Congestive heart failure AHA recommendations Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF: Difference between revisions

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(/* Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF (DO NOT EDIT) {{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Repor...)
 
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| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link= Congestive heart failure resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
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| [[Congestive heart failure resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
| [[Acute decompensated heart failure resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
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{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{Congestive heart failure}}
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MS}} {{EdzelCo}}


== 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline/2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID:[http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>==
== 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline/2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID:[http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>==


===Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064]PMID:[http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>===
===[[Surgical]]/[[Percutaneous]]/[[Transcatheter]] [[Interventional]] [[Treatments]] of [[HF]] (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal| author=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE et al.| title=2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=23747642 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747642  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064]PMID:[http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>===


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|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Coronary artery revascularization via [[CABG]] or [[percutaneous intervention]] is indicated for patients ([[diastolic dysfunction|HFpEF]] and [[systolic dysfunction|HFrEF]]) on [[Congestive heart failure chronic pharmacotherapy|GDMT]] with angina and suitable coronary anatomy, especially for a left main stenosis (>50%) or left main equivalent disease.<ref name="pmid22070836">{{cite journal| author=Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 24 | pages= e123-210 | pmid=22070836 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.009 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22070836  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22070834">{{cite journal| author=Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 24 | pages= e44-122 | pmid=22070834 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.007 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22070834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23182125">{{cite journal| author=Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP et al.| title=2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2012 | volume= 60 | issue= 24 | pages= e44-e164 | pmid=23182125 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23182125  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7729018">{{cite journal| author=Caracciolo EA, Davis KB, Sopko G, Kaiser GC, Corley SD, Schaff H et al.| title=Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience. | journal=Circulation | year= 1995 | volume= 91 | issue= 9 | pages= 2325-34 | pmid=7729018 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7729018  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Coronary artery revascularization]] via [[CABG]] or [[percutaneous intervention]] is indicated for [[patients]] ([[diastolic dysfunction|HFpEF]] and [[systolic dysfunction|HFrEF]]) on [[Congestive heart failure chronic pharmacotherapy|GDMT]] with [[angina]] and suitable [[coronary]] [[anatomy]], especially for a left main [[stenosis]] (>50%) or left main equivalent [[disease]].<ref name="pmid22070836">{{cite journal| author=Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 24 | pages= e123-210 | pmid=22070836 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.009 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22070836  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22070834">{{cite journal| author=Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 24 | pages= e44-122 | pmid=22070834 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.007 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22070834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23182125">{{cite journal| author=Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP et al.| title=2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2012 | volume= 60 | issue= 24 | pages= e44-e164 | pmid=23182125 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23182125  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7729018">{{cite journal| author=Caracciolo EA, Davis KB, Sopko G, Kaiser GC, Corley SD, Schaff H et al.| title=Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience. | journal=Circulation | year= 1995 | volume= 91 | issue= 9 | pages= 2325-34 | pmid=7729018 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7729018  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[CABG]] to improve survival is reasonable in patients with mild to moderate LV systolic dysfunction (EF 35% to 50%) and significant (≥70% diameter stenosis) multivessel [[CAD]] or proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis when viable myocardium is present in the region of intended revascularization.<ref name="pmid7729018">{{cite journal| author=Caracciolo EA, Davis KB, Sopko G, Kaiser GC, Corley SD, Schaff H et al.| title=Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience. | journal=Circulation | year= 1995 | volume= 91 | issue= 9 | pages= 2325-34 | pmid=7729018 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7729018  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6333636">{{cite journal| author=| title=Eleven-year survival in the Veterans Administration randomized trial of coronary bypass surgery for stable angina. The Veterans Administration Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Cooperative Study Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 311 | issue= 21 | pages= 1333-9 | pmid=6333636 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198411223112102 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6333636  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[CABG]] to improve [[survival]] is reasonable in [[patients]] with mild to moderate [[LV]] [[systolic dysfunction]] ([[EF]] 35% to 50%) and significant (≥70% diameter [[stenosis]]) [[multivessel]] [[CAD]] or proximal [[left anterior descending coronary artery]] [[stenosis]] when viable [[myocardium]] is present in the region of intended [[revascularization]].<ref name="pmid7729018">{{cite journal| author=Caracciolo EA, Davis KB, Sopko G, Kaiser GC, Corley SD, Schaff H et al.| title=Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience. | journal=Circulation | year= 1995 | volume= 91 | issue= 9 | pages= 2325-34 | pmid=7729018 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7729018  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6333636">{{cite journal| author=| title=Eleven-year survival in the Veterans Administration randomized trial of coronary bypass surgery for stable angina. The Veterans Administration Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Cooperative Study Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 311 | issue= 21 | pages= 1333-9 | pmid=6333636 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198411223112102 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6333636  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[CABG]] or medical therapy is reasonable to improve morbidity and cardiovascular mortality for patients with severe LV dysfunction (EF <35%), [[HF]], and significant [[CAD]].<ref name="pmid21463150">{{cite journal| author=Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A et al.| title=Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 364 | issue= 17 | pages= 1607-16 | pmid=21463150 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1100356 | pmc=PMC3415273 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21463150  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22736663 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2012 Dec;17(6):178-9]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21844542 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Aug 16;155(4):JC2-9] </ref><ref name="pmid21156659">{{cite journal| author=Cleland JG, Calvert M, Freemantle N, Arrow Y, Ball SG, Bonser RS et al.| title=The Heart Failure Revascularisation Trial (HEART). | journal=Eur J Heart Fail | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 227-33 | pmid=21156659 | doi=10.1093/eurjhf/hfq230 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21156659  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[CABG]] or [[medical therapy]] is reasonable to improve [[morbidity]] and [[cardiovascular]] [[mortality]] for [[patients]] with severe [[LV]] dysfunction (EF <35%), [[HF]], and significant [[CAD]].<ref name="pmid21463150">{{cite journal| author=Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A et al.| title=Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 364 | issue= 17 | pages= 1607-16 | pmid=21463150 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1100356 | pmc=PMC3415273 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21463150  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22736663 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2012 Dec;17(6):178-9]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21844542 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Aug 16;155(4):JC2-9] </ref><ref name="pmid21156659">{{cite journal| author=Cleland JG, Calvert M, Freemantle N, Arrow Y, Ball SG, Bonser RS et al.| title=The Heart Failure Revascularisation Trial (HEART). | journal=Eur J Heart Fail | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 227-33 | pmid=21156659 | doi=10.1093/eurjhf/hfq230 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21156659  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Surgical aortic valve replacement is reasonable for patients with critical [[aortic stenosis]] and a predicted surgical mortality of no greater than 10%.<ref name="pmid21639811">{{cite journal| author=Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG et al.| title=Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 364 | issue= 23 | pages= 2187-98 | pmid=21639811 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1103510 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21639811  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' [[Surgical]] [[aortic valve replacement]] is reasonable for [[patients]] with critical [[aortic stenosis]] and a predicted [[surgical]] [[mortality]] of no greater than 10%.<ref name="pmid21639811">{{cite journal| author=Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG et al.| title=Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 364 | issue= 23 | pages= 2187-98 | pmid=21639811 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1103510 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21639811  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' Transcatheter aortic valve replacement after careful candidate consideration is reasonable for patients with critical [[aortic stenosis]] who are deemed inoperable.<ref name="pmid20961243">{{cite journal| author=Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG et al.| title=Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 17 | pages= 1597-607 | pmid=20961243 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1008232 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20961243  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21228050 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2011 Jun;16(3):74-5] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' [[Transcatheter aortic valve replacement]] after careful candidate consideration is reasonable for [[patients]] with critical [[aortic stenosis]] who are deemed inoperable.<ref name="pmid20961243">{{cite journal| author=Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG et al.| title=Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2010 | volume= 363 | issue= 17 | pages= 1597-607 | pmid=20961243 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1008232 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20961243  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21228050 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2011 Jun;16(3):74-5] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' Surgical reverse remodeling or LV aneurysmectomymay be considered in carefully selected patients with [[systolic dysfunction|HFrEF]] for specific indications, including intractable [[HF]] and ventricular arrhythmias.<ref name="pmid19329820">{{cite journal| author=Jones RH, Velazquez EJ, Michler RE, Sopko G, Oh JK, O'Connor CM et al.| title=Coronary bypass surgery with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 360 | issue= 17 | pages= 1705-17 | pmid=19329820 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0900559 | pmc=PMC3265934 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19329820  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' [[Surgical]] reverse remodeling or [[LV]] aneurysmectomy may be considered in carefully selected [[patients]] with [[systolic dysfunction|HFrEF]] for specific [[indications]], including intractable [[HF]] and [[ventricular]] [[arrhythmias]]. <ref name="pmid19329820">{{cite journal| author=Jones RH, Velazquez EJ, Michler RE, Sopko G, Oh JK, O'Connor CM et al.| title=Coronary bypass surgery with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2009 | volume= 360 | issue= 17 | pages= 1705-17 | pmid=19329820 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0900559 | pmc=PMC3265934 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19329820  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[CABG]]  may be considered with the intent of improving survival in patients with ischemic heart disease with severe LV systolic dysfunction (EF <35%) and operable coronary anatomy whether or not viable myocardium is present.<ref name="pmid6352078">{{cite journal| author=Alderman EL, Fisher LD, Litwin P, Kaiser GC, Myers WO, Maynard C et al.| title=Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS). | journal=Circulation | year= 1983 | volume= 68 | issue= 4 | pages= 785-95 | pmid=6352078 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6352078  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21463150">{{cite journal| author=Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A et al.| title=Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 364 | issue= 17 | pages= 1607-16 | pmid=21463150 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1100356 | pmc=PMC3415273 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21463150  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22736663 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2012 Dec;17(6):178-9]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21844542 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Aug 16;155(4):JC2-9] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[CABG]]  may be considered with the intent of improving [[survival]] in [[patients]] with [[ischemic heart disease]] with severe [[LV systolic dysfunction]] ([[EF]] <35%) and operable [[coronary]] [[anatomy]] whether or not viable [[myocardium]] is present.<ref name="pmid6352078">{{cite journal| author=Alderman EL, Fisher LD, Litwin P, Kaiser GC, Myers WO, Maynard C et al.| title=Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS). | journal=Circulation | year= 1983 | volume= 68 | issue= 4 | pages= 785-95 | pmid=6352078 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6352078  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21463150">{{cite journal| author=Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A et al.| title=Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 364 | issue= 17 | pages= 1607-16 | pmid=21463150 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1100356 | pmc=PMC3415273 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21463150  }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22736663 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2012 Dec;17(6):178-9]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21844542 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Aug 16;155(4):JC2-9] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>


|-
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Transcatheter mitral valve repair or mitral valve surgery for functional mitral insufficiency is of uncertain benefit and should only be considered after careful candidate selection and with a background of [[Congestive heart failure chronic pharmacotherapy|GDMT]].<ref name="pmid21463154">{{cite journal| author=Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD, Glower DG, Kar S, Rinaldi MJ et al.| title=Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 364 | issue= 15 | pages= 1395-406 | pmid=21463154 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1009355 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21463154  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21471146">{{cite journal| author=Franzen O, van der Heyden J, Baldus S, Schlüter M, Schillinger W, Butter C et al.| title=MitraClip® therapy in patients with end-stage systolic heart failure. | journal=Eur J Heart Fail | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 569-76 | pmid=21471146 | doi=10.1093/eurjhf/hfr029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21471146  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[Transcatheter mitral valve repair]] or [[mitral valve surgery]] for functional [[mitral insufficiency]] is of uncertain benefit and should only be considered after careful candidate selection and with a background of [[Congestive heart failure chronic pharmacotherapy|GDMT]].<ref name="pmid21463154">{{cite journal| author=Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD, Glower DG, Kar S, Rinaldi MJ et al.| title=Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 364 | issue= 15 | pages= 1395-406 | pmid=21463154 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1009355 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21463154  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21471146">{{cite journal| author=Franzen O, van der Heyden J, Baldus S, Schlüter M, Schillinger W, Butter C et al.| title=MitraClip® therapy in patients with end-stage systolic heart failure. | journal=Eur J Heart Fail | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 569-76 | pmid=21471146 | doi=10.1093/eurjhf/hfr029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21471146  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
*[[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure | The CHF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]
*The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of [[Chronic Heart Failure]] | The [[CHF]] Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines


==External Links==
==External Links==
Line 66: Line 66:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}


[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
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[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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Latest revision as of 10:56, 21 June 2022



Resident
Survival
Guide
File:Critical Pathways.gif

Congestive Heart Failure Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Systolic Dysfunction
Diastolic Dysfunction
HFpEF
HFrEF

Causes

Differentiating Congestive heart failure from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Clinical Assessment

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

Cardiac MRI

Echocardiography

Exercise Stress Test

Myocardial Viability Studies

Cardiac Catheterization

Other Imaging Studies

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring

Medical Therapy:

Summary
Acute Pharmacotherapy
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFpEF
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFrEF
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Aldosterone Antagonists
Beta Blockers
Ca Channel Blockers
Nitrates
Hydralazine
Positive Inotropics
Anticoagulants
Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Nutritional Supplements
Hormonal Therapies
Drugs to Avoid
Drug Interactions
Treatment of underlying causes
Associated conditions

Exercise Training

Surgical Therapy:

Biventricular Pacing or Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)
Implantation of Intracardiac Defibrillator
Ultrafiltration
Cardiac Surgery
Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs)
Cardiac Transplantation

ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient
Hospitalized Patient
Patients With a Prior MI
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention
Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF
Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A)
Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed heart failure symptoms (Stage B)
Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C)
Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)
Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF
Quality Metrics/Performance Measures

Implementation of Practice Guidelines

Congestive heart failure end-of-life considerations

Specific Groups:

Special Populations
Patients who have concomitant disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF
NSTEMI with Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock

Congestive heart failure AHA recommendations Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Congestive heart failure AHA recommendations Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF

CDC on Congestive heart failure AHA recommendations Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF

Congestive heart failure AHA recommendations Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF in the news

Blogs on Congestive heart failure AHA recommendations Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF

Directions to Hospitals Treating Congestive heart failure AHA recommendations Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF

Risk calculators and risk factors for Congestive heart failure AHA recommendations Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahmoud Sakr, M.D. [3] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[4]

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline/2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2]

Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcatheter Interventional Treatments of HF (DO NOT EDIT) [1][2]

Class I
"1. Coronary artery revascularization via CABG or percutaneous intervention is indicated for patients (HFpEF and HFrEF) on GDMT with angina and suitable coronary anatomy, especially for a left main stenosis (>50%) or left main equivalent disease.[3][4][5][6] (Level of Evidence: C) "
Class IIa
"1. CABG to improve survival is reasonable in patients with mild to moderate LV systolic dysfunction (EF 35% to 50%) and significant (≥70% diameter stenosis) multivessel CAD or proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis when viable myocardium is present in the region of intended revascularization.[6][7] (Level of Evidence: B) "
"2. CABG or medical therapy is reasonable to improve morbidity and cardiovascular mortality for patients with severe LV dysfunction (EF <35%), HF, and significant CAD.[8][9] (Level of Evidence: C) "
"3. Surgical aortic valve replacement is reasonable for patients with critical aortic stenosis and a predicted surgical mortality of no greater than 10%.[10] (Level of Evidence: B) "
"4. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement after careful candidate consideration is reasonable for patients with critical aortic stenosis who are deemed inoperable.[11] (Level of Evidence: B) "
"5. Surgical reverse remodeling or LV aneurysmectomy may be considered in carefully selected patients with HFrEF for specific indications, including intractable HF and ventricular arrhythmias. [12] (Level of Evidence: B) "
Class IIb
"1. CABG may be considered with the intent of improving survival in patients with ischemic heart disease with severe LV systolic dysfunction (EF <35%) and operable coronary anatomy whether or not viable myocardium is present.[13][8] (Level of Evidence: B) "
"2. Transcatheter mitral valve repair or mitral valve surgery for functional mitral insufficiency is of uncertain benefit and should only be considered after careful candidate selection and with a background of GDMT.[14][15] (Level of Evidence: B) "

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

  • The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure | The CHF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines

External Links

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Masoudi FA, Butler J, McBride PE; et al. (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019. PMID 23747642.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID:19324967
  3. Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol. 58 (24): e123–210. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.009. PMID 22070836.
  4. Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions". J Am Coll Cardiol. 58 (24): e44–122. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.007. PMID 22070834.
  5. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP; et al. (2012). "2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol. 60 (24): e44–e164. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.013. PMID 23182125.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Caracciolo EA, Davis KB, Sopko G, Kaiser GC, Corley SD, Schaff H; et al. (1995). "Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience". Circulation. 91 (9): 2325–34. PMID 7729018.
  7. "Eleven-year survival in the Veterans Administration randomized trial of coronary bypass surgery for stable angina. The Veterans Administration Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Cooperative Study Group". N Engl J Med. 311 (21): 1333–9. 1984. doi:10.1056/NEJM198411223112102. PMID 6333636.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A; et al. (2011). "Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction". N Engl J Med. 364 (17): 1607–16. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1100356. PMC 3415273. PMID 21463150. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2012 Dec;17(6):178-9 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Aug 16;155(4):JC2-9
  9. Cleland JG, Calvert M, Freemantle N, Arrow Y, Ball SG, Bonser RS; et al. (2011). "The Heart Failure Revascularisation Trial (HEART)". Eur J Heart Fail. 13 (2): 227–33. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfq230. PMID 21156659.
  10. Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG; et al. (2011). "Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients". N Engl J Med. 364 (23): 2187–98. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1103510. PMID 21639811.
  11. Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG; et al. (2010). "Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery". N Engl J Med. 363 (17): 1597–607. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1008232. PMID 20961243. Review in: Evid Based Med. 2011 Jun;16(3):74-5
  12. Jones RH, Velazquez EJ, Michler RE, Sopko G, Oh JK, O'Connor CM; et al. (2009). "Coronary bypass surgery with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction". N Engl J Med. 360 (17): 1705–17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0900559. PMC 3265934. PMID 19329820.
  13. Alderman EL, Fisher LD, Litwin P, Kaiser GC, Myers WO, Maynard C; et al. (1983). "Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS)". Circulation. 68 (4): 785–95. PMID 6352078.
  14. Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD, Glower DG, Kar S, Rinaldi MJ; et al. (2011). "Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation". N Engl J Med. 364 (15): 1395–406. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1009355. PMID 21463154.
  15. Franzen O, van der Heyden J, Baldus S, Schlüter M, Schillinger W, Butter C; et al. (2011). "MitraClip® therapy in patients with end-stage systolic heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail. 13 (5): 569–76. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfr029. PMID 21471146.
  16. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 112 (12):e154-235.[1]PMID:16160202

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