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==Overview==
==Overview==
Appendix cancer was first described in the published literature by Sir George Thos. Beatson, an English surgeon, in 1913.<ref name="pmid30435413" />Development of surgical sciences revolutionized cancer care, appendix cancer was not an exception. Introduction of chemotherapy agents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) [[Irinotecan]], [[Oxaliplatin]], Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors ([[bevacizumab]]), Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors ([[cetuximab]] and panitumumab), [[Aflibercept]], [[Regorafenib]]: inhibitor of angiogenic tyrosine kinases (including the VEGF receptors 1,2, and 3), [[Capecitabine]] as well as introduction of intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapyadvanced appendix cancer treatment. Development of new Imaging modalities such as CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as [[Somatostatin]] [[scintigraphy]] also transfigured approaching to the patients with appendix cancer. Genetic studies introduced novel horizons in approaching patients with appendix cancer.
[[Vermiform appendix|Appendix]] [[cancer]] was first described in the published literature by Sir George Thos. Beatson, an English surgeon, in 1913. Development of surgical sciences revolutionized cancer care, appendix cancer was not an exception. Introduction of [[chemotherapy]] agents such as 5-fluorouracil ([[Fluorouracil|5-FU]]), [[irinotecan]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[vascular endothelial growth factor]] [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]] [[Enzyme inhibitor|inhibitors]] ([[bevacizumab]]), [[Epidermal growth factor|epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors]] ([[cetuximab]] and [[panitumumab]]), [[aflibercept]], [[regorafenib]], inhibitor of [[Tyrosine kinase|angiogenic tyrosine kinase]]<nowiki/>s (including the [[Vascular endothelial growth factor|VEGF]] receptors 1, 2,and 3), [[capecitabine]] as well as introduction of [[Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion|intraperitoneal chemotherapy]] including [[Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion|hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapyadvanced appendix cancer treatment]]. Development of [[Imaging|new Imaging]]<nowiki/>modalities such as [[Computed tomography|CT scan]], [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] as well as specific [[Imaging studies|imaging modalities]] such as [[somatostatin]] [[scintigraphy]] also transfigured approaching to the patients with appendix cancer. [[Genetics|Genetic]] studies introduced novel horizons in approaching patients with [[Vermiform appendix|appendix]] [[cancer]].


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
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*'''Surgical sciences development'''
*'''Surgical sciences development'''
:*Appendectomy
:*First recorded [[appendectomy]] performed on December 6, 1735, at St. George's Hospital in London.<ref name="pmid20391748">Meljnikov I, Radojcić B, Grebeldinger S, Radojcić N (2009) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20391748 [History of surgical treatment of appendicitis].] ''Med Pregl'' 62 (9-10):489-92. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/20391748 20391748]</ref>
:*Anesthesia
:*First reported [[anesthesia]] (December 1846. Ether anesthesia, Paris, France), although traditionally Persian surgeons such as Razi prescribed wine to sedate their patients before painful procedures.<ref name="pmid22583009">Robinson DH, Toledo AH (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22583009 Historical development of modern anesthesia.] ''J Invest Surg'' 25 (3):141-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08941939.2012.690328 DOI:10.3109/08941939.2012.690328] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/22583009 22583009]</ref>
:*Sterilization
:*First [[Laparoscopy|laparoscopic]] operation in humans performed by Swedish surgeon,  Hans Christian Jacobaeus, on 1910 in Stockholm.<ref name="pmid17144849">Hatzinger M, Kwon ST, Langbein S, Kamp S, Häcker A, Alken P (2006) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17144849 Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of human laparoscopy and thoracoscopy.] ''J Endourol'' 20 (11):848-50. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2006.20.848 DOI:10.1089/end.2006.20.848] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/17144849 17144849]</ref>
:*Laparoscopy


*'''Chemotherapy'''
*'''Chemotherapy'''
:*Introduction of [[Fluorouracil|5-fluorouracil]] [[(5-FU)]] the first coorectal chemotherapy agent
:*Introduction of [[Fluorouracil|5-fluorouracil]] [[(5-FU)]] the first coorectal chemotherapy agent, 1957.<ref name="pmid13418758">HEIDELBERGER C, CHAUDHURI NK, DANNEBERG P, MOOREN D, GRIESBACH L, DUSCHINSKY R et al. (1957) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13418758 Fluorinated pyrimidines, a new class of tumour-inhibitory compounds.] ''Nature'' 179 (4561):663-6. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/13418758 13418758]</ref>
:*Development of new chemotherapy agents such as:  
:*Introduction of Octereotide analogs to control symptoms of carcinoid syndrome.<ref name="pmid16625837">Pless J (2005) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16625837 The history of somatostatin analogs.] ''J Endocrinol Invest'' 28 (11 Suppl International):1-4. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/16625837 16625837]</ref>
::* [[Irinotecan]]
:*Intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus/minus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) by Spratt ''et al.'' in the 1980s.<ref name="pmid6766084">Spratt JS, Adcock RA, Muskovin M, Sherrill W, McKeown J (1980) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6766084 Clinical delivery system for intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy.] ''Cancer Res'' 40 (2):256-60. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/6766084 6766084]</ref>
::* [[Oxaliplatin]]
:*Development of new chemotherapy agents (1990s) such as:  
::* [[Irinotecan]] (approved for medical use in the United States in 1996)<ref name="urlwww.accessdata.fda.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/020571s048lbl.pdf |title=www.accessdata.fda.gov |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
::* [[Oxaliplatin]] (approved for medical use in the United States in 2002)<ref name="urlwww.accessdata.fda.gov2">{{cite web |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/021492s011,021759s009lbl.pdf |title=www.accessdata.fda.gov |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
::* Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors ([[bevacizumab]])
::* Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors ([[bevacizumab]])
::* Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors ([[cetuximab]] and [[panitumumab]]),
::* Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors ([[cetuximab]] and [[panitumumab]])
::* [[Aflibercept]]
::* [[Aflibercept]]
::* [[Regorafenib]]: inhibitor of angiogenic tyrosine kinases (including the VEGF receptors 1,2, and 3),
::* [[Regorafenib]]: inhibitor of angiogenic tyrosine kinases (including the VEGF receptors 1,2, and 3)
::* [[Capecitabine]] or [[Fluorouracil|5-FU]] with or without a platinum drug
::* [[Capecitabine]] or [[Fluorouracil|5-FU]] with or without a platinum drug
:*Intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus/minus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) 
:* Introduction of Octereotide analogs to control symptmoes of carcinoid syndrome


* '''Development of new Imaging modalities'''  
* '''Development of new Imaging modalities'''  
:* CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as [[Somatostatin]] [[scintigraphy]] revolutionized approaching to the patients with appendix cancer
:* CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as [[somatostatin]] [[scintigraphy]] revolutionized approaching to the patients with appendix cancer.


=== '''Future horizons''' ===
*Genetic studies revolutionized cancer treatment; appendix cancer is not an exception.
* Traditionally appandiceal cancers were approached the same as colorectal cancers. Recent genetic studies demonstrated that appendiceal tumors are clearly differ from colorectal cancers.<ref name="pmid22342786">{{cite journal| author=Levine EA, Blazer DG, Kim MK, Shen P, Stewart JH, Guy C et al.| title=Gene expression profiling of peritoneal metastases from appendiceal and colon cancer demonstrates unique biologic signatures and predicts patient outcomes. | journal=J Am Coll Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 214 | issue= 4 | pages= 599-606; discussion 606-7 | pmid=22342786 | doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.028 | pmc=3768122 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22342786  }} </ref>
** Presence of mutated [[TP53]] and APC genes were significantly lower in appendiceal cancers compared to colorectal cancers.
* It has been shown that mutation profiles are associated with the patients’ prognosis. <ref name="pmid26821970">{{cite journal| author=Levine EA, Votanopoulos KI, Qasem SA, Philip J, Cummins KA, Chou JW et al.| title=Prognostic Molecular Subtypes of Low-Grade Cancer of the Appendix. | journal=J Am Coll Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 222 | issue= 4 | pages= 493-503 | pmid=26821970 | doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.012 | pmc=4808611 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26821970  }} </ref>
** Mutations in the TP53 significantly decrease life expectancy in patients with appendix cancer. 
** Regardless of tumor grade, Tp 53 mutations were associated with poorer outcomes.
** Patients with GNAS mutations had a life expectancy of 10 years after diagnosis.
** Appendiceal tumors with GNAS mutations rarely develop into high-grade tumors.


===Famous Cases===
===Famous Cases===
The following are a few famous cases of appendix cancer:
The following are a few famous cases of appendix cancer:


*Celebrated actress, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn Audrey Hepburn] was the most famous victims of appendix cancer, she passed away in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crmagazine.org/archive/Fall2009/Pages/AudreyHepburnAppendixCancer.aspx |title=Audrey Hepburn Appendix Cancer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*Celebrated actress, Audrey Hepburn was the most famous victims of appendix cancer, she passed away in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crmagazine.org/archive/Fall2009/Pages/AudreyHepburnAppendixCancer.aspx |title=Audrey Hepburn Appendix Cancer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Scott Stuart Scott], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN ESPN] sportscast anchor was diagnosed with appendix cancer in 2007 and died 8 years later in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.menshealth.com/health/a19534220/stuart-scott-cancer/ |title=Stuart Scott's Battle With Cancer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/05/sports/stuart-scott-espn-sportscaster-is-dead-at-49.html?_r=0 |title=Stuart Scott, ESPN’s Voice of Exuberance, Dies at 49 - The New York Times |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*Stuart Scott, ESPN sportscast anchor was diagnosed with appendix cancer in 2007 and died 8 years later in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.menshealth.com/health/a19534220/stuart-scott-cancer/ |title=Stuart Scott's Battle With Cancer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/05/sports/stuart-scott-espn-sportscaster-is-dead-at-49.html?_r=0 |title=Stuart Scott, ESPN’s Voice of Exuberance, Dies at 49 - The New York Times |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Surgery]]
{{WH}}
[[Category:Medicine]]
{{WS}}
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category: (name of the system)]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 17:41, 22 February 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]

Overview

Appendix cancer was first described in the published literature by Sir George Thos. Beatson, an English surgeon, in 1913. Development of surgical sciences revolutionized cancer care, appendix cancer was not an exception. Introduction of chemotherapy agents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan, oxaliplatin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (bevacizumab), epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (cetuximab and panitumumab), aflibercept, regorafenib, inhibitor of angiogenic tyrosine kinases (including the VEGF receptors 1, 2,and 3), capecitabine as well as introduction of intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapyadvanced appendix cancer treatment. Development of new Imagingmodalities such as CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as somatostatin scintigraphy also transfigured approaching to the patients with appendix cancer. Genetic studies introduced novel horizons in approaching patients with appendix cancer.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • Appendix cancer was first described in the published literature by Sir George Thos. Beatson, an English surgeon, in 1913.[1]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • Surgical sciences development
  • First recorded appendectomy performed on December 6, 1735, at St. George's Hospital in London.[2]
  • First reported anesthesia (December 1846. Ether anesthesia, Paris, France), although traditionally Persian surgeons such as Razi prescribed wine to sedate their patients before painful procedures.[3]
  • First laparoscopic operation in humans performed by Swedish surgeon, Hans Christian Jacobaeus, on 1910 in Stockholm.[4]
  • Chemotherapy
  • Introduction of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) the first coorectal chemotherapy agent, 1957.[5]
  • Introduction of Octereotide analogs to control symptoms of carcinoid syndrome.[6]
  • Intraperitoneal chemotherapy including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus/minus early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) by Spratt et al. in the 1980s.[7]
  • Development of new chemotherapy agents (1990s) such as:
  • Development of new Imaging modalities
  • CT scan, MRI as well as specific imaging modalities such as somatostatin scintigraphy revolutionized approaching to the patients with appendix cancer.


Famous Cases

The following are a few famous cases of appendix cancer:

  • Celebrated actress, Audrey Hepburn was the most famous victims of appendix cancer, she passed away in 1993.[10]
  • Stuart Scott, ESPN sportscast anchor was diagnosed with appendix cancer in 2007 and died 8 years later in 2015.[11][12]

References

  1. ↑ Beatson GT (1913) Note on a Case of Carcinoma of the Vermiform Appendix in a Girl, Aged 20 Years. Glasgow Med J 80 (6):418-422. PMID: 30435413
  2. ↑ Meljnikov I, Radojcić B, Grebeldinger S, Radojcić N (2009) [History of surgical treatment of appendicitis.] Med Pregl 62 (9-10):489-92. PMID: 20391748
  3. ↑ Robinson DH, Toledo AH (2012) Historical development of modern anesthesia. J Invest Surg 25 (3):141-9. DOI:10.3109/08941939.2012.690328 PMID: 22583009
  4. ↑ Hatzinger M, Kwon ST, Langbein S, Kamp S, Häcker A, Alken P (2006) Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of human laparoscopy and thoracoscopy. J Endourol 20 (11):848-50. DOI:10.1089/end.2006.20.848 PMID: 17144849
  5. ↑ HEIDELBERGER C, CHAUDHURI NK, DANNEBERG P, MOOREN D, GRIESBACH L, DUSCHINSKY R et al. (1957) Fluorinated pyrimidines, a new class of tumour-inhibitory compounds. Nature 179 (4561):663-6. PMID: 13418758
  6. ↑ Pless J (2005) The history of somatostatin analogs. J Endocrinol Invest 28 (11 Suppl International):1-4. PMID: 16625837
  7. ↑ Spratt JS, Adcock RA, Muskovin M, Sherrill W, McKeown J (1980) Clinical delivery system for intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy. Cancer Res 40 (2):256-60. PMID: 6766084
  8. ↑ "www.accessdata.fda.gov" (PDF).
  9. ↑ "www.accessdata.fda.gov" (PDF).
  10. ↑ "Audrey Hepburn Appendix Cancer".
  11. ↑ "Stuart Scott's Battle With Cancer".
  12. ↑ "Stuart Scott, ESPN's Voice of Exuberance, Dies at 49 - The New York Times".
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