 | volume= 287 | issue= 12 | pages= 1541-7 | pmid=11911756 | doi=10.1001/jama.287.12.1541 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11911756  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
 
===Mechanical Circulatory Support (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref><ref name="pmid16160202">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160202 ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 112 (12):e154-235. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16160202 16160202]</ref>===
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Partial left ventriculectomy is not recommended in patients with non ischemic cardiomyopathy and [[refractory end-stage HF]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
 
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Routine intermittent infusions of vasoactive and positive [[inotropic agent]]s are not recommended for patients with [[refractory end-stage HF]]. <ref name="pmid3766379">Krell MJ, Kline EM, Bates ER, Hodgson JM, Dilworth LR, Laufer N et al. (1986) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3766379 Intermittent, ambulatory dobutamine infusions in patients with severe congestive heart failure.] ''Am Heart J'' 112 (4):787-91. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/3766379 3766379]</ref><ref name="pmid10426835">Oliva F, Latini R, Politi A, Staszewsky L, Maggioni AP, Nicolis E et al. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10426835 Intermittent 6-month low-dose dobutamine infusion in severe heart failure: DICE multicenter trial.] ''Am Heart J'' 138 (2 Pt 1):247-53. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10426835 10426835]</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In select [[patients]] with advanced [[HFrEF]] with [[NYHA]] class IV [[symptoms]] who are deemed to be dependent on continuous [[intravenous]] [[inotropes]] or temporary MCS, durable [[LVAD]] [[implantation]] is effective to improve functional status, [[QOL]], and [[survival]]. <ref name="pmid17761592">{{cite journal| author=Miller LW, Pagani FD, Russell SD, John R, Boyle AJ, Aaronson KD | display-authors=etal| title=Use of a continuous-flow device in patients awaiting heart transplantation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2007 | volume= 357 | issue= 9 | pages= 885-96 | pmid=17761592 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa067758 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17761592  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30883052">{{cite journal| author=Mehra MR, Uriel N, Naka Y, Cleveland JC, Yuzefpolskaya M, Salerno CT | display-authors=etal| title=A Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist Device - Final Report. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2019 | volume= 380 | issue= 17 | pages= 1618-1627 | pmid=30883052 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1900486 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30883052  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28408022">{{cite journal| author=Jakovljevic DG, Yacoub MH, Schueler S, MacGowan GA, Velicki L, Seferovic PM | display-authors=etal| title=Left Ventricular Assist Device as a Bridge to Recovery for Patients With Advanced Heart Failure. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2017 | volume= 69 | issue= 15 | pages= 1924-1933 | pmid=28408022 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.018 | pmc=5388890 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28408022  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24360203">{{cite journal| author=Grady KL, Naftel D, Stevenson L, Dew MA, Weidner G, Pagani FD | display-authors=etal| title=Overall quality of life improves to similar levels after mechanical circulatory support regardless of severity of heart failure before implantation. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2014 | volume= 33 | issue= 4 | pages= 412-21 | pmid=24360203 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.017 | pmc=3966941 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24360203  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28960673">{{cite journal| author=Lund LH, Trochu JN, Meyns B, Caliskan K, Shaw S, Schmitto JD | display-authors=etal| title=Screening for heart transplantation and left ventricular assist system: results from the ScrEEning for advanced Heart Failure treatment (SEE-HF) study. | journal=Eur J Heart Fail | year= 2018 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 152-160 | pmid=28960673 | doi=10.1002/ejhf.975 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28960673  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20620083">{{cite journal| author=Alba AC, Rao V, Ross HJ, Jensen AS, Sander K, Gustafsson F | display-authors=etal| title=Impact of fixed pulmonary hypertension on post-heart transplant outcomes in bridge-to-transplant patients. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2010 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1253-8 | pmid=20620083 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2010.06.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20620083  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19920051">{{cite journal| author=Slaughter MS, Rogers JG, Milano CA, Russell SD, Conte JV, Feldman D | display-authors=etal| title=Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 361 | issue= 23 | pages= 2241-51 | pmid=19920051 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0909938 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19920051  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30007559">{{cite journal| author=Milano CA, Rogers JG, Tatooles AJ, Bhat G, Slaughter MS, Birks EJ | display-authors=etal| title=HVAD: The ENDURANCE Supplemental Trial. | journal=JACC Heart Fail | year= 2018 | volume= 6 | issue= 9 | pages= 792-802 | pmid=30007559 | doi=10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30007559  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31353279">{{cite journal| author=Petroni T, D'Alessandro C, Combes A, Golmard JL, Brechot N, Barreda E | display-authors=etal| title=Long-term outcome of heart transplantation performed after ventricular assist device compared with standard heart transplantation. | journal=Arch Cardiovasc Dis | year= 2019 | volume= 112 | issue= 8-9 | pages= 485-493 | pmid=31353279 | doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2019.05.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31353279  }} </ref><ref name="pmid33465365">{{cite journal| author=Molina EJ, Shah P, Kiernan MS, Cornwell WK, Copeland H, Takeda K | display-authors=etal| title=The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2020 Annual Report. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2021 | volume= 111 | issue= 3 | pages= 778-792 | pmid=33465365 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.12.038 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33465365  }} </ref><ref name="pmid29895486">{{cite journal| author=Selim AM, Wadhwani L, Burdorf A, Raichlin E, Lowes B, Zolty R| title=Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Pulmonary Hypertension Group 2 With Significantly Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Resistance: A Bridge to Cure. | journal=Heart Lung Circ | year= 2019 | volume= 28 | issue= 6 | pages= 946-952 | pmid=29895486 | doi=10.1016/j.hlc.2018.04.299 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29895486  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11794191">{{cite journal| author=Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Heitjan DF, Stevenson LW, Dembitsky W | display-authors=etal| title=Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 20 | pages= 1435-43 | pmid=11794191 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa012175 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11794191  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=11985429 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):88] </ref><ref name="pmid29275844">{{cite journal| author=Shah KB, Starling RC, Rogers JG, Horstmanshof DA, Long JW, Kasirajan V | display-authors=etal| title=Left ventricular assist devices versus medical management in ambulatory heart failure patients: An analysis of INTERMACS Profiles 4 and 5 to 7 from the ROADMAP study. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2018 | volume= 37 | issue= 6 | pages= 706-714 | pmid=29275844 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2017.12.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29275844  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27834198">{{cite journal| author=Stewart GC, Kittleson MM, Patel PC, Cowger JA, Patel CB, Mountis MM | display-authors=etal| title=INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) Profiling Identifies Ambulatory Patients at High Risk on Medical Therapy After Hospitalizations for Heart Failure. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2016 | volume= 9 | issue= 11 | pages=  | pmid=27834198 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003032 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27834198  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26777757">{{cite journal| author=Kiernan MS, Sundareswaran KS, Pham DT, Kapur NK, Pereira NL, Strueber M | display-authors=etal| title=Preoperative Determinants of Quality of Life and Functional Capacity Response to Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy. | journal=J Card Fail | year= 2016 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 797-805 | pmid=26777757 | doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.01.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26777757  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28376837">{{cite journal| author=Krabatsch T, Netuka I, Schmitto JD, Zimpfer D, Garbade J, Rao V | display-authors=etal| title=Heartmate 3 fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device for the treatment of advanced heart failure -1 year results from the Ce mark trial. | journal=J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 23 | pmid=28376837 | doi=10.1186/s13019-017-0587-3 | pmc=5379553 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28376837  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28662987">{{cite journal| author=Nassif ME, Spertus JA, Jones PG, Fendler TJ, Allen LA, Grady KL | display-authors=etal| title=Changes in disease-specific versus generic health status measures after left ventricular assist device implantation: Insights from INTERMACS. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2017 | volume= 36 | issue= 11 | pages= 1243-1249 | pmid=28662987 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2017.05.023 | pmc=5651195 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28662987  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17707178">{{cite journal| author=Rogers JG, Butler J, Lansman SL, Gass A, Portner PM, Pasque MK | display-authors=etal| title=Chronic mechanical circulatory support for inotrope-dependent heart failure patients who are not transplant candidates: results of the INTrEPID Trial. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2007 | volume= 50 | issue= 8 | pages= 741-7 | pmid=17707178 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.063 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17707178  }} </ref>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
|}


{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"  
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
 
|-
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In select [[patients]] with advanced [[HFrEF]] who have [[NYHA]] class IV symptoms despite GDMT, durable MCS can be beneficial to improve [[symptoms]], improve functional class, and reduce [[mortality]]. <ref name="pmid30883052">{{cite journal| author=Mehra MR, Uriel N, Naka Y, Cleveland JC, Yuzefpolskaya M, Salerno CT | display-authors=etal| title=A Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist Device - Final Report. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2019 | volume= 380 | issue= 17 | pages= 1618-1627 | pmid=30883052 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1900486 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30883052  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24360203">{{cite journal| author=Grady KL, Naftel D, Stevenson L, Dew MA, Weidner G, Pagani FD | display-authors=etal| title=Overall quality of life improves to similar levels after mechanical circulatory support regardless of severity of heart failure before implantation. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2014 | volume= 33 | issue= 4 | pages= 412-21 | pmid=24360203 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.017 | pmc=3966941 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24360203  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19920051">{{cite journal| author=Slaughter MS, Rogers JG, Milano CA, Russell SD, Conte JV, Feldman D | display-authors=etal| title=Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 361 | issue= 23 | pages= 2241-51 | pmid=19920051 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0909938 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19920051  }} </ref><ref name="pmid33465365">{{cite journal| author=Molina EJ, Shah P, Kiernan MS, Cornwell WK, Copeland H, Takeda K | display-authors=etal| title=The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2020 Annual Report. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2021 | volume= 111 | issue= 3 | pages= 778-792 | pmid=33465365 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.12.038 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33465365  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11794191">{{cite journal| author=Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Heitjan DF, Stevenson LW, Dembitsky W | display-authors=etal| title=Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 20 | pages= 1435-43 | pmid=11794191 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa012175 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11794191  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=11985429 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):88] </ref><ref name="pmid29275844">{{cite journal| author=Shah KB, Starling RC, Rogers JG, Horstmanshof DA, Long JW, Kasirajan V | display-authors=etal| title=Left ventricular assist devices versus medical management in ambulatory heart failure patients: An analysis of INTERMACS Profiles 4 and 5 to 7 from the ROADMAP study. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2018 | volume= 37 | issue= 6 | pages= 706-714 | pmid=29275844 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2017.12.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29275844  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27834198">{{cite journal| author=Stewart GC, Kittleson MM, Patel PC, Cowger JA, Patel CB, Mountis MM | display-authors=etal| title=INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) Profiling Identifies Ambulatory Patients at High Risk on Medical Therapy After Hospitalizations for Heart Failure. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2016 | volume= 9 | issue= 11 | pages=  | pmid=27834198 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003032 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27834198  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26777757">{{cite journal| author=Kiernan MS, Sundareswaran KS, Pham DT, Kapur NK, Pereira NL, Strueber M | display-authors=etal| title=Preoperative Determinants of Quality of Life and Functional Capacity Response to Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy. | journal=J Card Fail | year= 2016 | volume= 22 | issue= 10 | pages= 797-805 | pmid=26777757 | doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.01.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26777757  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28376837">{{cite journal| author=Krabatsch T, Netuka I, Schmitto JD, Zimpfer D, Garbade J, Rao V | display-authors=etal| title=Heartmate 3 fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device for the treatment of advanced heart failure -1 year results from the Ce mark trial. | journal=J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 23 | pmid=28376837 | doi=10.1186/s13019-017-0587-3 | pmc=5379553 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28376837  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28662987">{{cite journal| author=Nassif ME, Spertus JA, Jones PG, Fendler TJ, Allen LA, Grady KL | display-authors=etal| title=Changes in disease-specific versus generic health status measures after left ventricular assist device implantation: Insights from INTERMACS. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2017 | volume= 36 | issue= 11 | pages= 1243-1249 | pmid=28662987 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2017.05.023 | pmc=5651195 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28662987  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28396040">{{cite journal| author=Starling RC, Estep JD, Horstmanshof DA, Milano CA, Stehlik J, Shah KB | display-authors=etal| title=Risk Assessment and Comparative Effectiveness of Left Ventricular Assist Device and Medical Management in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients: The ROADMAP Study 2-Year Results. | journal=JACC Heart Fail | year= 2017 | volume= 5 | issue= 7 | pages= 518-527 | pmid=28396040 | doi=10.1016/j.jchf.2017.02.016 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28396040  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}


{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.'''Continuous intravenous inotropic support is reasonable as “bridge therapy” in patients with stage D refractory to GDMT and device therapy who are eligible for and awaiting mechanical circulatory support or [[cardiac transplantation]].<ref name="pmid12595851">{{cite journal| author=Aranda JM, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, Cleeton TS, Walker TC, Monroe VS et al.| title=Comparison of dobutamine versus milrinone therapy in hospitalized patients awaiting cardiac transplantation: a prospective, randomized trial. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 2003 | volume= 145 | issue= 2 | pages= 324-9 | pmid=12595851 | doi=10.1067/mhj.2003.50 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12595851  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15454175">{{cite journal| author=Brozena SC, Twomey C, Goldberg LR, Desai SS, Drachman B, Kao A et al.| title=A prospective study of continuous intravenous milrinone therapy for status IB patients awaiting heart transplant at home. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2004 | volume= 23 | issue= 9 | pages= 1082-6 | pmid=15454175 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2003.08.017 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15454175  }} </ref>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:White"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Value Statement: Uncertain Value]]


|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' MCS is beneficial in carefully selected patients with stage D [[systolic dysfunction|HFrEF]] in whom definitive management (e.g., cardiac transplantation) or cardiac recovery is anticipated or planned.<ref name="pmid19608028">{{cite journal| author=Pagani FD, Miller LW, Russell SD, Aaronson KD, John R, Boyle AJ et al.| title=Extended mechanical circulatory support with a continuous-flow rotary left ventricular assist device. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2009 | volume= 54 | issue= 4 | pages= 312-21 | pmid=19608028 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.055 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19608028 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15063260">{{cite journal| author=Grady KL, Meyer PM, Dressler D, Mattea A, Chillcott S, Loo A et al.| title=Longitudinal change in quality of life and impact on survival after left ventricular assist device implantation. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 77 | issue= 4 | pages= 1321-7 | pmid=15063260 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.09.089 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15063260 }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="White"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' In [[patients]] with advanced [[HFrEF]] who have [[NYHA]] class IV symptoms despite GDMT, durable MCS devices provide low to intermediate economic value based on current costs and outcomes. <ref name="pmid28017351">{{cite journal| author=Baras Shreibati J, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Banerjee D, Owens DK, Hlatky MA| title=Cost-Effectiveness of Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Ambulatory Patients With Advanced Heart Failure. | journal=JACC Heart Fail | year= 2017 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 110-119 | pmid=28017351 | doi=10.1016/j.jchf.2016.09.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28017351 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24563450">{{cite journal| author=Long EF, Swain GW, Mangi AA| title=Comparative survival and cost-effectiveness of advanced therapies for end-stage heart failure. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 3 | pages= 470-8 | pmid=24563450 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000807 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24563450  }} </ref><ref name="pmid32740343">{{cite journal| author=Mahr C, McGee E, Cheung A, Mokadam NA, Strueber M, Slaughter MS | display-authors=etal| title=Cost-Effectiveness of Thoracotomy Approach for the Implantation of a Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device. | journal=ASAIO J | year= 2020 | volume= 66 | issue= 8 | pages= 855-861 | pmid=32740343 | doi=10.1097/MAT.0000000000001209 | pmc=7386860 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32740343  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22052901">{{cite journal| author=Rogers JG, Bostic RR, Tong KB, Adamson R, Russo M, Slaughter MS| title=Cost-effectiveness analysis of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices as destination therapy. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2012 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 10-6 | pmid=22052901 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.962951 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22052901  }} </ref><ref name="pmid32740129">{{cite journal| author=Silvestry SC, Mahr C, Slaughter MS, Levy WC, Cheng RK, May DM | display-authors=etal| title=Cost-Effectiveness of a Small Intrapericardial Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device. | journal=ASAIO J | year= 2020 | volume= 66 | issue= 8 | pages= 862-870 | pmid=32740129 | doi=10.1097/MAT.0000000000001211 | pmc=7386874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32740129 }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Nondurable MCS, including the use of percutaneous and extracorporeal ventricular assist devices (VADs), is reasonable as a “bridge to recovery” or “bridge to decision” for carefully selected patients with [[systolic dysfunction|HFrEF]] with acute, profound hemodynamic compromise.<ref name="pmid15734771">{{cite journal| author=Thiele H, Sick P, Boudriot E, Diederich KW, Hambrecht R, Niebauer J et al.| title=Randomized comparison of intra-aortic balloon support with a percutaneous left ventricular assist device in patients with revascularized acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2005 | volume= 26 | issue= 13 | pages= 1276-83 | pmid=15734771 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi161 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15734771  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11794191">{{cite journal |author=Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Heitjan DF, Stevenson LW, Dembitsky W, Long JW, Ascheim DD, Tierney AR, Levitan RG, Watson JT, Meier P, Ronan NS, Shapiro PA, Lazar RM, Miller LW, Gupta L, Frazier OH, Desvigne-Nickens P, Oz MC, Poirier VL |title=Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=345 |issue=20 |pages=1435–43 |year=2001 |month=November |pmid=11794191 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa012175 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012175 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid17638928">{{cite journal |author=Lietz K, Long JW, Kfoury AG, Slaughter MS, Silver MA, Milano CA, Rogers JG, Naka Y, Mancini D, Miller LW |title=Outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation as destination therapy in the post-REMATCH era: implications for patient selection |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=116 |issue=5 |pages=497–505 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17638928 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.691972 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17638928 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]


|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' Durable MCS is reasonable to prolong survival for carefully selected* patients with stage D [[systolic dysfunction|HFrEF]]. <ref name="pmid11794191">{{cite journal| author=Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Heitjan DF, Stevenson LW, Dembitsky W et al.| title=Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 345 | issue= 20 | pages= 1435-43 | pmid=11794191 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa012175 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11794191 }} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11985429 Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):88] </ref><ref name="pmid19920051">{{cite journal| author=Slaughter MS, Rogers JG, Milano CA, Russell SD, Conte JV, Feldman D et al.| title=Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 361 | issue= 23 | pages= 2241-51 | pmid=19920051 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0909938 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19920051 }} </ref>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' In [[patients]] with advanced [[HFrEF]] and [[hemodynamic]] compromise and [[shock]], temporary MCS, including [[percutaneous]] and [[extracorporal]] [[ventricular]] assist devices, are reasonable as a "bridge to [[recovery]]" or "bridge to decision". <ref name="pmid30291831">{{cite journal| author=Garbade J, Gustafsson F, Shaw S, Lavee J, Saeed D, Pya Y | display-authors=etal| title=Postmarket Experience With HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device: 30-Day Outcomes From the ELEVATE Registry. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2019 | volume= 107 | issue= 1 | pages= 33-39 | pmid=30291831 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.07.092 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30291831  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25087934">{{cite journal| author=Trivedi JR, Cheng A, Singh R, Williams ML, Slaughter MS| title=Survival on the heart transplant waiting list: impact of continuous flow left ventricular assist device as bridge to transplant. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 98 | issue= 3 | pages= 830-4 | pmid=25087934 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.05.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25087934 }} </ref><ref name="pmid29020341">{{cite journal| author=Thiele H, Jobs A, Ouweneel DM, Henriques JPS, Seyfarth M, Desch S | display-authors=etal| title=Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2017 | volume= 38 | issue= 47 | pages= 3523-3531 | pmid=29020341 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx363 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29020341  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31147306">{{cite journal| author=den Uil CA, Van Mieghem NM, B Bastos M, Jewbali LS, Lenzen MJ, Engstrom AE | display-authors=etal| title=Primary intra-aortic balloon support versus inotropes for decompensated heart failure and low output: a randomised trial. | journal=EuroIntervention | year= 2019 | volume= 15 | issue= 7 | pages= 586-593 | pmid=31147306 | doi=10.4244/EIJ-D-19-00254 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31147306  }} </ref><ref name="pmid29907499">{{cite journal| author=Ouyang D, Gulati G, Ha R, Banerjee D| title=Incidence of temporary mechanical circulatory support before heart transplantation and impact on post-transplant outcomes. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2018 | volume= 37 | issue= 9 | pages= 1060-1066 | pmid=29907499 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2018.04.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29907499 }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-NR]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
|}


{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"  
===[[Cardiac Transplantation]] (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref><ref name="pmid16160202">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160202 ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 112 (12):e154-235. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16160202 16160202]</ref>===
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]


|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Short-term, continuous intravenous inotropic support may be reasonable in those hospitalized patients presenting with documented severe systolic dysfunction who present with low blood pressure and significantly depressed cardiac output to maintain systemic perfusion and preserveend-organ performance.<ref name="pmid15992636">{{cite journal| author=Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Berkowitz RL, LeJemtel TH et al.| title=In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 46 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-64 | pmid=15992636 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.051 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15992636 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11911756">{{cite journal| author=Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF, Benza R, Bourge R, Colucci WS et al.| title=Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. | journal=JAMA | year= 2002 | volume= 287 | issue= 12 | pages= 1541-7 | pmid=11911756 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11911756 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17174645">{{cite journal| author=Elkayam U, Tasissa G, Binanay C, Stevenson LW, Gheorghiade M, Warnica JW et al.| title=Use and impact of inotropes and vasodilator therapy in hospitalized patients with severe heart failure. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 2007 | volume= 153 | issue= 1 | pages= 98-104 | pmid=17174645 | doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2006.09.005 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17174645 }} </ref>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For selected [[patients]] with advanced [[HF]] despite GDMT, [[cardiac transplantation]] is indicated to improve [[survival]] and [[QOL]]. <ref name="pmid31548031">{{cite journal| author=Khush KK, Cherikh WS, Chambers DC, Harhay MO, Hayes D, Hsich E | display-authors=etal| title=The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-sixth adult heart transplantation report - 2019; focus theme: Donor and recipient size match. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2019 | volume= 38 | issue= 10 | pages= 1056-1066 | pmid=31548031 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2019.08.004 | pmc=6816343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31548031 }} </ref><ref name="pmid31898418">{{cite journal| author=Colvin M, Smith JM, Hadley N, Skeans MA, Uccellini K, Goff R | display-authors=etal| title=OPTN/SRTR 2018 Annual Data Report: Heart. | journal=Am J Transplant | year= 2020 | volume= 20 Suppl s1 | issue= | pages= 340-426 | pmid=31898418 | doi=10.1111/ajt.15676 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31898418 }} </ref><ref name="pmid32115073">{{cite journal| author=Teuteberg JJ, Cleveland JC, Cowger J, Higgins RS, Goldstein DJ, Keebler M | display-authors=etal| title=The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2019 Annual Report: The Changing Landscape of Devices and Indications. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2020 | volume= 109 | issue= 3 | pages= 649-660 | pmid=32115073 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.12.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32115073 }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-LD]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


|}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Continuous intravenous infusion of a positive [[inotropic agent]] may be considered for palliation of symptoms in patients with [[refractory end-stage HF]].<ref name="pmid10385768">{{cite journal| author=O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF, Adams KF, McNulty SE, Grossman SH et al.|title=Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 138 | issue= 1 Pt 1 | pages= 78-86 | pmid=10385768 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10385768  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19808355">{{cite journal| author=Gorodeski EZ, Chu EC, Reese JR, Shishehbor MH, Hsich E, Starling RC| title=Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2009 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 320-4 | pmid=19808355 |doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.839076 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19808355  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9398101">{{cite journal |author=Sindone AP, Keogh AM, Macdonald PS, McCosker CJ, Kaan AF |title=Continuous home ambulatory intravenous inotropic drug therapy in severe heart failure: safety and cost efficacy |journal=[[American Heart Journal]] |volume=134 |issue=5 Pt 1|pages=889–900 |year=1997 |month=November |pmid=9398101 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000287039700149X|accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid2293976">{{cite journal |author=Miller LW, Merkle EJ, Herrmann V |title=Outpatient dobutamine for end-stage congestive heart failure |journal=[[Critical Care Medicine]] |volume=18 |issue=1 Pt 2 |pages=S30–3 |year=1990 |month=January |pmid=2293976 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref>''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:White"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Value Statement: Intermediate Value]]


|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' [[Pulmonary artery]] catheter placement may be reasonable to guide therapy in patients with [[refractory end-stage HF]] and persistently severe symptoms. <ref name="pmid16962463">{{cite journal |author=Jessup M, Banner N, Brozena S, Campana C, Costard-Jäckle A, Dengler T, Hunt S, Metra M, Rahmel A, Renlund D, Ross H, Warner Stevenson L |title=Optimal pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management of cardiac transplant candidates: approaches to be considered prior to transplant evaluation: International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the care of cardiac transplant candidates--2006 |journal=[[The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation]] |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1003–23 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16962463 |doi=10.1016/j.healun.2006.06.007 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053-2498(06)00459-1 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid8782638">{{cite journal |author=Connors AF, Speroff T, Dawson NV, Thomas C, Harrell FE, Wagner D, Desbiens N, Goldman L, Wu AW, Califf RM, Fulkerson WJ, Vidaillet H, Broste S, Bellamy P, Lynn J, Knaus WA |title=The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators |journal=[[JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=276 |issue=11 |pages=889–97 |year=1996 |month=September |pmid=8782638 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="White"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In [[patients] with stage D (advanced) [[HF]] despite GDMT, [[cardiac transplantation]] provides intermediate economic value. <ref name="pmid24563450">{{cite journal| author=Long EF, Swain GW, Mangi AA| title=Comparative survival and cost-effectiveness of advanced therapies for end-stage heart failure. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 3 | pages= 470-8 | pmid=24563450 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000807 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24563450  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-LD]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' The effectiveness of [[mitral valve repair]] or [[mitral valve replacement|replacement]] is not established for severe secondary [[mitral regurgitation]] in [[refractory end-stage HF]]. <ref name="pmid9475533">{{cite journal |author=Bolling SF, Pagani FD, Deeb GM, Bach DS |title=Intermediate-term outcome of mitral reconstruction in cardiomyopathy |journal=[[The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery]] |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=381–6; discussion 387–8 |year=1998 |month=February |pmid=9475533 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/A86884 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid15680716">{{cite journal |author=Wu AH, Aaronson KD, Bolling SF, Pagani FD, Welch K, Koelling TM |title=Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty on mortality risk in patients with mitral regurgitation and left ventricular systolic dysfunction |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=381–7 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=15680716 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.073 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(04)02140-0 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid17888974">{{cite journal |author=Mann DL, Acker MA, Jessup M, Sabbah HN, Starling RC, Kubo SH |title=Clinical evaluation of the CorCap Cardiac Support Device in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=1226–35 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17888974 |doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.03.095 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003-4975(07)00892-2 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


|}
|}
Line 85: Line 129:


==External Links==
==External Links==
*[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.full.pdf 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines]<ref name="pmid35363499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW |title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=145 |issue=18 |pages=e895–e1032 |date=May 2022 |pmid=35363499 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063 |url=}} </ref>
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/06/03/CIR.0b013e31829e8807.full.pdf 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure]<ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 |volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref>
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/06/03/CIR.0b013e31829e8807.full.pdf 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure]<ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 |volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref>


Latest revision as of 13:54, 21 June 2022
Resident
Survival
Guide
File:Critical Pathways.gif

Congestive Heart Failure Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Systolic Dysfunction
Diastolic Dysfunction
HFpEF
HFrEF

Causes

Differentiating Congestive heart failure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Clinical Assessment

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Cardiac MRI

Echocardiography

Exercise Stress Test

Myocardial Viability Studies

Cardiac Catheterization

Other Imaging Studies

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring

Medical Therapy:

Summary
Acute Pharmacotherapy
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFpEF
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFrEF
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Aldosterone Antagonists
Beta Blockers
Ca Channel Blockers
Nitrates
Hydralazine
Positive Inotropics
Anticoagulants
Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Nutritional Supplements
Hormonal Therapies
Drugs to Avoid
Drug Interactions
Treatment of underlying causes
Associated conditions

Exercise Training

Surgical Therapy:

Biventricular Pacing or Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)
Implantation of Intracardiac Defibrillator
Ultrafiltration
Cardiac Surgery
Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs)
Cardiac Transplantation

ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient
Hospitalized Patient
Patients With a Prior MI
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention
Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF
Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A)
Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed heart failure symptoms (Stage B)
Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)
Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)
Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF
Quality Metrics/Performance Measures

Implementation of Practice Guidelines

Congestive heart failure end-of-life considerations

Specific Groups:

Special Populations
Patients who have concomitant disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF
NSTEMI with Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock

Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D) On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)

CDC on Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)

Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D) in the news

Blogs on Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)

Directions to Hospitals Treating Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)

Risk calculators and risk factors for Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2]Mahmoud Sakr, M.D. [3] Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D. [4]

2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline/ 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline/2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3]

Specialty Referral for Advanced HF (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class I
"1. In patients with advanced HF, when consistent with the patient's goals of care, timely referral for HF specialty care is recommended to review HF management and assess suitability for advanced HF therapies (eg, LVAD, cardiac transplantation, palliative care, and palliative inotropes). [5][6][7][8][9][10] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Nonpharmacological Management: Advanced HF (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Specialty Referral for Advanced HF (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class IIb
"1. For patients with advanced HF and hyponatremia, the benefit of fluid restriction to reduce congestive symptoms is uncertain. [11][12][13][14] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Inotropic Support (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class IIa
"1. In patients with advanced (staged D) HF refractory to GDMT and device therapy who are eligible for and awaiting MCS or cardiac transplantation, continuous intravenous inotropic support is reasonable as "bridge therapy". [15][16][17][18](Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
Class IIb
"2.' In select patients with stage D HF, despite optimal GDMT and device therapy who are ineligible for either MCS or cardiac transplantation, continuous intravenous inotropic support may be considered as palliative therapy for symptom control and improvement in functional status. [19][20][21] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
Class III (Harm)
"2.' In patients with HF, long-term use of either continuous or intermittent intravenous inotropic agents, for reasons other than palliative care or as a bridge to advanced therapies, is potentially harmful. [19][20][22][23][24][25] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "

Mechanical Circulatory Support (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class I
"1. In select patients with advanced HFrEF with NYHA class IV symptoms who are deemed to be dependent on continuous intravenous inotropes or temporary MCS, durable LVAD implantation is effective to improve functional status, QOL, and survival. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43](Level of Evidence: A) "
Class IIa
"2. In select patients with advanced HFrEF who have NYHA class IV symptoms despite GDMT, durable MCS can be beneficial to improve symptoms, improve functional class, and reduce mortality. [27][29][32][35][37][38][39][40][41][42][44] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
Value Statement: Uncertain Value
"3. In patients with advanced HFrEF who have NYHA class IV symptoms despite GDMT, durable MCS devices provide low to intermediate economic value based on current costs and outcomes. [45][46][47][48][49] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
Class IIa
"4. In patients with advanced HFrEF and hemodynamic compromise and shock, temporary MCS, including percutaneous and extracorporal ventricular assist devices, are reasonable as a "bridge to recovery" or "bridge to decision". [50][51][52][53][54] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "

Cardiac Transplantation (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class I
"1. For selected patients with advanced HF despite GDMT, cardiac transplantation is indicated to improve survival and QOL. [55][56][57] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "
Value Statement: Intermediate Value
"2. In [[patients] with stage D (advanced) HF despite GDMT, cardiac transplantation provides intermediate economic value. [46] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

External Links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM; et al. (2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e876–e894. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062. PMID 35363500 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE; et al. (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019. PMID 23747642.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID:19324967
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 112 (12):e154-235. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 PMID: 16160202
  5. ↑ Crespo-Leiro MG, Metra M, Lund LH, Milicic D, Costanzo MR, Filippatos G; et al. (2018). "Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur J Heart Fail. 20 (11): 1505–1535. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1236. PMID 29806100.
  6. ↑ Fang JC, Ewald GA, Allen LA, Butler J, Westlake Canary CA, Colvin-Adams M; et al. (2015). "Advanced (stage D) heart failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Guidelines Committee". J Card Fail. 21 (6): 519–34. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.04.013. PMID 25953697.
  7. ↑ Greenberg B, Fang J, Mehra M, Stevenson LW (2018). "Advanced heart failure: Trans-Atlantic perspectives on the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology position statement". Eur J Heart Fail. 20 (11): 1536–1539. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1313. PMID 30225959.
  8. ↑ Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG; et al. (2009). "2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation". Circulation. 119 (14): e391–479. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192065. PMID 19324966.
  9. ↑ Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM; et al. (2017). "2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America". Circulation. 136 (6): e137–e161. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000509. PMID 28455343.
  10. ↑ Thomas R, Huntley A, Mann M, Huws D, Paranjothy S, Elwyn G; et al. (2013). "Specialist clinics for reducing emergency admissions in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Heart. 99 (4): 233–9. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302313. PMID 23355639.
  11. ↑ Dunlap ME, Hauptman PJ, Amin AN, Chase SL, Chiodo JA, Chiong JR; et al. (2017). "Current Management of Hyponatremia in Acute Heart Failure: A Report From the Hyponatremia Registry for Patients With Euvolemic and Hypervolemic Hyponatremia (HN Registry)". J Am Heart Assoc. 6 (8). doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.005261. PMC 5586406. PMID 28775063.
  12. ↑ Philipson H, Ekman I, Forslund HB, Swedberg K, Schaufelberger M (2013). "Salt and fluid restriction is effective in patients with chronic heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail. 15 (11): 1304–10. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hft097. PMID 23787719.
  13. ↑ Albert NM, Nutter B, Forney J, Slifcak E, Tang WH (2013). "A randomized controlled pilot study of outcomes of strict allowance of fluid therapy in hyponatremic heart failure (SALT-HF)". J Card Fail. 19 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.11.007. PMID 23273588.
  14. ↑ De Vecchis R, Baldi C, Cioppa C, Giasi A, Fusco A (2016). "Effects of limiting fluid intake on clinical and laboratory outcomes in patients with heart failure. Results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Herz. 41 (1): 63–75. doi:10.1007/s00059-015-4345-9. PMID 26292805.
  15. ↑ Al-Kindi SG, Farhoud M, Zacharias M, Ginwalla MB, ElAmm CA, Benatti RD; et al. (2017). "Left Ventricular Assist Devices or Inotropes for Decreasing Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Listed for Heart Transplantation". J Card Fail. 23 (3): 209–215. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.06.421. PMID 27374840.
  16. ↑ Modi S, Behere DV, Mitra S (1989). "Interaction of thiocyanate with horseradish peroxidase. 1H and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance studies". J Biol Chem. 264 (33): 19677–84. PMID 2584188.
  17. ↑ Aranda JM, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, Cleeton TS, Walker TC, Monroe VS; et al. (2003). "Comparison of dobutamine versus milrinone therapy in hospitalized patients awaiting cardiac transplantation: a prospective, randomized trial". Am Heart J. 145 (2): 324–9. doi:10.1067/mhj.2003.50. PMID 12595851.
  18. ↑ Brozena SC, Twomey C, Goldberg LR, Desai SS, Drachman B, Kao A; et al. (2004). "A prospective study of continuous intravenous milrinone therapy for status IB patients awaiting heart transplant at home". J Heart Lung Transplant. 23 (9): 1082–6. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2003.08.017. PMID 15454175.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Gorodeski EZ, Chu EC, Reese JR, Shishehbor MH, Hsich E, Starling RC (2009). "Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure". Circ Heart Fail. 2 (4): 320–4. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.839076. PMID 19808355.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF, Adams KF, McNulty SE, Grossman SH; et al. (1999). "Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST)". Am Heart J. 138 (1 Pt 1): 78–86. doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70250-4. PMID 10385768.
  21. ↑ Hershberger RE, Nauman D, Walker TL, Dutton D, Burgess D (2003). "Care processes and clinical outcomes of continuous outpatient support with inotropes (COSI) in patients with refractory endstage heart failure". J Card Fail. 9 (3): 180–7. doi:10.1054/jcaf.2003.24. PMID 12815567.
  22. ↑ Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Berkowitz RL, LeJemtel TH; et al. (2005). "In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)". J Am Coll Cardiol. 46 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.051. PMID 15992636.
  23. ↑ Nizamic T, Murad MH, Allen LA, McIlvennan CK, Wordingham SE, Matlock DD; et al. (2018). "Ambulatory Inotrope Infusions in Advanced Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". JACC Heart Fail. 6 (9): 757–767. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2018.03.019. PMC 6119101. PMID 30007556.
  24. ↑ Oliva F, Latini R, Politi A, Staszewsky L, Maggioni AP, Nicolis E; et al. (1999). "Intermittent 6-month low-dose dobutamine infusion in severe heart failure: DICE multicenter trial". Am Heart J. 138 (2 Pt 1): 247–53. doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70108-0. PMID 10426835.
  25. ↑ Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF, Benza R, Bourge R, Colucci WS; et al. (2002). "Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 287 (12): 1541–7. doi:10.1001/jama.287.12.1541. PMID 11911756.
  26. ↑ Miller LW, Pagani FD, Russell SD, John R, Boyle AJ, Aaronson KD; et al. (2007). "Use of a continuous-flow device in patients awaiting heart transplantation". N Engl J Med. 357 (9): 885–96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa067758. PMID 17761592.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Mehra MR, Uriel N, Naka Y, Cleveland JC, Yuzefpolskaya M, Salerno CT; et al. (2019). "A Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist Device - Final Report". N Engl J Med. 380 (17): 1618–1627. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1900486. PMID 30883052.
  28. ↑ Jakovljevic DG, Yacoub MH, Schueler S, MacGowan GA, Velicki L, Seferovic PM; et al. (2017). "Left Ventricular Assist Device as a Bridge to Recovery for Patients With Advanced Heart Failure". J Am Coll Cardiol. 69 (15): 1924–1933. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.018. PMC 5388890. PMID 28408022.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Grady KL, Naftel D, Stevenson L, Dew MA, Weidner G, Pagani FD; et al. (2014). "Overall quality of life improves to similar levels after mechanical circulatory support regardless of severity of heart failure before implantation". J Heart Lung Transplant. 33 (4): 412–21. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.017. PMC 3966941. PMID 24360203.
  30. ↑ Lund LH, Trochu JN, Meyns B, Caliskan K, Shaw S, Schmitto JD; et al. (2018). "Screening for heart transplantation and left ventricular assist system: results from the ScrEEning for advanced Heart Failure treatment (SEE-HF) study". Eur J Heart Fail. 20 (1): 152–160. doi:10.1002/ejhf.975. PMID 28960673.
  31. ↑ Alba AC, Rao V, Ross HJ, Jensen AS, Sander K, Gustafsson F; et al. (2010). "Impact of fixed pulmonary hypertension on post-heart transplant outcomes in bridge-to-transplant patients". J Heart Lung Transplant. 29 (11): 1253–8. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2010.06.002. PMID 20620083.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Slaughter MS, Rogers JG, Milano CA, Russell SD, Conte JV, Feldman D; et al. (2009). "Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device". N Engl J Med. 361 (23): 2241–51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0909938. PMID 19920051.
  33. ↑ Milano CA, Rogers JG, Tatooles AJ, Bhat G, Slaughter MS, Birks EJ; et al. (2018). "HVAD: The ENDURANCE Supplemental Trial". JACC Heart Fail. 6 (9): 792–802. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.012. PMID 30007559.
  34. ↑ Petroni T, D'Alessandro C, Combes A, Golmard JL, Brechot N, Barreda E; et al. (2019). "Long-term outcome of heart transplantation performed after ventricular assist device compared with standard heart transplantation". Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 112 (8–9): 485–493. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2019.05.004. PMID 31353279.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Molina EJ, Shah P, Kiernan MS, Cornwell WK, Copeland H, Takeda K; et al. (2021). "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2020 Annual Report". Ann Thorac Surg. 111 (3): 778–792. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.12.038. PMID 33465365 Check |pmid= value (help).
  36. ↑ Selim AM, Wadhwani L, Burdorf A, Raichlin E, Lowes B, Zolty R (2019). "Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Pulmonary Hypertension Group 2 With Significantly Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Resistance: A Bridge to Cure". Heart Lung Circ. 28 (6): 946–952. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2018.04.299. PMID 29895486.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Heitjan DF, Stevenson LW, Dembitsky W; et al. (2001). "Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure". N Engl J Med. 345 (20): 1435–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012175. PMID 11794191. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):88
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Shah KB, Starling RC, Rogers JG, Horstmanshof DA, Long JW, Kasirajan V; et al. (2018). "Left ventricular assist devices versus medical management in ambulatory heart failure patients: An analysis of INTERMACS Profiles 4 and 5 to 7 from the ROADMAP study". J Heart Lung Transplant. 37 (6): 706–714. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2017.12.003. PMID 29275844.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Stewart GC, Kittleson MM, Patel PC, Cowger JA, Patel CB, Mountis MM; et al. (2016). "INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) Profiling Identifies Ambulatory Patients at High Risk on Medical Therapy After Hospitalizations for Heart Failure". Circ Heart Fail. 9 (11). doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003032. PMID 27834198.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Kiernan MS, Sundareswaran KS, Pham DT, Kapur NK, Pereira NL, Strueber M; et al. (2016). "Preoperative Determinants of Quality of Life and Functional Capacity Response to Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy". J Card Fail. 22 (10): 797–805. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.01.006. PMID 26777757.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Krabatsch T, Netuka I, Schmitto JD, Zimpfer D, Garbade J, Rao V; et al. (2017). "Heartmate 3 fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device for the treatment of advanced heart failure -1 year results from the Ce mark trial". J Cardiothorac Surg. 12 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s13019-017-0587-3. PMC 5379553. PMID 28376837.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Nassif ME, Spertus JA, Jones PG, Fendler TJ, Allen LA, Grady KL; et al. (2017). "Changes in disease-specific versus generic health status measures after left ventricular assist device implantation: Insights from INTERMACS". J Heart Lung Transplant. 36 (11): 1243–1249. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2017.05.023. PMC 5651195. PMID 28662987.
  43. ↑ Rogers JG, Butler J, Lansman SL, Gass A, Portner PM, Pasque MK; et al. (2007). "Chronic mechanical circulatory support for inotrope-dependent heart failure patients who are not transplant candidates: results of the INTrEPID Trial". J Am Coll Cardiol. 50 (8): 741–7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.063. PMID 17707178.
  44. ↑ Starling RC, Estep JD, Horstmanshof DA, Milano CA, Stehlik J, Shah KB; et al. (2017). "Risk Assessment and Comparative Effectiveness of Left Ventricular Assist Device and Medical Management in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients: The ROADMAP Study 2-Year Results". JACC Heart Fail. 5 (7): 518–527. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2017.02.016. PMID 28396040.
  45. ↑ Baras Shreibati J, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Banerjee D, Owens DK, Hlatky MA (2017). "Cost-Effectiveness of Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Ambulatory Patients With Advanced Heart Failure". JACC Heart Fail. 5 (2): 110–119. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2016.09.008. PMID 28017351.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Long EF, Swain GW, Mangi AA (2014). "Comparative survival and cost-effectiveness of advanced therapies for end-stage heart failure". Circ Heart Fail. 7 (3): 470–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000807. PMID 24563450.
  47. ↑ Mahr C, McGee E, Cheung A, Mokadam NA, Strueber M, Slaughter MS; et al. (2020). "Cost-Effectiveness of Thoracotomy Approach for the Implantation of a Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device". ASAIO J. 66 (8): 855–861. doi:10.1097/MAT.0000000000001209. PMC 7386860 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32740343 Check |pmid= value (help).
  48. ↑ Rogers JG, Bostic RR, Tong KB, Adamson R, Russo M, Slaughter MS (2012). "Cost-effectiveness analysis of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices as destination therapy". Circ Heart Fail. 5 (1): 10–6. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.962951. PMID 22052901.
  49. ↑ Silvestry SC, Mahr C, Slaughter MS, Levy WC, Cheng RK, May DM; et al. (2020). "Cost-Effectiveness of a Small Intrapericardial Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device". ASAIO J. 66 (8): 862–870. doi:10.1097/MAT.0000000000001211. PMC 7386874 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32740129 Check |pmid= value (help).
  50. ↑ Garbade J, Gustafsson F, Shaw S, Lavee J, Saeed D, Pya Y; et al. (2019). "Postmarket Experience With HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device: 30-Day Outcomes From the ELEVATE Registry". Ann Thorac Surg. 107 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.07.092. PMID 30291831.
  51. ↑ Trivedi JR, Cheng A, Singh R, Williams ML, Slaughter MS (2014). "Survival on the heart transplant waiting list: impact of continuous flow left ventricular assist device as bridge to transplant". Ann Thorac Surg. 98 (3): 830–4. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.05.019. PMID 25087934.
  52. ↑ Thiele H, Jobs A, Ouweneel DM, Henriques JPS, Seyfarth M, Desch S; et al. (2017). "Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials". Eur Heart J. 38 (47): 3523–3531. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx363. PMID 29020341.
  53. ↑ den Uil CA, Van Mieghem NM, B Bastos M, Jewbali LS, Lenzen MJ, Engstrom AE; et al. (2019). "Primary intra-aortic balloon support versus inotropes for decompensated heart failure and low output: a randomised trial". EuroIntervention. 15 (7): 586–593. doi:10.4244/EIJ-D-19-00254. PMID 31147306.
  54. ↑ Ouyang D, Gulati G, Ha R, Banerjee D (2018). "Incidence of temporary mechanical circulatory support before heart transplantation and impact on post-transplant outcomes". J Heart Lung Transplant. 37 (9): 1060–1066. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2018.04.008. PMID 29907499.
  55. ↑ Khush KK, Cherikh WS, Chambers DC, Harhay MO, Hayes D, Hsich E; et al. (2019). "The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-sixth adult heart transplantation report - 2019; focus theme: Donor and recipient size match". J Heart Lung Transplant. 38 (10): 1056–1066. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2019.08.004. PMC 6816343 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31548031.
  56. ↑ Colvin M, Smith JM, Hadley N, Skeans MA, Uccellini K, Goff R; et al. (2020). "OPTN/SRTR 2018 Annual Data Report: Heart". Am J Transplant. 20 Suppl s1: 340–426. doi:10.1111/ajt.15676. PMID 31898418.
  57. ↑ Teuteberg JJ, Cleveland JC, Cowger J, Higgins RS, Goldstein DJ, Keebler M; et al. (2020). "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2019 Annual Report: The Changing Landscape of Devices and Indications". Ann Thorac Surg. 109 (3): 649–660. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.12.005. PMID 32115073 Check |pmid= value (help).
  58. ↑ Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW (May 2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e895–e1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. PMID 35363499 Check |pmid= value (help).

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Congestive_heart_failure_treatment_of_patients_with_refractory_end-stage_heart_failure_(Stage_D)&oldid=1726398"