Celiac disease risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
Positive family history and presence of autoimmune diseases are the most potent risk factors for celiac disease.
Risk Factors
The most potent risk factors for development of celiac disease is positive family history. It can increase the prevalence of celiac disease up to 20% especially in first degree relatives. Other important risk factor is presence of autoimmune diseases which include:
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of celiac disease include family history, HLA genes, other autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain drugs.
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of celiac disease may be environmental, genetic, infections and certain drugs.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of Celiac disease include:
- Family history
- HLA DQ2 and DQ8 genes
- Other autoimmune diseases
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Inflammatory luminal gastrointestinal disorders
- Down syndrome
- Turner syndrome
- IgA deficiency
- IgA nephropathy
- Interferon-alpha
- Rotavirus
- Rod shaped bacteria
Less Common Risk Factors
- Less common risk factors in the development of celiac disease include:[9]
- Infant feeding practices
- Introduction of large amounts of gluten diet
- Exclusive gluten diet
- No breastfeeding
- Infant feeding practices
References
- ↑ Forsberg G, Fahlgren A, Hörstedt P, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML (2004). "Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood celiac disease". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (5): 894–904. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04157.x. PMID 15128357.
- ↑ "Gliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect".
- ↑ Nisticò L, Fagnani C, Coto I, Percopo S, Cotichini R, Limongelli MG, Paparo F, D'Alfonso S, Giordano M, Sferlazzas C, Magazzù G, Momigliano-Richiardi P, Greco L, Stazi MA (2006). "Concordance, disease progression, and heritability of coeliac disease in Italian twins". Gut. 55 (6): 803–8. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.083964. PMC 1856233. PMID 16354797.
- ↑ Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, Gjerde H, Vartdal F, Thorsby E (1989). "Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer". J. Exp. Med. 169 (1): 345–50. PMC 2189170. PMID 2909659.
- ↑ Cammarota G, Cuoco L, Cianci R, Pandolfi F, Gasbarrini G (2000). "Onset of coeliac disease during treatment with interferon for chronic hepatitis C". Lancet. 356 (9240): 1494–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02880-4. PMID 11081540.
- ↑ Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, Haas JE, Sokol RJ, Emery L, Taki I, Norris JM, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M (2006). "Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 (10): 2333–40. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x. PMID 17032199.
- ↑ Zanoni G, Navone R, Lunardi C, Tridente G, Bason C, Sivori S, Beri R, Dolcino M, Valletta E, Corrocher R, Puccetti A (2006). "In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes". PLoS Med. 3 (9): e358. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030358. PMC 1569884. PMID 16984219.
- ↑ Molberg Ø, Solheim Flaete N, Jensen T, Lundin KE, Arentz-Hansen H, Anderson OD, Kjersti Uhlen A, Sollid LM (2003). "Intestinal T-cell responses to high-molecular-weight glutenins in celiac disease". Gastroenterology. 125 (2): 337–44. PMID 12891534.
- ↑ Ivarsson A, Hernell O, Stenlund H, Persson LA (2002). "Breast-feeding protects against celiac disease". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75 (5): 914–21. PMID 11976167.