Breast lumps differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]

Overview

Breast lumps must be differentiated from other diseases such as malignancy, cysts, inflammation and non-inflammatory solid lumps. Breast symptoms such as nipple discharge and mastalgia require assessment as well.

Differentiating Breast lumps from other Diseases

Differential diagnosis of breast lumps include:

Diseases	Etiology	Benign	Malignant	Clinical manifestation									Paraclinical findings			Gold standard diagnosis	Associated findings
				Demography	History	Symptoms			Signs				Lab findings	Histopathology	Imaging
				Demography	History	Mass	Mastalgia	Nipple discharge	Breast exam	Skin changes	LAP	Others	Lab findings	Histopathology	Imaging
Fibroadenoma^[1]	Unknown	+	Very slight increased risk of breast cancer in complex fibroadenoma	Most common benign tumor, women aged 20-30 years	Increased in size during pregnancy or with estrogen therapy, and regress after menopause	+	±	–	Solitary Well-defined Mobile mass	–	–	NA	Nl	Proliferative breast lesion without atypia	Well-defined Solid mass	Mammography Ultrasound Biopsy	NA
Breast cyst^[2]	Hormonal fluctuation	+	No increased risk of malignancy for simple cyst <1% for complicated cyst <1% to 23% for complex cyst	Common masses found in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women Mostly seen among HRT users	May resolve after aspiration Further evaluation for not completely resolved masses	+	±	–	Solitary Cluster of small masses or an ill-defined mass Smooth, firm, and frequently tender	–	–	NA	Nl	Nonproliferative breast lesions	simple cyst: Well circumscribed, posterior acoustic enhancement without internal echoes Complicated cyst: Homogenous low-level internal echoes due to without solid components Complex cyst: Thick walls greater than 0.5 mm with solid component	Ultrasound Fine needle aspiration (FNA)	NA
Fibrocystic change^[3]	Unknown Imbalance between estrogen and progesterone	+	No increased risk of malignancy Slightly increased risk of malignancy in presence of positive familial history of breast cancer	Unknown prevalence among adolescents >50% in women of reproductive age	Become present before menses and improve during mensturation	+	+	±	Painful breast tissue Tender, nodular swelling	–	–	NA	Nl	Nonproliferative breast lesions	Small cysts in mammary zone Fibroglandular tissue around the mass	Ultrasound Mammography (it is not recommended for adolescents)	NA
Galactocele^[4]	Milk duct obstruction	+	No increased risk of malignancy	Milk retention cysts with fluid collection among pregnant women and during breast-feeding	After ending lactation, the cysts resolve	+	±	±	Soft masses Cystic masses	–	–	NA	Nl	Retention cyst resulting from lactiferous duct occlusion	Mammography: Intermediate mass in absence of classic fat-fluid level Ultrasound: Complex mass	Ultrasound Mammography	NA
Cysts of montgomery^[5]	Obstruction of periareolar glands of montgomery	+	No increased risk of malignancy	Most common in age of 10-20 years old	More than 80% resolve spontaneously Drainage is essential in rare cases	+	±	±	Asymptomatic subareolar mass Drainage of clear to brownish fluid	±	–	NA	Nl	Acute inflammation due to obstruction of the Montgomery's gland	Single cystic lesion in retroareolar area	Ultrasound	NA
Hamartoma^[6]	Unknown	+	Coexisting malignancy can occur	Common in women older than 35 years old	Asymptomatic ones found incidentally or painless breast lump Usually excised	±	–	–	Soft breast lump Breast enlargement without palpable mass	±	–	NA	Nl	Benign proliferation of fibrous, glandular, and fatty tissue Thin capsule of connective tissue	Well-described Discrete, solid, and encapsulated lesion	Ultrasound Mammography	NA
Breast abscess^[7]	Complication of breast mastitis	+	No increased risk of malignancy	Complication of lactational mastitis in 14% of cases Common among African American women, heavy smokers , and obese patients	Resolve after drainage/ anti-biotic therapy	+	+	–	Localized inflammation of breast Tenderness	+	–	Fever Malaise	Blood culture is required in severe infection	Inflammatory mass Purulent material drainage either spontaneously or on incision	Fluid collection	Ultrasound	NA
Mastitis^[8]^[9]	Inflammation Infection	+	No increased risk of malignancy	Common among lactating women (first three months of breast-feeding) Periductal mastitis among smokers and associated with squamous metaplasia	Resolve after anti-biotic therapy/ drainage	±	+	±	Breast tenderness Swollen breast tissue	+	–	Fever Nipple retraction	Leukocytosis	Breast parenchyma inflammation: Acute mastitis: Staphylococcus infection Granulomatous mastitis: Tuberculosis or sarcoidosis infection	Ill-defined area with hyperechogenicity with inflamed fat lobules Skin thickening	Ultrasound	NA
Diseases	Etiology	Benign	Malignant	Demography	History	Mass	Pain	Nipple discharge	Breast exam	Skin changes	LAP	Others	Lab findings	Histopathology	Imaging	Gold standard diagnosis	Associated findings
Breast carcinoma^[10]^[11]^[12]	Generally unknown Genetic factors Hormonal exposure	–	+	Most common diagnosed cancer among women Leading cause of cancer death in women 40-49 years old	Positive family history	+	–	±	Hard Immobile Solitary Irregular margin	±	±	Breast size changes Nipple abnormality	Nl	Molecular alteration in epithelial cells Ductal Lobular Ductal/lobular Mucinous Tubular Medullary Papillary	Mammography: Spiculated soft tissue, mass microcalcification Ultrasound: Spiculated, hypoechoic lesion, shadowing, internal calcification	Ultrasound Mammography	HER2 positive or negative Estrogen receptor (ER) Progesterone receptor (PR)
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)^[13]^[14]	Unknown May be related to genes BRCA1, BRCA2	–	+	Contain 25% of all breast cancers Increase risk with aging	Positive family history nulliparity Obesity	±	–	±	May have normal physical exam	–	–	NA	Nl	Noninvasive breast cancer Heterogenous group of neoplastic lesions	Suspicious microcalcification	Mammography	NA
Microinvasive breast cancer^[15]	Unknown	–	+	Uncommon Commonly referred to DCIS with microinvasion Average age 50-60 years old	Nulliparity Positive family history	+	–	±	Solitary Firm palpable mass	–	±	NA	Nl	Associated with high grade DCIS	A mass with or without calcification stromal reaction	Mammography	NA
Breast sarcoma^[16]	Primary: Unknown Secondary: Radiotherapy	–	+	Rare type, < 1% of all breast malignancies Average age of between 45-50 years	Positive history of breast cancer Rapid increase in size	+	–	–	Well-defined Firm mass	±	–	NA	Nl	Heterogeneous nonepithelial malignancies from connective tissue of breast	Noncalcified oval mass Indistinct margins	Mammography	NA
Phyllodes tumor^[17]^[18]	Unknown	±	±	Most common in premenopausal women (40-50 years)	Represent 1% of breast tumors Grow aggressively Classify in benign, borderline, and malignant groups	±	–	–	Smooth and multinodular Well-defined Firm mass Mobile	–	–	NA	Nl	Nonepithelial breast neoplasm with average size of 5 cm	Solid mass Hypoechoic Well-circumscribed	Ultrasound Mammography	NA
Lymphoma^[19]^[20]	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	–	+	Extremely rare ( 0.04%-0.5%) Average age 55-60 years	Unilateral mass in older women In childbearing women, bilateral and similar to inflammatory breast cancer, possibly having Burkitt lymphoma	+	–	–	Well-defined, firm mass Multiple	–	±	NA	Nl	Diffuse B cell lymphoma	Nonspecific circumscribed masses Without calcification	Mammography Core biopsy	NA
Duct ectasia^[21]	Unknown	+	–	Common among perimenopausal women	Usually resolve spontaneously	±	±	±	Usually asymptomatic	–	–	NA	Nl	Distention of subareolar ducts	Dilated milk ducts Fluid-filled ducts	Ultrasound	NA
Intraductal papilloma^[22]	Unknown	+	–	Common in women between 35-55 years old	Possibly benign ones Harbor areas of atypia or DCIS Surgical excision is recommended	+	±	±	Solitary or multiple lesion large lump near nipple	–	–	NA	Nl	Growth of papillary cell into a lumen	Well-defined Solid nodule	Core needle biopsy	NA
Lipoma^[23]	Unknown	+	–	Common between age of 40-60 years old	Benign tumors May experience recurrence	+	–	–	Solitary Mobile Soft mass	–	–	NA	Nl	Solitary tumor of mature fat cells	Well-Circumscribed Hypoechoic lesion	Core needle biopsy Excisional biopsy	NA
Sclerosing adenosis^[24]^[25]	Unknown	+	Small risk of malignancy	Result in repeating pain during mensturation	May present as a mass or incidental finding on mammogram No treatment is needed	±	+	–	Multiple lesion Firm Tender nodules	±	–	NA	Nl	Proliferative disease	Well-defined or irregular mass Microcalcification	Mammography	NA
Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia^[26]^[27]	Unknown	+	–	Common in reproductive age women	Benign stromal proliferation Stimulation of vascular lesion	+	–	–	Solitary firm mass Thickening	–	–	NA	Nl	Slit-like spaces between glandular units Confused with mammary angiosarcoma	Well-defined Solid mass Noncalcified	Ultrasound Mammography	NA
Mondor's disease^[28]^[29]	Complication of: Surgery Core biopsy Radiation therapy Trauma	+	–	Uncommon benign disease Occur on outer side of breast or under nipple	Benign and self-limiting disease Resolve after 4-6 weeks	+	+	–	Thick and tender cord on breast skin	+	–	NA	Nl	Thrombophlebitis of superficial veins of the breast	Tubular anechoic structure Multiple narrowing areas	Clinical examination Ultrasound Mammography	NA
Diseases	Etiology	Benign	Malignant	Demography	History	Mass	Pain	Nipple discharge	Breast exam	Skin changes	LAP	Others	Lab findings	Histopathology	Imaging	Gold standard diagnosis	Associated findings
Diabetic mastopathy^[30]	Unknown Autoimmune reaction	+	–	Lymphocytic mastitis or mastopathy Common among premenopausal women Longstanding diabetes mellitus type 1	Suspicious breast mass After diagnosis, excision is not required	+	–	–	Ill-defined mass Immobile	–	–	NA	Nl	Dense keloid-like fibrosis Periductal, lobular, and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration	Irregular mass Hypoechoic Dense lesion	Ultrasound Core needle biopsy	NA
Gynecomastia^[31]^[32]	Hormonal imbalance	+	–	Benign breast tissue swelling among men and boys around puberty	Benign proliferation of the male breast glandular tissue Usually underlying nipple mass At least 0.5 cm	+	±	±	Unilateral or bilateral firm mass Breast swelling Rubbery mass	–	–	NA	Nl	Glandular breast changes	Nodular pattern Dendritic pattern Diffuse glandular pattern	Ultrasound	NA
Sarcoidosis^[33]	Systemic involvement in sarcoidosis	+	–	Rare in patients with systemic involvement	Benign palpable mass May mimic malignancy feature	+	–	–	Firm mass Hard mass	–	–	NA	Nl	Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disorder	Irregular, Ill-defined, Spiculated solid mass	Biopsy	NA
Fat necrosis^[34]	Breast trauma Surgical intervention	+	–	Common among women May mimic malignancy features	Benign breast lumps develop after trauma/ surgery Suspicious lumps required biopsy No excision in established diagnosis	+	±	–	Hard or smooth mass Solitary mass Mobile	–	–	NA	Nl	Collections of liquefied fat	Collections of liquefied fat Oil cysts	Ultrasound	NA

References

↑ Pinto, Joana; Aguiar, Ana Teresa; Duarte, Hálio; Vilaverde, Filipa; Rodrigues, Ângelo; Krug, José Luís (2014). "Simple and Complex Fibroadenomas". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 33 (3): 415–419. doi:10.7863/ultra.33.3.415. ISSN 0278-4297.
↑ Courtillot C, Plu-Bureau G, Binart N, Balleyguier C, Sigal-Zafrani B, Goffin V; et al. (2005). "Benign breast diseases". J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 10 (4): 325–35. doi:10.1007/s10911-006-9006-4. PMID 16900392.
↑ Templeman C, Hertweck SP (2000). "Breast disorders in the pediatric and adolescent patient". Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 27 (1): 19–34. PMID 10693180.
↑ Sabate JM, Clotet M, Torrubia S, Gomez A, Guerrero R, de las Heras P; et al. (2007). "Radiologic evaluation of breast disorders related to pregnancy and lactation". Radiographics. 27 Suppl 1: S101–24. doi:10.1148/rg.27si075505. PMID 18180221.
↑ De Silva NK, Brandt ML (2006). "Disorders of the breast in children and adolescents, Part 2: breast masses". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 19 (6): 415–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.002. PMID 17174833.
↑ Tse GM, Law BK, Ma TK, Chan AB, Pang LM, Chu WC; et al. (2002). "Hamartoma of the breast: a clinicopathological review". J Clin Pathol. 55 (12): 951–4. PMC 1769817. PMID 12461066.
↑ Dixon JM (2007). "Breast abscess". Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 68 (6): 315–20. doi:10.12968/hmed.2007.68.6.23574. PMID 17639835.
↑ Dixon JM, Ravisekar O, Chetty U, Anderson TJ (1996). "Periductal mastitis and duct ectasia: different conditions with different aetiologies". Br J Surg. 83 (6): 820–2. PMID 8696751.
↑ Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2007). "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 361: Breastfeeding: maternal and infant aspects". Obstet Gynecol. 109 (2 Pt 1): 479–80. PMID 17267864.
↑ Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (January 2018). "Cancer statistics, 2018". CA Cancer J Clin. 68 (1): 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21442. PMID 29313949.
↑ Li CI, Uribe DJ, Daling JR (October 2005). "Clinical characteristics of different histologic types of breast cancer". Br. J. Cancer. 93 (9): 1046–52. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602787. PMC 2361680. PMID 16175185.
↑ Parise CA, Bauer KR, Brown MM, Caggiano V (2009). "Breast cancer subtypes as defined by the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) among women with invasive breast cancer in California, 1999-2004". Breast J. 15 (6): 593–602. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00822.x. PMID 19764994.
↑ Virnig BA, Tuttle TM, Shamliyan T, Kane RL (February 2010). "Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a systematic review of incidence, treatment, and outcomes". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 102 (3): 170–8. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp482. PMID 20071685.
↑ Brinton LA, Sherman ME, Carreon JD, Anderson WF (November 2008). "Recent trends in breast cancer among younger women in the United States". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 100 (22): 1643–8. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn344. PMC 2720764. PMID 19001605.
↑ Sue GR, Lannin DR, Killelea B, Chagpar AB (October 2013). "Predictors of microinvasion and its prognostic role in ductal carcinoma in situ". Am. J. Surg. 206 (4): 478–81. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.01.039. PMID 23791403.
↑ Smith TB, Gilcrease MZ, Santiago L, Hunt KK, Yang WT (April 2012). "Imaging features of primary breast sarcoma". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198 (4): W386–93. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.7341. PMID 22451578.
↑ Geisler DP, Boyle MJ, Malnar KF, McGee JM, Nolen MC, Fortner SM, Broughan TA (April 2000). "Phyllodes tumors of the breast: a review of 32 cases". Am Surg. 66 (4): 360–6. PMID 10776873.
↑ Chaney AW, Pollack A, McNeese MD, Zagars GK, Pisters PW, Pollock RE, Hunt KK (October 2000). "Primary treatment of cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast". Cancer. 89 (7): 1502–11. PMID 11013364.
↑ Brogi E, Harris NL (June 1999). "Lymphomas of the breast: pathology and clinical behavior". Semin. Oncol. 26 (3): 357–64. PMID 10375092.
↑ Barişta I, Baltali E, Tekuzman G, Kars A, Ruacan S, Ozişik Y, Güler N, Güllü IH, Atahan IL, Firat D (2000). "Primary breast lymphomas--a retrospective analysis of twelve cases". Acta Oncol. 39 (2): 135–9. PMID 10859001.
↑ Schwartz GF (June 1982). "Benign neoplasms and "inflammations" of the breast". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 25 (2): 373–85. PMID 6286199.
↑ Wen X, Cheng W (January 2013). "Nonmalignant breast papillary lesions at core-needle biopsy: a meta-analysis of underestimation and influencing factors". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 20 (1): 94–101. doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2590-1. PMID 22878621.
↑ Guray M, Sahin AA (May 2006). "Benign breast diseases: classification, diagnosis, and management". Oncologist. 11 (5): 435–49. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-5-435. PMID 16720843.
↑ Jensen RA, Page DL, Dupont WD, Rogers LW (1989). "Invasive breast cancer risk in women with sclerosing adenosis". Cancer. 64 (10): 1977–83. PMID 2804888.
↑ Wang J, Costantino JP, Tan-Chiu E, Wickerham DL, Paik S, Wolmark N (2004). "Lower-category benign breast disease and the risk of invasive breast cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst. 96 (8): 616–20. PMID 15100339.
↑ Celliers L, Wong DD, Bourke A (2010). "Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia: a study of the mammographic and sonographic features". Clin Radiol. 65 (2): 145–9. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2009.10.003. PMID 20103437.
↑ Salvador R, Lirola JL, Domínguez R, López M, Risueño N (2004). "Pseudo-angiomatous stromal hyperplasia presenting as a breast mass: imaging findings in three patients". Breast. 13 (5): 431–5. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2003.10.011. PMID 15454202.
↑ Becker L, McCurdy LI, Taves DH (2001). "Superficial thrombophlebitis of the breast (Mondor's disease)". Can Assoc Radiol J. 52 (3): 193–5. PMID 11436415.
↑ Catania S, Zurrida S, Veronesi P, Galimberti V, Bono A, Pluchinotta A (1992). "Mondor's disease and breast cancer". Cancer. 69 (9): 2267–70. PMID 1562972.
↑ Kudva YC, Reynolds C, O'Brien T, Powell C, Oberg AL, Crotty TB (2002). ""Diabetic mastopathy," or sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis, is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes". Diabetes Care. 25 (1): 121–6. PMID 11772912.
↑ Draghi F, Tarantino CC, Madonia L, Ferrozzi G (2011). "Ultrasonography of the male breast". J Ultrasound. 14 (3): 122–9. doi:10.1016/j.jus.2011.06.004. PMC 3558246. PMID 23397020.
↑ Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.
↑ Lower EE, Hawkins HH, Baughman RP (2001). "Breast disease in sarcoidosis". Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 18 (3): 301–6. PMID 11587103.
↑ Soo MS, Kornguth PJ, Hertzberg BS (1998). "Fat necrosis in the breast: sonographic features". Radiology. 206 (1): 261–9. doi:10.1148/radiology.206.1.9423681. PMID 9423681.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[PintoAguiar2014-1] Pinto, Joana; Aguiar, Ana Teresa; Duarte, Hálio; Vilaverde, Filipa; Rodrigues, Ângelo; Krug, José Luís (2014). "Simple and Complex Fibroadenomas". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 33 (3): 415–419. doi:10.7863/ultra.33.3.415. ISSN 0278-4297.

[pmid16900392-2] Courtillot C, Plu-Bureau G, Binart N, Balleyguier C, Sigal-Zafrani B, Goffin V; et al. (2005). "Benign breast diseases". J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 10 (4): 325–35. doi:10.1007/s10911-006-9006-4. PMID 16900392.

[pmid10693180-3] Templeman C, Hertweck SP (2000). "Breast disorders in the pediatric and adolescent patient". Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 27 (1): 19–34. PMID 10693180.

[pmid18180221-4] Sabate JM, Clotet M, Torrubia S, Gomez A, Guerrero R, de las Heras P; et al. (2007). "Radiologic evaluation of breast disorders related to pregnancy and lactation". Radiographics. 27 Suppl 1: S101–24. doi:10.1148/rg.27si075505. PMID 18180221.

[pmid17174833-5] De Silva NK, Brandt ML (2006). "Disorders of the breast in children and adolescents, Part 2: breast masses". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 19 (6): 415–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.002. PMID 17174833.

[pmid12461066-6] Tse GM, Law BK, Ma TK, Chan AB, Pang LM, Chu WC; et al. (2002). "Hamartoma of the breast: a clinicopathological review". J Clin Pathol. 55 (12): 951–4. PMC 1769817. PMID 12461066.

[pmid17639835-7] Dixon JM (2007). "Breast abscess". Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 68 (6): 315–20. doi:10.12968/hmed.2007.68.6.23574. PMID 17639835.

[pmid8696751-8] Dixon JM, Ravisekar O, Chetty U, Anderson TJ (1996). "Periductal mastitis and duct ectasia: different conditions with different aetiologies". Br J Surg. 83 (6): 820–2. PMID 8696751.

[pmid17267864-9] Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2007). "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 361: Breastfeeding: maternal and infant aspects". Obstet Gynecol. 109 (2 Pt 1): 479–80. PMID 17267864.

[pmid29313949-10] Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (January 2018). "Cancer statistics, 2018". CA Cancer J Clin. 68 (1): 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21442. PMID 29313949.

[pmid16175185-11] Li CI, Uribe DJ, Daling JR (October 2005). "Clinical characteristics of different histologic types of breast cancer". Br. J. Cancer. 93 (9): 1046–52. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602787. PMC 2361680. PMID 16175185.

[pmid19764994-12] Parise CA, Bauer KR, Brown MM, Caggiano V (2009). "Breast cancer subtypes as defined by the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) among women with invasive breast cancer in California, 1999-2004". Breast J. 15 (6): 593–602. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00822.x. PMID 19764994.

[pmid20071685-13] Virnig BA, Tuttle TM, Shamliyan T, Kane RL (February 2010). "Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a systematic review of incidence, treatment, and outcomes". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 102 (3): 170–8. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp482. PMID 20071685.

[pmid19001605-14] Brinton LA, Sherman ME, Carreon JD, Anderson WF (November 2008). "Recent trends in breast cancer among younger women in the United States". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 100 (22): 1643–8. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn344. PMC 2720764. PMID 19001605.

[pmid23791403-15] Sue GR, Lannin DR, Killelea B, Chagpar AB (October 2013). "Predictors of microinvasion and its prognostic role in ductal carcinoma in situ". Am. J. Surg. 206 (4): 478–81. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.01.039. PMID 23791403.

[pmid22451578-16] Smith TB, Gilcrease MZ, Santiago L, Hunt KK, Yang WT (April 2012). "Imaging features of primary breast sarcoma". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198 (4): W386–93. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.7341. PMID 22451578.

[pmid10776873-17] Geisler DP, Boyle MJ, Malnar KF, McGee JM, Nolen MC, Fortner SM, Broughan TA (April 2000). "Phyllodes tumors of the breast: a review of 32 cases". Am Surg. 66 (4): 360–6. PMID 10776873.

[pmid11013364-18] Chaney AW, Pollack A, McNeese MD, Zagars GK, Pisters PW, Pollock RE, Hunt KK (October 2000). "Primary treatment of cystosarcoma phyllodes of the breast". Cancer. 89 (7): 1502–11. PMID 11013364.

[pmid10375092-19] Brogi E, Harris NL (June 1999). "Lymphomas of the breast: pathology and clinical behavior". Semin. Oncol. 26 (3): 357–64. PMID 10375092.

[pmid10859001-20] Barişta I, Baltali E, Tekuzman G, Kars A, Ruacan S, Ozişik Y, Güler N, Güllü IH, Atahan IL, Firat D (2000). "Primary breast lymphomas--a retrospective analysis of twelve cases". Acta Oncol. 39 (2): 135–9. PMID 10859001.

[pmid6286199-21] Schwartz GF (June 1982). "Benign neoplasms and "inflammations" of the breast". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 25 (2): 373–85. PMID 6286199.

[pmid22878621-22] Wen X, Cheng W (January 2013). "Nonmalignant breast papillary lesions at core-needle biopsy: a meta-analysis of underestimation and influencing factors". Ann. Surg. Oncol. 20 (1): 94–101. doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2590-1. PMID 22878621.

[pmid16720843-23] Guray M, Sahin AA (May 2006). "Benign breast diseases: classification, diagnosis, and management". Oncologist. 11 (5): 435–49. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-5-435. PMID 16720843.

[pmid2804888-24] Jensen RA, Page DL, Dupont WD, Rogers LW (1989). "Invasive breast cancer risk in women with sclerosing adenosis". Cancer. 64 (10): 1977–83. PMID 2804888.

[pmid15100339-25] Wang J, Costantino JP, Tan-Chiu E, Wickerham DL, Paik S, Wolmark N (2004). "Lower-category benign breast disease and the risk of invasive breast cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst. 96 (8): 616–20. PMID 15100339.

[pmid20103437-26] Celliers L, Wong DD, Bourke A (2010). "Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia: a study of the mammographic and sonographic features". Clin Radiol. 65 (2): 145–9. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2009.10.003. PMID 20103437.

[pmid15454202-27] Salvador R, Lirola JL, Domínguez R, López M, Risueño N (2004). "Pseudo-angiomatous stromal hyperplasia presenting as a breast mass: imaging findings in three patients". Breast. 13 (5): 431–5. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2003.10.011. PMID 15454202.

[pmid11436415-28] Becker L, McCurdy LI, Taves DH (2001). "Superficial thrombophlebitis of the breast (Mondor's disease)". Can Assoc Radiol J. 52 (3): 193–5. PMID 11436415.

[pmid1562972-29] Catania S, Zurrida S, Veronesi P, Galimberti V, Bono A, Pluchinotta A (1992). "Mondor's disease and breast cancer". Cancer. 69 (9): 2267–70. PMID 1562972.

[pmid11772912-30] Kudva YC, Reynolds C, O'Brien T, Powell C, Oberg AL, Crotty TB (2002). ""Diabetic mastopathy," or sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis, is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes". Diabetes Care. 25 (1): 121–6. PMID 11772912.

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Breast lumps differential diagnosis

Overview

Differentiating Breast lumps from other Diseases

References

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