Congestive heart failure calcium channel blockers: Difference between revisions

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| [[Acute decompensated heart failure resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
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{{Congestive heart failure}}
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{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}} {{EdzelCo}}


{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}}
==Overview==
Although [[calcium channel blockers]] cause [[vasodilation]] and may reduce [[afterload]] in the setting of [[heart failure]], their overall benefit in [[heart failure]] is minimized by the fact that they have a [[negative inotropic]] effect and by the reflex activation of the [[sympathetic nervous system]].  These agents are therefore not recommended as [[vasodilators]] in [[patients]] with [[systolic dysfunction]], however they may be useful as [[antihypertensive agents]] in [[patients]] with [[diastolic dysfunction]].


==Overview==
== 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref> ==
Although calcium channel blockers cause [[vasodilation]] and may reduce [[afterload]] in the setting of heart failure, their overall benefit in heart failure is minimized by the fact that they have a [[negative inotropic]] effect and by the reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system.  These agents are therefore not recommended as vasodilators in patients with systolic dysfunction,however they may be useful as antihypertensive agents in patients with [[diastolic dysfunction]].
 
===[[Drugs]] of Unproven Value or That May Worsen [[HF]]===


==2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update on Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult - Recommendations for Calcium channel blockers in Patients Presenting With Heart Failure (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>==
===[[Calcium Channel Blockers]]===


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (No Benefit)
 
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Drugs known to adversely affect the clinical status of patients with current or prior symptoms of [[heart failure]] and reduced [[left ventricular ejection fraction]] ([[LVEF]]) should be avoided or withdrawn whenever possible (e.g., [[NSAID|nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], most [[Antiarrhythmic agent|antiarrhythmic drugs]], and most [[Calcium channel blocker|calcium channel blocking drugs]].<ref name="pmid9605782">{{cite journal |author=Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, Ottervanger JP, Stricker BH, Bakker A |title=NSAIDs associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure in elderly patients taking diuretics |journal=[[Archives of Internal Medicine]] |volume=158 |issue=10 |pages=1108–12 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9605782 |doi= |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9605782 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid2703968">{{cite journal |author=Herchuelz A, Derenne F, Deger F, Juvent M, Van Ganse E, Staroukine M, Verniory A, Boeynaems JM, Douchamps J |title=Interaction between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and loop diuretics: modulation by sodium balance |journal=[[The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics]] |volume=248 |issue=3 |pages=1175–81 |year=1989 |month=March |pmid=2703968 |doi= |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2703968 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid1529943">{{cite journal |author=Gottlieb SS, Robinson S, Krichten CM, Fisher ML |title=Renal response to indomethacin in congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy |journal=[[The American Journal of Cardiology]] |volume=70 |issue=9 |pages=890–3 |year=1992 |month=October |pmid=1529943 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-9149(92)90733-F |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid1655327">{{cite journal |author=Bank AJ, Kubo SH, Rector TS, Heifetz SM, Williams RE |title=Local forearm vasodilation with intra-arterial administration of enalaprilat in humans |journal=[[Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics]] |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=314–21 |year=1991 |month=September |pmid=1655327 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid2473403">{{cite journal |author= |title=Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=321 |issue=6 |pages=406–12 |year=1989 |month=August |pmid=2473403 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198908103210629 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198908103210629?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid1377359">{{cite journal |author= |title=Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=327 |issue=4 |pages=227–33 |year=1992 |month=July |pmid=1377359 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199207233270403 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199207233270403 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid2476016">{{cite journal |author=Pratt CM, Eaton T, Francis M, Woolbert S, Mahmarian J, Roberts R, Young JB |title=The inverse relationship between baseline left ventricular ejection fraction and outcome of antiarrhythmic therapy: a dangerous imbalance in the risk-benefit ratio |journal=[[American Heart Journal]] |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=433–40 |year=1989 |month=September |pmid=2476016 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-8703(89)90254-8 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In [[patients]] with [[HFrEF]], [[dihydropiridine calcium  channel-blocking  drugs]] are not recommended [[treatment]] for [[HF]].<ref name="pmid8813041">{{cite journal| author=Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK, Pressler ML, Carson PE, Belkin RN | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1996 | volume= 335 | issue= 15 | pages= 1107-14 | pmid=8813041 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199610103351504 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8813041  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24621933">{{cite journal| author=Packer M, Carson P, Elkayam U, Konstam MA, Moe G, O'Connor C | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of amlodipine on the survival of patients with severe chronic heart failure due to a nonischemic cardiomyopathy: results of the PRAISE-2 study (prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation 2). | journal=JACC Heart Fail | year= 2013 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 308-314 | pmid=24621933 | doi=10.1016/j.jchf.2013.04.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24621933  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


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{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
|-
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (No Benefit)
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (Harm)
 
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[CCB|Calcium channel blocking drugs]] are not indicated as routine treatment for [[heart failure]] in patients with current or prior symptoms of [[heart failure]] and reduced [[left ventricular ejection fraction]] ([[LVEF]]). <ref name="pmid2899840">{{cite journal |author= |title=The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=319 |issue=7 |pages=385–92 |year=1988 |month=August |pmid=2899840 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198808183190701 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198808183190701?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid15215801">{{cite journal |author=Reed SD, Friedman JY, Velazquez EJ, Gnanasakthy A, Califf RM, Schulman KA |title=Multinational economic evaluation of valsartan in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT) |journal=[[American Heart Journal]] |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=122–8 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15215801 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.040 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002870304001000 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid2220622">{{cite journal |author=Setaro JF, Zaret BL, Schulman DS, Black HR, Soufer R |title=Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance |journal=[[The American Journal of Cardiology]] |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=981–6 |year=1990 |month=October |pmid=2220622 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-9149(90)90937-V |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref><ref name="pmid8813041">{{cite journal |author=Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK, Pressler ML, Carson PE, Belkin RN, Miller AB, Neuberg GW, Frid D, Wertheimer JH, Cropp AB, DeMets DL |title=Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=335 |issue=15 |pages=1107–14 |year=1996 |month=October |pmid=8813041 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199610103351504 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199610103351504 |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' In [[patients]] with [[HFrEF]], [[non-dihydropiridine calcium channel-blocking drugs]] are not recommended. <ref name="pmid2220572">{{cite journal| author=| title=Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II--DAVIT II) | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1990 | volume= 66 | issue= 10 | pages= 779-85 | pmid=2220572 | doi=10.1016/0002-9149(90)90351-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2220572  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2899840">{{cite journal| author=Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group| title=The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1988 | volume= 319 | issue= 7 | pages= 385-92 | pmid=2899840 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198808183190701 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2899840  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1984898">{{cite journal| author=Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D, Nattel S| title=Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group. | journal=Circulation | year= 1991 | volume= 83 | issue= 1 | pages= 52-60 | pmid=1984898 | doi=10.1161/01.cir.83.1.52 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1984898  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8759075">{{cite journal| author=Figulla HR, Gietzen F, Zeymer U, Raiber M, Hegselmann J, Soballa R | display-authors=etal| title=Diltiazem improves cardiac function and exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Results of the Diltiazem in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Trial. | journal=Circulation | year= 1996 | volume= 94 | issue= 3 | pages= 346-52 | pmid=8759075 | doi=10.1161/01.cir.94.3.346 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8759075  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
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*[[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure | The CHF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]
*[[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure | The CHF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]


==Guidelines Resources==
==External Links==
*[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.full.pdf 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines]<ref name="pmid35363499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW |title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=145 |issue=18 |pages=e895–e1032 |date=May 2022 |pmid=35363499 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063 |url=}} </ref>
 
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/12/e154.full.pdf The ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult] <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref>
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/12/e154.full.pdf The ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult] <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref>


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==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 21:12, 22 June 2022
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[3]

Overview

Although calcium channel blockers cause vasodilation and may reduce afterload in the setting of heart failure, their overall benefit in heart failure is minimized by the fact that they have a negative inotropic effect and by the reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These agents are therefore not recommended as vasodilators in patients with systolic dysfunction, however they may be useful as antihypertensive agents in patients with diastolic dysfunction.

2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) [1]

Drugs of Unproven Value or That May Worsen HF

Calcium Channel Blockers

Class III (No Benefit)
"1. In patients with HFrEF, dihydropiridine calcium channel-blocking drugs are not recommended treatment for HF.[2][3] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Class III (Harm)
"3. In patients with HFrEF, non-dihydropiridine calcium channel-blocking drugs are not recommended. [4][5][6][7] (Level of Evidence: A) "

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM; et al. (2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e876–e894. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062. PMID 35363500 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK, Pressler ML, Carson PE, Belkin RN; et al. (1996). "Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group". N Engl J Med. 335 (15): 1107–14. doi:10.1056/NEJM199610103351504. PMID 8813041.
  3. ↑ Packer M, Carson P, Elkayam U, Konstam MA, Moe G, O'Connor C; et al. (2013). "Effect of amlodipine on the survival of patients with severe chronic heart failure due to a nonischemic cardiomyopathy: results of the PRAISE-2 study (prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation 2)". JACC Heart Fail. 1 (4): 308–314. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2013.04.004. PMID 24621933.
  4. ↑ "Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II--DAVIT II)". Am J Cardiol. 66 (10): 779–85. 1990. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)90351-z. PMID 2220572.
  5. ↑ Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group (1988). "The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med. 319 (7): 385–92. doi:10.1056/NEJM198808183190701. PMID 2899840.
  6. ↑ Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D, Nattel S (1991). "Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group". Circulation. 83 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1161/01.cir.83.1.52. PMID 1984898.
  7. ↑ Figulla HR, Gietzen F, Zeymer U, Raiber M, Hegselmann J, Soballa R; et al. (1996). "Diltiazem improves cardiac function and exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Results of the Diltiazem in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Trial". Circulation. 94 (3): 346–52. doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.3.346. PMID 8759075.
  8. ↑ Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW (May 2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e895–e1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. PMID 35363499 Check |pmid= value (help).
  9. ↑ Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202
  10. ↑ Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID: 19324967

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