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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The Egyptian ancient belief honored [[Menstrual bleeding|menstrual blood]] as a life-giving nature. The Mesopotamian mother goddess, named Ninhursag, believed to create mankind from loam and her "'''''blood of life'''''". The first descriptions about disturbances in [[menstrual cycle]] are found in Papyrus Ebres [named after the Egyptologist Georg M. Ebers (1837-1898)], from New Kingdom period (1450-1550 B.C.E). They described the patients as a "women who suffers from the side of her [[pubic region]] as an irregularity of her [[menstruation]]". In 1907, British Medical Journal, released an article about different types of treatments (mostly herbal and conservative) for [[amenorrhea]]. In 1911, some researchers evaluate the [[therapeutic]] methods presented 4 years ago and make some suggestions to manage amenorrhea better. The term '''amenorrhea''' is derived from Greek language ['''''a''''' = negative, '''''men''''' = month, '''''rhoia''''' = flow], means lack of [[menstruation]] cycle in a woman. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
* The Egyptian ancient belief honored menstrual blood as a life-giving nature. The Mesopotamian mother goddess, named Ninhursag, believed to create mankind from loam and her "'''''blood of life'''''".<ref name="urlMenstruation in ancient Egypt, by Petra Habiger, at the Museum of Menstruation and Womens Health">{{cite web |url=http://www.mum.org/germnt5.htm |title=Menstruation in ancient Egypt, by Petra Habiger, at the Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | * The Egyptian ancient belief honored [[Menstrual bleeding|menstrual blood]] as a life-giving nature. The Mesopotamian mother goddess, named Ninhursag, believed to create mankind from loam and her "'''''blood of life'''''".<ref name="urlMenstruation in ancient Egypt, by Petra Habiger, at the Museum of Menstruation and Womens Health">{{cite web |url=http://www.mum.org/germnt5.htm |title=Menstruation in ancient Egypt, by Petra Habiger, at the Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* The first descriptions about disturbances in menstrual cycle are found in Papyrus Ebres [named after the Egyptologist Georg M. Ebers (1837-1898)], from New Kingdom period (1450-1550 B.C.E). They described the patients as a "women who suffers from the side of her pubic region as an irregularity of her menstruation".<ref>{{cite book | last = Sigerist | first = Henry | title = A history of medicine | publisher = Oxford | location = New York | year = 1951 | isbn = 9780195001020 }}</ref> | * The first descriptions about disturbances in [[menstrual cycle]] are found in Papyrus Ebres [named after the Egyptologist Georg M. Ebers (1837-1898)], from New Kingdom period (1450-1550 B.C.E). They described the patients as a "women who suffers from the side of her [[pubic region]] as an irregularity of her [[menstruation]]".<ref>{{cite book | last = Sigerist | first = Henry | title = A history of medicine | publisher = Oxford | location = New York | year = 1951 | isbn = 9780195001020 }}</ref> | ||
* <ref name="pmid25996397">{{cite journal| author=| title=Reorganized text. | journal=JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 141 | issue= 5 | pages= 428 | pmid=25996397 | doi=10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25996397 }}</ref> | * <ref name="pmid25996397">{{cite journal| author=| title=Reorganized text. | journal=JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 141 | issue= 5 | pages= 428 | pmid=25996397 | doi=10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25996397 }}</ref> | ||
* In Papyrus Edwin Smith [named for an American antiques dealer (1822-1906)], from 2900 B.C.E, first definition of | * In Papyrus Edwin Smith [named for an American antiques dealer (1822-1906)], from 2900 B.C.E, first definition of [[amenorrhea]] presented as "woman suffering in her [[abdomen]], so that the [[Menstrual bleeding|menstrual discharge]] can not leave her". There are also [[Herbal therapy|herbal treatments]] suggestions for this condition in the Papyrus.<ref>{{cite book | last = Breasted | first = James | title = The Edwin Smith surgical papyrus, published in facsimile and hieroglyphic transliteration with translation and commentary in two volumes | publisher = University of Chicago, Oriental Institute | location = Chicago, Ill | year = 1930 | isbn = 0-918986-73-7 }}</ref> | ||
* The term '''amenorrhea''' is derived from Greek language ['''''a''''' = negative, '''''men''''' = month, '''''rhoia''''' = flow]. The opposite is the normal [[menstrual period]]. | * The term '''amenorrhea''' is derived from Greek language ['''''a''''' = negative, '''''men''''' = month, '''''rhoia''''' = flow]. The opposite is the normal [[menstrual period]]. | ||
* Historically, the term amenorrhea has often been used as a euphemism for "unwanted pregnancy" and many folk treatments for this condition were in fact [[abortifacient]]s. | * Historically, the term amenorrhea has often been used as a euphemism for "unwanted pregnancy" and many folk treatments for this condition were in fact [[abortifacient]]s. | ||
* In 1855, William Brinton, a British physician, presented a woman with secondary amenorrhea caused by severe [[cachexia]] due to chronic peptic ulcer disease.<ref name="pmid20741224">{{cite journal| author=Brinton W| title=ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL. ULCER OF THE STOMACH, COMPLICATED WITH AMENORRHOEA, TREATED SUCCESSFULLY. | journal=Assoc Med J | year= 1856 | volume= 4 | issue= 158 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=20741224 | doi= | pmc=2439376 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20741224 }}</ref> | * In 1855, William Brinton, a British [[physician]], presented a woman with secondary amenorrhea caused by severe [[cachexia]] due to chronic [[peptic ulcer disease]].<ref name="pmid20741224">{{cite journal| author=Brinton W| title=ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL. ULCER OF THE STOMACH, COMPLICATED WITH AMENORRHOEA, TREATED SUCCESSFULLY. | journal=Assoc Med J | year= 1856 | volume= 4 | issue= 158 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=20741224 | doi= | pmc=2439376 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20741224 }}</ref> | ||
* In 1885, Maury Deas, a British physician, suggested Permanganate of Potash as a treatment option for psychosis associated amenorrhea.<ref name="pmid20751231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deas PM |title=Note on the Use of Permanganate of Potash in Cases of Insanity Associated with Amenorrhoea |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=1268 |pages=778–9 |year=1885 |pmid=20751231 |pmc=2256047 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * In 1885, Maury Deas, a British [[physician]], suggested [[Permanganate]] of [[Potash]] as a treatment option for [[psychosis]] associated amenorrhea.<ref name="pmid20751231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deas PM |title=Note on the Use of Permanganate of Potash in Cases of Insanity Associated with Amenorrhoea |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=1268 |pages=778–9 |year=1885 |pmid=20751231 |pmc=2256047 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1894, Jollye, a British physician, described a girl with secondary amenorrhea along with some symptoms reflecting brain mass lesion.<ref name="pmid20754906">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jollye FW |title=A Case of Amenorrhoea with Brain Symptoms |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=1747 |pages=1354–5 |year=1894 |pmid=20754906 |pmc=2404280 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * In 1894, Jollye, a British [[physician]], described a girl with secondary amenorrhea along with some symptoms reflecting [[brain]] mass lesion.<ref name="pmid20754906">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jollye FW |title=A Case of Amenorrhoea with Brain Symptoms |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=1747 |pages=1354–5 |year=1894 |pmid=20754906 |pmc=2404280 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1910, Crowe, a Canadian physician, was the first researcher mentioned the pituitary gland as a regulator of gonads' stem cell. Crowe SJ, Cushing H and Homans J (1910) Experimental hypophysectomy. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 21,127–167 | * In 1910, Crowe, a Canadian [[physician]], was the first researcher mentioned the [[pituitary gland]] as a regulator of [[gonads]]' [[stem cell]]. '''Crowe SJ, Cushing H and Homans J (1910) Experimental hypophysectomy. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 21,127–167''' | ||
* In 1912, Bernhard Aschner, an Austrian endocrinologist, found that the gonad control by pituitary gland is already controlled by another superior center in the brain. He suggested hypophysis, pituitary stalk, and centres superior to the medulla oblongata as the controlling systems. Their dysfunction lead to hypopituitarism and also hypogonadism.<ref name="Aschner1912">{{cite journal|last1=Aschner|first1=Bernhard|title=Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Hypophysis und Genitale|journal=Archiv für Gynaekologie|volume=97|issue=2|year=1912|pages=200–228|issn=0003-9128|doi=10.1007/BF01726121}}</ref> | * In 1912, Bernhard Aschner, an Austrian [[endocrinologist]], found that the gonad control by [[pituitary gland]] is already controlled by another superior center in the [[brain]]. He suggested [[hypophysis]], [[pituitary stalk]], and centres superior to the [[medulla oblongata]] as the controlling systems. Their dysfunction lead to [[hypopituitarism]] and also [[hypogonadism]].<ref name="Aschner1912">{{cite journal|last1=Aschner|first1=Bernhard|title=Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Hypophysis und Genitale|journal=Archiv für Gynaekologie|volume=97|issue=2|year=1912|pages=200–228|issn=0003-9128|doi=10.1007/BF01726121}}</ref> | ||
* In 1926, Philip Smith, an American endocrinologist, experienced and approved that implanting animals' pituitary glands into other animals (mice, cats, and rabbits) leads to initiate their puberty process, enlarging their gonads.<ref name="Smith1926">{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=P. E.|title=Hastening Development of Female Genital System by Daily Homoplastic Pituitary Transplants.|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=24|issue=2|year=1926|pages=131–132|issn=1535-3702|doi=10.3181/00379727-24-3260}}</ref> | * In 1926, Philip Smith, an American [[endocrinologist]], experienced and approved that implanting animals' [[pituitary glands]] into other animals (mice, cats, and rabbits) leads to initiate their [[puberty]] process, enlarging their [[gonads]].<ref name="Smith1926">{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=P. E.|title=Hastening Development of Female Genital System by Daily Homoplastic Pituitary Transplants.|journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=24|issue=2|year=1926|pages=131–132|issn=1535-3702|doi=10.3181/00379727-24-3260}}</ref> | ||
* In 1926, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist, did the same experience, injecting adult humans' or cows' pituitary glands to some immature animals and witnessing the rapid rush of their puberty process. Zondek B (1926) Ueber die Funktion des Ovariums. Zeitschr Geburtsh Gynäkol 90,327. | * In 1926, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli [[gynecologist]], did the same experience, injecting adult humans' or cows' [[pituitary glands]] to some immature animals and witnessing the rapid rush of their [[puberty]] process. '''Zondek B (1926) Ueber die Funktion des Ovariums. Zeitschr Geburtsh Gynäkol 90,327.''' | ||
* In 1929, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist, identified that pituitary gland secrets two major hormones, that are completely controlling the sexual life and therefore maintaining the species. He named them "'''''prolan A'''''" and "'''''prolan B'''''", comes after the Latin word "'''''prole'''''" which means "'''''descendant'''''".<ref name="Zondek1929">{{cite journal|last1=Zondek|first1=Bernhard|title=Weitere Untersuchungen zur Darstellung, Biologie und Klinik des Hypophysenvorderlappen-Hormons (Prolan)|journal=Klinische Wochenschrift|volume=8|issue=4|year=1929|pages=157–159|issn=0023-2173|doi=10.1007/BF01748589}}</ref> | * In 1929, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli [[gynecologist]], identified that [[pituitary gland]] secrets two major [[hormones]], that are completely controlling the sexual life and therefore maintaining the species. He named them "'''''prolan A'''''" and "'''''prolan B'''''", comes after the Latin word "'''''prole'''''" which means "'''''descendant'''''".<ref name="Zondek1929">{{cite journal|last1=Zondek|first1=Bernhard|title=Weitere Untersuchungen zur Darstellung, Biologie und Klinik des Hypophysenvorderlappen-Hormons (Prolan)|journal=Klinische Wochenschrift|volume=8|issue=4|year=1929|pages=157–159|issn=0023-2173|doi=10.1007/BF01748589}}</ref> | ||
* In 1930, Philip Smith, an American endocrinologist, suggested that excision of pituitary gland in immature animals can lead to failure of sexual maturation; while, can lead to gonadal atrophy, regression of sexual characteristics, and infertility in mature animals.<ref name="SteelmanPohley1953">{{cite journal|last1=Steelman|first1=Sanford L.|last2=Pohley|first2=Florence M.|title=ASSAY OF THE FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE BASED ON THE AUGMENTATION WITH HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN|journal=Endocrinology|volume=53|issue=6|year=1953|pages=604–616|issn=0013-7227|doi=10.1210/endo-53-6-604}}</ref> | * In 1930, Philip Smith, an American [[endocrinologist]], suggested that excision of [[pituitary gland]] in immature animals can lead to failure of sexual maturation; while, can lead to [[gonadal]] [[atrophy]], regression of [[sexual characteristics]], and [[infertility]] in mature animals.<ref name="SteelmanPohley1953">{{cite journal|last1=Steelman|first1=Sanford L.|last2=Pohley|first2=Florence M.|title=ASSAY OF THE FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE BASED ON THE AUGMENTATION WITH HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN|journal=Endocrinology|volume=53|issue=6|year=1953|pages=604–616|issn=0013-7227|doi=10.1210/endo-53-6-604}}</ref> | ||
* In 1930, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist, found prolan A responsible for follicular growth stimulation and prolan B responsible for ovulation induction and corpus luteum formation. Zondek revealed that prolan A and B together induced the "'''''fuliculin'''''" hormone from gonads, while prolan B alone induced both fuliculin and "'''''lutein'''''" hormones.<ref name="Zondek1930">{{cite journal|last1=Zondek|first1=Bernhard|title=über die Hormone des Hypophysenvorderlappens|journal=Klinische Wochenschrift|volume=9|issue=6|year=1930|pages=245–248|issn=0023-2173|doi=10.1007/BF01765181}}</ref> | * In 1930, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli [[gynecologist]], found prolan A responsible for follicular growth stimulation and prolan B responsible for [[ovulation]] induction and [[corpus luteum]] formation. Zondek revealed that prolan A and B together induced the "'''''fuliculin'''''" hormone from [[gonads]], while prolan B alone induced both fuliculin and "'''''lutein'''''" [[hormones]].<ref name="Zondek1930">{{cite journal|last1=Zondek|first1=Bernhard|title=über die Hormone des Hypophysenvorderlappens|journal=Klinische Wochenschrift|volume=9|issue=6|year=1930|pages=245–248|issn=0023-2173|doi=10.1007/BF01765181}}</ref> | ||
* In 1931, Fevold, an American zoologist, named fuliculin and lutein as follicle stimulating factor and luteinizing factor, respectively. Fevold, H. L., Hisaw, F. L., & Leonard, S. L. (1931). The gonad stimulating and the luteinizing hormones of the anterior lobe of the hypophesis. ''American Journal of Physiology--Legacy Content'', ''97''(2), 291-301. | * In 1931, Fevold, an American zoologist, named fuliculin and lutein as [[Follicle stimulating hormone|follicle stimulating factor]] and [[Luteinizing hormone|luteinizing factor]], respectively. '''Fevold, H. L., Hisaw, F. L., & Leonard, S. L. (1931). The gonad stimulating and the luteinizing hormones of the anterior lobe of the hypophesis. ''American Journal of Physiology--Legacy Content'', ''97''(2), 291-301.''' | ||
* | |||
== Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies == | |||
* In 1907, British Medical Journal, released an article about different types of treatments (mostly herbal and conservative) for [[amenorrhea]].<ref name="urlThe Composition Of Certain Secret Remedies. VIII. Female Medicines on JSTOR">{{cite web |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20296934 |title=The Composition Of Certain Secret Remedies. VIII. "Female Medicines" on JSTOR |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
* In 1911, some researchers evaluate the [[therapeutic]] methods presented 4 years ago and make some suggestions to manage amenorrhea better.<ref name="pmid20765710">{{cite journal| author=| title=THE COMPOSITION OF CERTAIN SECRET REMEDIES : PREPARATIONS FOR AMENORRHOEA AND OTHER WOMEN'S COMPLAINTS. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1911 | volume= 2 | issue= 2635 | pages= 32-7 | pmid=20765710 | doi= | pmc=2331498 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20765710 }}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The Egyptian ancient belief honored menstrual blood as a life-giving nature. The Mesopotamian mother goddess, named Ninhursag, believed to create mankind from loam and her "blood of life". The first descriptions about disturbances in menstrual cycle are found in Papyrus Ebres [named after the Egyptologist Georg M. Ebers (1837-1898)], from New Kingdom period (1450-1550 B.C.E). They described the patients as a "women who suffers from the side of her pubic region as an irregularity of her menstruation". In 1907, British Medical Journal, released an article about different types of treatments (mostly herbal and conservative) for amenorrhea. In 1911, some researchers evaluate the therapeutic methods presented 4 years ago and make some suggestions to manage amenorrhea better. The term amenorrhea is derived from Greek language [a = negative, men = month, rhoia = flow], means lack of menstruation cycle in a woman.
Historical Perspective
- The Egyptian ancient belief honored menstrual blood as a life-giving nature. The Mesopotamian mother goddess, named Ninhursag, believed to create mankind from loam and her "blood of life".[1]
- The first descriptions about disturbances in menstrual cycle are found in Papyrus Ebres [named after the Egyptologist Georg M. Ebers (1837-1898)], from New Kingdom period (1450-1550 B.C.E). They described the patients as a "women who suffers from the side of her pubic region as an irregularity of her menstruation".[2]
- [3]
- In Papyrus Edwin Smith [named for an American antiques dealer (1822-1906)], from 2900 B.C.E, first definition of amenorrhea presented as "woman suffering in her abdomen, so that the menstrual discharge can not leave her". There are also herbal treatments suggestions for this condition in the Papyrus.[4]
- The term amenorrhea is derived from Greek language [a = negative, men = month, rhoia = flow]. The opposite is the normal menstrual period.
- Historically, the term amenorrhea has often been used as a euphemism for "unwanted pregnancy" and many folk treatments for this condition were in fact abortifacients.
- In 1855, William Brinton, a British physician, presented a woman with secondary amenorrhea caused by severe cachexia due to chronic peptic ulcer disease.[5]
- In 1885, Maury Deas, a British physician, suggested Permanganate of Potash as a treatment option for psychosis associated amenorrhea.[6]
- In 1894, Jollye, a British physician, described a girl with secondary amenorrhea along with some symptoms reflecting brain mass lesion.[7]
- In 1910, Crowe, a Canadian physician, was the first researcher mentioned the pituitary gland as a regulator of gonads' stem cell. Crowe SJ, Cushing H and Homans J (1910) Experimental hypophysectomy. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 21,127–167
- In 1912, Bernhard Aschner, an Austrian endocrinologist, found that the gonad control by pituitary gland is already controlled by another superior center in the brain. He suggested hypophysis, pituitary stalk, and centres superior to the medulla oblongata as the controlling systems. Their dysfunction lead to hypopituitarism and also hypogonadism.[8]
- In 1926, Philip Smith, an American endocrinologist, experienced and approved that implanting animals' pituitary glands into other animals (mice, cats, and rabbits) leads to initiate their puberty process, enlarging their gonads.[9]
- In 1926, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist, did the same experience, injecting adult humans' or cows' pituitary glands to some immature animals and witnessing the rapid rush of their puberty process. Zondek B (1926) Ueber die Funktion des Ovariums. Zeitschr Geburtsh Gynäkol 90,327.
- In 1929, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist, identified that pituitary gland secrets two major hormones, that are completely controlling the sexual life and therefore maintaining the species. He named them "prolan A" and "prolan B", comes after the Latin word "prole" which means "descendant".[10]
- In 1930, Philip Smith, an American endocrinologist, suggested that excision of pituitary gland in immature animals can lead to failure of sexual maturation; while, can lead to gonadal atrophy, regression of sexual characteristics, and infertility in mature animals.[11]
- In 1930, Bernhard Zondek, a Israeli gynecologist, found prolan A responsible for follicular growth stimulation and prolan B responsible for ovulation induction and corpus luteum formation. Zondek revealed that prolan A and B together induced the "fuliculin" hormone from gonads, while prolan B alone induced both fuliculin and "lutein" hormones.[12]
- In 1931, Fevold, an American zoologist, named fuliculin and lutein as follicle stimulating factor and luteinizing factor, respectively. Fevold, H. L., Hisaw, F. L., & Leonard, S. L. (1931). The gonad stimulating and the luteinizing hormones of the anterior lobe of the hypophesis. American Journal of Physiology--Legacy Content, 97(2), 291-301.
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In 1907, British Medical Journal, released an article about different types of treatments (mostly herbal and conservative) for amenorrhea.[13]
- In 1911, some researchers evaluate the therapeutic methods presented 4 years ago and make some suggestions to manage amenorrhea better.[14]
References
- ↑ "Menstruation in ancient Egypt, by Petra Habiger, at the Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health".
- ↑ Sigerist, Henry (1951). A history of medicine. New York: Oxford. ISBN 9780195001020.
- ↑ "Reorganized text". JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141 (5): 428. 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540. PMID 25996397.
- ↑ Breasted, James (1930). The Edwin Smith surgical papyrus, published in facsimile and hieroglyphic transliteration with translation and commentary in two volumes. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago, Oriental Institute. ISBN 0-918986-73-7.
- ↑ Brinton W (1856). "ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL. ULCER OF THE STOMACH, COMPLICATED WITH AMENORRHOEA, TREATED SUCCESSFULLY". Assoc Med J. 4 (158): 22–4. PMC 2439376. PMID 20741224.
- ↑ Deas PM (1885). "Note on the Use of Permanganate of Potash in Cases of Insanity Associated with Amenorrhoea". Br Med J. 1 (1268): 778–9. PMC 2256047. PMID 20751231.
- ↑ Jollye FW (1894). "A Case of Amenorrhoea with Brain Symptoms". Br Med J. 1 (1747): 1354–5. PMC 2404280. PMID 20754906.
- ↑ Aschner, Bernhard (1912). "Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Hypophysis und Genitale". Archiv für Gynaekologie. 97 (2): 200–228. doi:10.1007/BF01726121. ISSN 0003-9128.
- ↑ Smith, P. E. (1926). "Hastening Development of Female Genital System by Daily Homoplastic Pituitary Transplants". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 24 (2): 131–132. doi:10.3181/00379727-24-3260. ISSN 1535-3702.
- ↑ Zondek, Bernhard (1929). "Weitere Untersuchungen zur Darstellung, Biologie und Klinik des Hypophysenvorderlappen-Hormons (Prolan)". Klinische Wochenschrift. 8 (4): 157–159. doi:10.1007/BF01748589. ISSN 0023-2173.
- ↑ Steelman, Sanford L.; Pohley, Florence M. (1953). "ASSAY OF THE FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE BASED ON THE AUGMENTATION WITH HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN". Endocrinology. 53 (6): 604–616. doi:10.1210/endo-53-6-604. ISSN 0013-7227.
- ↑ Zondek, Bernhard (1930). "über die Hormone des Hypophysenvorderlappens". Klinische Wochenschrift. 9 (6): 245–248. doi:10.1007/BF01765181. ISSN 0023-2173.
- ↑ "The Composition Of Certain Secret Remedies. VIII. "Female Medicines" on JSTOR".
- ↑ "THE COMPOSITION OF CERTAIN SECRET REMEDIES : PREPARATIONS FOR AMENORRHOEA AND OTHER WOMEN'S COMPLAINTS". Br Med J. 2 (2635): 32–7. 1911. PMC 2331498. PMID 20765710.