Congestive heart failure treatment of patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)

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ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient
Hospitalized Patient
Patients With a Prior MI
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention
Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF
Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A)
Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed heart failure symptoms (Stage B)
Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)
Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)
Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF
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Congestive heart failure end-of-life considerations

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF
NSTEMI with Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2]Mahmoud Sakr, M.D. [3] Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D. [4]

2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline/ 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline/2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3]

Specialty Referral for Advanced HF (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class I
"1. In patients with advanced HF, when consistent with the patient's goals of care, timely referral for HF specialty care is recommended to review HF management and assess suitability for advanced HF therapies (eg, LVAD, cardiac transplantation, palliative care, and palliative inotropes). [5][6][7][8][9][10] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Nonpharmacological Management: Advanced HF (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Specialty Referral for Advanced HF (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class IIb
"1. For patients with advanced HF and hyponatremia, the benefit of fluid restriction to reduce congestive symptoms is uncertain. [11][12][13][14] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Inotropic Support (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class IIa
"1. In patients with advanced (staged D) HF refractory to GDMT and device therapy who are eligible for and awaiting MCS or cardiac transplantation, continuous intravenous inotropic support is reasonable as "bridge therapy". [15][16][17][18](Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
Class IIb
"2.' In select patients with stage D HF, despite optimal GDMT and device therapy who are ineligible for either MCS or cardiac transplantation, continuous intravenous inotropic support may be considered as palliative therapy for symptom control and improvement in functional status. [19][20][21] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
Class III (Harm)
"2.' In patients with HF, long-term use of either continuous or intermittent intravenous inotropic agents, for reasons other than palliative care or as a bridge to advanced therapies, is potentially harmful. [19][20][22][23][24][25] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "

Mechanical Circulatory Support (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class I
"1. In select patients with advanced HFrEF with NYHA class IV symptoms who are deemed to be dependent on continuous intravenous inotropes or temporary MCS, durable LVAD implantation is effective to improve functional status, QOL, and survival. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43](Level of Evidence: A) "
Class IIa
"2. In select patients with advanced HFrEF who have NYHA class IV symptoms despite GDMT, durable MCS can be beneficial to improve symptoms, improve functional class, and reduce mortality. [27][29][32][35][37][38][39][40][41][42][44] (Level of Evidence: B-R) "
Value Statement: Uncertain Value
"3. In patients with advanced HFrEF who have NYHA class IV symptoms despite GDMT, durable MCS devices provide low to intermediate economic value based on current costs and outcomes. [45][46][47][48][49] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "
Class IIa
"4. In patients with advanced HFrEF and hemodynamic compromise and shock, temporary MCS, including percutaneous and extracorporal ventricular assist devices, are reasonable as a "bridge to recovery" or "bridge to decision". [50][51][52][53][54] (Level of Evidence: B-NR) "

Cardiac Transplantation (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2][3][4]

Class I
"1. For selected patients with advanced HF despite GDMT, cardiac transplantation is indicated to improve survival and QOL. [55][56][57] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "
Value Statement: Intermediate Value
"2. In [[patients] with stage D (advanced) HF despite GDMT, cardiac transplantation provides intermediate economic value. [46] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM; et al. (2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e876–e894. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062. PMID 35363500 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE; et al. (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019. PMID 23747642.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID:19324967
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 112 (12):e154-235. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 PMID: 16160202
  5. ↑ Crespo-Leiro MG, Metra M, Lund LH, Milicic D, Costanzo MR, Filippatos G; et al. (2018). "Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur J Heart Fail. 20 (11): 1505–1535. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1236. PMID 29806100.
  6. ↑ Fang JC, Ewald GA, Allen LA, Butler J, Westlake Canary CA, Colvin-Adams M; et al. (2015). "Advanced (stage D) heart failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Guidelines Committee". J Card Fail. 21 (6): 519–34. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.04.013. PMID 25953697.
  7. ↑ Greenberg B, Fang J, Mehra M, Stevenson LW (2018). "Advanced heart failure: Trans-Atlantic perspectives on the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology position statement". Eur J Heart Fail. 20 (11): 1536–1539. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1313. PMID 30225959.
  8. ↑ Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG; et al. (2009). "2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation". Circulation. 119 (14): e391–479. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192065. PMID 19324966.
  9. ↑ Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM; et al. (2017). "2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America". Circulation. 136 (6): e137–e161. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000509. PMID 28455343.
  10. ↑ Thomas R, Huntley A, Mann M, Huws D, Paranjothy S, Elwyn G; et al. (2013). "Specialist clinics for reducing emergency admissions in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Heart. 99 (4): 233–9. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302313. PMID 23355639.
  11. ↑ Dunlap ME, Hauptman PJ, Amin AN, Chase SL, Chiodo JA, Chiong JR; et al. (2017). "Current Management of Hyponatremia in Acute Heart Failure: A Report From the Hyponatremia Registry for Patients With Euvolemic and Hypervolemic Hyponatremia (HN Registry)". J Am Heart Assoc. 6 (8). doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.005261. PMC 5586406. PMID 28775063.
  12. ↑ Philipson H, Ekman I, Forslund HB, Swedberg K, Schaufelberger M (2013). "Salt and fluid restriction is effective in patients with chronic heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail. 15 (11): 1304–10. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hft097. PMID 23787719.
  13. ↑ Albert NM, Nutter B, Forney J, Slifcak E, Tang WH (2013). "A randomized controlled pilot study of outcomes of strict allowance of fluid therapy in hyponatremic heart failure (SALT-HF)". J Card Fail. 19 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.11.007. PMID 23273588.
  14. ↑ De Vecchis R, Baldi C, Cioppa C, Giasi A, Fusco A (2016). "Effects of limiting fluid intake on clinical and laboratory outcomes in patients with heart failure. Results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Herz. 41 (1): 63–75. doi:10.1007/s00059-015-4345-9. PMID 26292805.
  15. ↑ Al-Kindi SG, Farhoud M, Zacharias M, Ginwalla MB, ElAmm CA, Benatti RD; et al. (2017). "Left Ventricular Assist Devices or Inotropes for Decreasing Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Listed for Heart Transplantation". J Card Fail. 23 (3): 209–215. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.06.421. PMID 27374840.
  16. ↑ Modi S, Behere DV, Mitra S (1989). "Interaction of thiocyanate with horseradish peroxidase. 1H and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance studies". J Biol Chem. 264 (33): 19677–84. PMID 2584188.
  17. ↑ Aranda JM, Schofield RS, Pauly DF, Cleeton TS, Walker TC, Monroe VS; et al. (2003). "Comparison of dobutamine versus milrinone therapy in hospitalized patients awaiting cardiac transplantation: a prospective, randomized trial". Am Heart J. 145 (2): 324–9. doi:10.1067/mhj.2003.50. PMID 12595851.
  18. ↑ Brozena SC, Twomey C, Goldberg LR, Desai SS, Drachman B, Kao A; et al. (2004). "A prospective study of continuous intravenous milrinone therapy for status IB patients awaiting heart transplant at home". J Heart Lung Transplant. 23 (9): 1082–6. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2003.08.017. PMID 15454175.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Gorodeski EZ, Chu EC, Reese JR, Shishehbor MH, Hsich E, Starling RC (2009). "Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure". Circ Heart Fail. 2 (4): 320–4. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.839076. PMID 19808355.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF, Adams KF, McNulty SE, Grossman SH; et al. (1999). "Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST)". Am Heart J. 138 (1 Pt 1): 78–86. doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70250-4. PMID 10385768.
  21. ↑ Hershberger RE, Nauman D, Walker TL, Dutton D, Burgess D (2003). "Care processes and clinical outcomes of continuous outpatient support with inotropes (COSI) in patients with refractory endstage heart failure". J Card Fail. 9 (3): 180–7. doi:10.1054/jcaf.2003.24. PMID 12815567.
  22. ↑ Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Berkowitz RL, LeJemtel TH; et al. (2005). "In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)". J Am Coll Cardiol. 46 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.051. PMID 15992636.
  23. ↑ Nizamic T, Murad MH, Allen LA, McIlvennan CK, Wordingham SE, Matlock DD; et al. (2018). "Ambulatory Inotrope Infusions in Advanced Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". JACC Heart Fail. 6 (9): 757–767. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2018.03.019. PMC 6119101. PMID 30007556.
  24. ↑ Oliva F, Latini R, Politi A, Staszewsky L, Maggioni AP, Nicolis E; et al. (1999). "Intermittent 6-month low-dose dobutamine infusion in severe heart failure: DICE multicenter trial". Am Heart J. 138 (2 Pt 1): 247–53. doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(99)70108-0. PMID 10426835.
  25. ↑ Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF, Benza R, Bourge R, Colucci WS; et al. (2002). "Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 287 (12): 1541–7. doi:10.1001/jama.287.12.1541. PMID 11911756.
  26. ↑ Miller LW, Pagani FD, Russell SD, John R, Boyle AJ, Aaronson KD; et al. (2007). "Use of a continuous-flow device in patients awaiting heart transplantation". N Engl J Med. 357 (9): 885–96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa067758. PMID 17761592.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Mehra MR, Uriel N, Naka Y, Cleveland JC, Yuzefpolskaya M, Salerno CT; et al. (2019). "A Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist Device - Final Report". N Engl J Med. 380 (17): 1618–1627. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1900486. PMID 30883052.
  28. ↑ Jakovljevic DG, Yacoub MH, Schueler S, MacGowan GA, Velicki L, Seferovic PM; et al. (2017). "Left Ventricular Assist Device as a Bridge to Recovery for Patients With Advanced Heart Failure". J Am Coll Cardiol. 69 (15): 1924–1933. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.018. PMC 5388890. PMID 28408022.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Grady KL, Naftel D, Stevenson L, Dew MA, Weidner G, Pagani FD; et al. (2014). "Overall quality of life improves to similar levels after mechanical circulatory support regardless of severity of heart failure before implantation". J Heart Lung Transplant. 33 (4): 412–21. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.017. PMC 3966941. PMID 24360203.
  30. ↑ Lund LH, Trochu JN, Meyns B, Caliskan K, Shaw S, Schmitto JD; et al. (2018). "Screening for heart transplantation and left ventricular assist system: results from the ScrEEning for advanced Heart Failure treatment (SEE-HF) study". Eur J Heart Fail. 20 (1): 152–160. doi:10.1002/ejhf.975. PMID 28960673.
  31. ↑ Alba AC, Rao V, Ross HJ, Jensen AS, Sander K, Gustafsson F; et al. (2010). "Impact of fixed pulmonary hypertension on post-heart transplant outcomes in bridge-to-transplant patients". J Heart Lung Transplant. 29 (11): 1253–8. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2010.06.002. PMID 20620083.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Slaughter MS, Rogers JG, Milano CA, Russell SD, Conte JV, Feldman D; et al. (2009). "Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device". N Engl J Med. 361 (23): 2241–51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0909938. PMID 19920051.
  33. ↑ Milano CA, Rogers JG, Tatooles AJ, Bhat G, Slaughter MS, Birks EJ; et al. (2018). "HVAD: The ENDURANCE Supplemental Trial". JACC Heart Fail. 6 (9): 792–802. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2018.05.012. PMID 30007559.
  34. ↑ Petroni T, D'Alessandro C, Combes A, Golmard JL, Brechot N, Barreda E; et al. (2019). "Long-term outcome of heart transplantation performed after ventricular assist device compared with standard heart transplantation". Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 112 (8–9): 485–493. doi:10.1016/j.acvd.2019.05.004. PMID 31353279.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Molina EJ, Shah P, Kiernan MS, Cornwell WK, Copeland H, Takeda K; et al. (2021). "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2020 Annual Report". Ann Thorac Surg. 111 (3): 778–792. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.12.038. PMID 33465365 Check |pmid= value (help).
  36. ↑ Selim AM, Wadhwani L, Burdorf A, Raichlin E, Lowes B, Zolty R (2019). "Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Pulmonary Hypertension Group 2 With Significantly Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Resistance: A Bridge to Cure". Heart Lung Circ. 28 (6): 946–952. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2018.04.299. PMID 29895486.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Heitjan DF, Stevenson LW, Dembitsky W; et al. (2001). "Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure". N Engl J Med. 345 (20): 1435–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012175. PMID 11794191. Review in: ACP J Club. 2002 May-Jun;136(3):88
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Shah KB, Starling RC, Rogers JG, Horstmanshof DA, Long JW, Kasirajan V; et al. (2018). "Left ventricular assist devices versus medical management in ambulatory heart failure patients: An analysis of INTERMACS Profiles 4 and 5 to 7 from the ROADMAP study". J Heart Lung Transplant. 37 (6): 706–714. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2017.12.003. PMID 29275844.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Stewart GC, Kittleson MM, Patel PC, Cowger JA, Patel CB, Mountis MM; et al. (2016). "INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) Profiling Identifies Ambulatory Patients at High Risk on Medical Therapy After Hospitalizations for Heart Failure". Circ Heart Fail. 9 (11). doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003032. PMID 27834198.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Kiernan MS, Sundareswaran KS, Pham DT, Kapur NK, Pereira NL, Strueber M; et al. (2016). "Preoperative Determinants of Quality of Life and Functional Capacity Response to Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy". J Card Fail. 22 (10): 797–805. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.01.006. PMID 26777757.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Krabatsch T, Netuka I, Schmitto JD, Zimpfer D, Garbade J, Rao V; et al. (2017). "Heartmate 3 fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device for the treatment of advanced heart failure -1 year results from the Ce mark trial". J Cardiothorac Surg. 12 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s13019-017-0587-3. PMC 5379553. PMID 28376837.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Nassif ME, Spertus JA, Jones PG, Fendler TJ, Allen LA, Grady KL; et al. (2017). "Changes in disease-specific versus generic health status measures after left ventricular assist device implantation: Insights from INTERMACS". J Heart Lung Transplant. 36 (11): 1243–1249. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2017.05.023. PMC 5651195. PMID 28662987.
  43. ↑ Rogers JG, Butler J, Lansman SL, Gass A, Portner PM, Pasque MK; et al. (2007). "Chronic mechanical circulatory support for inotrope-dependent heart failure patients who are not transplant candidates: results of the INTrEPID Trial". J Am Coll Cardiol. 50 (8): 741–7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.063. PMID 17707178.
  44. ↑ Starling RC, Estep JD, Horstmanshof DA, Milano CA, Stehlik J, Shah KB; et al. (2017). "Risk Assessment and Comparative Effectiveness of Left Ventricular Assist Device and Medical Management in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients: The ROADMAP Study 2-Year Results". JACC Heart Fail. 5 (7): 518–527. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2017.02.016. PMID 28396040.
  45. ↑ Baras Shreibati J, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Banerjee D, Owens DK, Hlatky MA (2017). "Cost-Effectiveness of Left Ventricular Assist Devices in Ambulatory Patients With Advanced Heart Failure". JACC Heart Fail. 5 (2): 110–119. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2016.09.008. PMID 28017351.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Long EF, Swain GW, Mangi AA (2014). "Comparative survival and cost-effectiveness of advanced therapies for end-stage heart failure". Circ Heart Fail. 7 (3): 470–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000807. PMID 24563450.
  47. ↑ Mahr C, McGee E, Cheung A, Mokadam NA, Strueber M, Slaughter MS; et al. (2020). "Cost-Effectiveness of Thoracotomy Approach for the Implantation of a Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device". ASAIO J. 66 (8): 855–861. doi:10.1097/MAT.0000000000001209. PMC 7386860 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32740343 Check |pmid= value (help).
  48. ↑ Rogers JG, Bostic RR, Tong KB, Adamson R, Russo M, Slaughter MS (2012). "Cost-effectiveness analysis of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices as destination therapy". Circ Heart Fail. 5 (1): 10–6. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.962951. PMID 22052901.
  49. ↑ Silvestry SC, Mahr C, Slaughter MS, Levy WC, Cheng RK, May DM; et al. (2020). "Cost-Effectiveness of a Small Intrapericardial Centrifugal Left Ventricular Assist Device". ASAIO J. 66 (8): 862–870. doi:10.1097/MAT.0000000000001211. PMC 7386874 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32740129 Check |pmid= value (help).
  50. ↑ Garbade J, Gustafsson F, Shaw S, Lavee J, Saeed D, Pya Y; et al. (2019). "Postmarket Experience With HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device: 30-Day Outcomes From the ELEVATE Registry". Ann Thorac Surg. 107 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.07.092. PMID 30291831.
  51. ↑ Trivedi JR, Cheng A, Singh R, Williams ML, Slaughter MS (2014). "Survival on the heart transplant waiting list: impact of continuous flow left ventricular assist device as bridge to transplant". Ann Thorac Surg. 98 (3): 830–4. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.05.019. PMID 25087934.
  52. ↑ Thiele H, Jobs A, Ouweneel DM, Henriques JPS, Seyfarth M, Desch S; et al. (2017). "Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials". Eur Heart J. 38 (47): 3523–3531. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx363. PMID 29020341.
  53. ↑ den Uil CA, Van Mieghem NM, B Bastos M, Jewbali LS, Lenzen MJ, Engstrom AE; et al. (2019). "Primary intra-aortic balloon support versus inotropes for decompensated heart failure and low output: a randomised trial". EuroIntervention. 15 (7): 586–593. doi:10.4244/EIJ-D-19-00254. PMID 31147306.
  54. ↑ Ouyang D, Gulati G, Ha R, Banerjee D (2018). "Incidence of temporary mechanical circulatory support before heart transplantation and impact on post-transplant outcomes". J Heart Lung Transplant. 37 (9): 1060–1066. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2018.04.008. PMID 29907499.
  55. ↑ Khush KK, Cherikh WS, Chambers DC, Harhay MO, Hayes D, Hsich E; et al. (2019). "The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-sixth adult heart transplantation report - 2019; focus theme: Donor and recipient size match". J Heart Lung Transplant. 38 (10): 1056–1066. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2019.08.004. PMC 6816343 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31548031.
  56. ↑ Colvin M, Smith JM, Hadley N, Skeans MA, Uccellini K, Goff R; et al. (2020). "OPTN/SRTR 2018 Annual Data Report: Heart". Am J Transplant. 20 Suppl s1: 340–426. doi:10.1111/ajt.15676. PMID 31898418.
  57. ↑ Teuteberg JJ, Cleveland JC, Cowger J, Higgins RS, Goldstein DJ, Keebler M; et al. (2020). "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2019 Annual Report: The Changing Landscape of Devices and Indications". Ann Thorac Surg. 109 (3): 649–660. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.12.005. PMID 32115073 Check |pmid= value (help).
  58. ↑ Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW (May 2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e895–e1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. PMID 35363499 Check |pmid= value (help).

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