Congestive heart failure treatment of patients who have concomitant disorders: Difference between revisions

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==2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>==
== 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref> ==


===Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation===
===COMORBIDITIES IN PATIENTS WITH HF (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref> ===
<SMALL>'''For WikiDoc page on Atrial Fibrillation click [[Atrial fibrillation|here]].'''</SMALL>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.'''Control of resting heart rate using either a beta blocker or nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist is recommended for patients with persistent or permanent AF and compensated HF with preserved ejection fraction ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In the absence of pre-excitation, [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[beta-blocker]] administration (or a [[Calcium channel blocker|nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist]] in [[patients]] with [[Congestive heart failure|HFpEF]]) is recommended to slow the [[ventricle|ventricular]] response to [[atrial fibrillation]] in the acute setting, with caution needed in [[patients]] with overt [[congestion]], [[hypotension]], or [[heart failure]] with reduced [[left ventricle|left ventricular]] [[ejection fraction]]''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' In the absence of pre-excitation, [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[digoxin]] or [[amiodarone]] is recommended to control [[heart rate]] acutely in [[patients]] with [[heart failure]]''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.'''Assessment of [[heart rate]] control during [[Physical exercise|exercise]] and adjustment of [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] [[treatment]] to keep the [[heart rate|rate]] in the physiological range is useful in [[symptom|symptomatic]] [[patients]] during activity.''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' [[Digoxin]] is effective to control resting [[heart rate]] in [[patients]] with [[heart failure]] with reduced [[ejection fraction]]''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}


{|class="wikitable"
===Management of Comorbidities in Patients With HF (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref> ===
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (Harm)
|-
| bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[AV nodal ablation|AV node ablation]] should not be performed without a [[pharmacology|pharmacological trial]] to achieve [[ventricle|ventricular]] rate control ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' For [[heart rate|rate]] control, [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[Calcium channel blocker|nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists]], [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[beta blockers]], and [[dronedarone]] should not be administered to [[patients]] with decompensated [[heart failure]] ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}


{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' A combination of [[digoxin]] and a [[beta blocker]] (or a [[Calcium channel blocker|nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist]] for [[patients]] with [[Congestive heart failure|HFpEF]]) is reasonable to control resting and [[Physical exercise|exercise]] [[heart rate]] in [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' It is reasonable to perform [[AV nodal ablation|AV node ablation]] with [[ventricle|ventricular]] pacing to control [[heart rate]] when [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] [[therapy]] is insufficient or not tolerated ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' [[intravenous therapy|Intravenous]] [[amiodarone]] can be useful to control [[heart rate]] in [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] when other measures are unsuccessful or [[contraindication|contraindicated]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' For [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] and rapid [[ventricle|ventricular]] response causing or suspected of causing [[tachycardia]]-induced [[cardiomyopathy]], it is reasonable to achieve [[heart rate|rate]] control by either [[AV nodalal ablation|AV nodal blockade]] or a rhythm-control strategy ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' For [[patients]] with [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] [[heart rate]] who remain [[symptom|symptomatic]] from [[atrial fibrillation]] despite a rate-control strategy, it is reasonable to use a rhythm-control strategy''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[mouth|Oral]] [[amiodarone]] may be considered when resting and [[Physical exercise|exercise]] [[heart rate]] cannot be adequately controlled using a [[beta blocker]] (or a [[Calcium channel blocker|nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist]] in [[patients]] with [[Congestive heart failure|HFpEF]]) or [[digoxin]], alone or in combination ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[AV nodal ablation|AV node ablation]] may be considered when the [[heart rate|rate]] cannot be controlled and [[tachycardia]]-mediated [[cardiomyopathy]] is suspected ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
==2009 ACC/AHA Focused Update and 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult (DO NOT EDIT)  <ref name="pmid16160202">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160202 ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.] Circulation 112 (12):e154-235. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16160202 16160202]</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>==
===Patients who have Concomitant Disorders (DO NOT EDIT)  <ref name="pmid16160202">Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160202 ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.] Circulation 112 (12):e154-235. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16160202 16160202]</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref> ===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' All other recommendations should apply to patients with concomitant disorders unless there are specific exceptions. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Physicians should control [[Systolic hypertension|systolic]] and diastolic [[hypertension]] and [[diabetes mellitus]] in patients with [[HF]] in accordance with recommended guidelines. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Physicians should use [[nitrates]] and [[beta-blockers]] for the treatment of [[angina]] in patients with [[HF]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' Physicians should recommend [[coronary revascularization]] according to recommended guidelines in patients who have both [[HF]] and [[angina]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' Physicians should prescribe [[anticoagulants]] in patients with [[HF]] who have paroxysmal or persistent [[atrial fibrillation]] or a previous [[thromboembolic event]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''6.''' Physicians should control the ventricular response rate in patients with [[HF]] and [[atrial fibrillation]] with a [[beta-blocker]] (or [[amiodarone]], if the [[beta-blocker]] is contraindicated or not tolerated). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''7.''' Patients with [[coronary artery disease]] and [[HF]] should be treated in accordance with recommended guidelines for [[chronic stable angina]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''8.''' Physicians should prescribe [[antiplatelet agents]] for prevention of [[MI]] and death in patients with [[HF]] who have underlying [[coronary artery disease]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (No Benefit)
|-
| bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Class I or III [[antiarrhythmic drugs]] are not recommended in patients with [[HF]] for the prevention of [[ventricular arrhythmias]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''  Class Ia agents include [[quinidine]], [[procainamide]] and [[disopyramide]]. Class Ib agents include [[lidocaine]], [[mexiletine]], [[tocainide]], and [[phenytoin]]. Class Ic agents include [[encainide]], [[flecainide]], [[moricizine]], and [[propafenone]].  Class III agents include amiodarone, azimilide, bretylium, clofilium, dofetilide, tedisamil, ibutilide, sematilide, and sotalol. <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' The use of [[antiarrhythmic medication]] is not indicated as primary treatment for asymptomatic [[ventricular arrhythmias]] or to improve survival in patients with [[HF]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' It is reasonable to prescribe [[digitalis]] to control the ventricular response rate in patients with [[HF]] and [[atrial fibrillation]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' It is reasonable to treat patients with [[atrial fibrillation]] and [[HF]] with a strategy to maintain sinus rhythm or with a strategy to control ventricular rate alone. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' It is reasonable to prescribe [[amiodarone]] to decrease recurrence of [[atrial arrhythmias]] and to decrease recurrence of [[ICD]] discharge for [[ventricular arrhythmias]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' The usefulness of current strategies to restore and maintain [[sinus rhythm]] in patients with [[HF]] and [[atrial fibrillation]] is not well established. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' The usefulness of [[anticoagulation]] is not well established in patients with [[HF]] who do not have [[atrial fibrillation]] or a previous [[thromboembolic event]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' The benefit of enhancing [[erythropoiesis]] in patients with [[HF]] and [[anemia]] is not established. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==

Revision as of 21:15, 15 June 2022



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Congestive Heart Failure Microchapters

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ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient
Hospitalized Patient
Patients With a Prior MI
Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention
Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF
Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A)
Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed heart failure symptoms (Stage B)
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Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D)
Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF
Quality Metrics/Performance Measures

Implementation of Practice Guidelines

Congestive heart failure end-of-life considerations

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Patients who have concomitant disorders
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF
NSTEMI with Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2] ;Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D. [3]


2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) [1]

COMORBIDITIES IN PATIENTS WITH HF (DO NOT EDIT) [1]

Management of Comorbidities in Patients With HF (DO NOT EDIT) [1]

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

Sources

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM; et al. (2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e876–e894. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062. PMID 35363500 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID: 19324967
  3. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 112 (12):e154-235. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.167586 PMID: 16160202

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