Stomach cancer overview: Difference between revisions
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The pathophysiology of stomach cancer depends on histologic subtypes. | The pathophysiology of stomach cancer depends on histologic subtypes. | ||
== | ==Differential diagnosis== | ||
Stomach cancer must be differentiated from [[gastric lymphoma]], [[gastric]] [[metastasis]], [[gastritis]], benign gastric [[ulcer]], menetrier disease. | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | |||
Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide.<ref name=UK>[http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/stomach/incidence/uk-stomach-cancer-incidence-statistics#geog Stomach cancer incidence statistics. Cancer research UK]</ref> In the United States, stomach cancer represents roughly 1.3% of all new cancer cases yearly<ref name=SEERstat>[http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html SEER stat fact sheets: stomach cancer]</ref>. In 2011, the age-adjusted prevalence of stomach cancer was estimated to be 23.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref> Stomach cancer is two times more common in men than in women, and the incidence increases with age. | |||
=== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of stomach cancer are [[helicobacter pylori]] [[infection]], cigarette smoking, family history of stomach cancer, and a diet high in salted smoked or preserved foods. | |||
==Screening== | |||
There is no screening recommended for stomach cancer. | |||
==Natural history, Complications and Prognosis== | |||
Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor. | |||
==Staging== | |||
According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, there are 4 stages of stomach cancer based on the [[tumor]] spread. | |||
==Symptoms== | |||
Symptoms of stomach cancer include [[abdominal pain]], [[bloating]], [[weight loss]], [[hematemesis]] and [[melena]]. | |||
==Physical Examination== | |||
Patients with stomach cancer generally appear healthy. Common physical examination findings include abdominal distention, palpation of an abdominal mass, and pallor. [[Leser-Trelat sign]] and presence of [[Virchow's node]] (left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy), [[Sister Mary Joseph nodule]] (visible periumbilical nodule), Blumer's shelf (rectal mass/shelf on rectal exam) and/or [[Trousseau's syndrome]] (migratory phlebitis) on physical examination are highly suggestive of stomach cancer. | |||
==Endoscopy and Biopsy== | |||
Biopsy may be helpful in the diagnosis of stomach cancer. | |||
==CT== | |||
Abdominal CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of stomach cancer. | |||
==Other imaging findings== | |||
Fluoroscopy may be diagnostic of stomach cancer. | |||
==Medical therapy== | |||
The optimal therapy for stomach cancer depends on the stage at diagnosis. | |||
==Surgery== | |||
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for stomach cancer. | |||
==Primary prevention== | |||
Effective measures for the primary prevention of stomach cancer include smoking cessation, [[helicobacter pylori]] infection eradication, and having a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:03, 31 August 2015
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Stomach cancer (also called gastric cancer) can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs; particularly the esophagus and the small intestine. Stomach cancer causes nearly one million deaths worldwide per year.[1]
Classification
Stomach cancer may be classified into adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and carcinoid tumor.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of stomach cancer depends on histologic subtypes.
Differential diagnosis
Stomach cancer must be differentiated from gastric lymphoma, gastric metastasis, gastritis, benign gastric ulcer, menetrier disease.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide.[2] In the United States, stomach cancer represents roughly 1.3% of all new cancer cases yearly[3]. In 2011, the age-adjusted prevalence of stomach cancer was estimated to be 23.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[4] Stomach cancer is two times more common in men than in women, and the incidence increases with age.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of stomach cancer are helicobacter pylori infection, cigarette smoking, family history of stomach cancer, and a diet high in salted smoked or preserved foods.
Screening
There is no screening recommended for stomach cancer.
Natural history, Complications and Prognosis
Depending on the extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor.
Staging
According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, there are 4 stages of stomach cancer based on the tumor spread.
Symptoms
Symptoms of stomach cancer include abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, hematemesis and melena.
Physical Examination
Patients with stomach cancer generally appear healthy. Common physical examination findings include abdominal distention, palpation of an abdominal mass, and pallor. Leser-Trelat sign and presence of Virchow's node (left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy), Sister Mary Joseph nodule (visible periumbilical nodule), Blumer's shelf (rectal mass/shelf on rectal exam) and/or Trousseau's syndrome (migratory phlebitis) on physical examination are highly suggestive of stomach cancer.
Endoscopy and Biopsy
Biopsy may be helpful in the diagnosis of stomach cancer.
CT
Abdominal CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of stomach cancer.
Other imaging findings
Fluoroscopy may be diagnostic of stomach cancer.
Medical therapy
The optimal therapy for stomach cancer depends on the stage at diagnosis.
Surgery
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for stomach cancer.
Primary prevention
Effective measures for the primary prevention of stomach cancer include smoking cessation, helicobacter pylori infection eradication, and having a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
References
- ↑ "Cancer". World Health Organization. Feb 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
- ↑ Stomach cancer incidence statistics. Cancer research UK
- ↑ SEER stat fact sheets: stomach cancer
- ↑ Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.