Ovarian Sarcoma: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Ovarian carcinosarcoma, which is also known as a malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT) of the ovary, is a rare, aggressive cancer of the ovary with two distinct characteristic cancer types i.e carcinoma and sarcoma.Primary ovarian sarcomas occur as pure sarcomas or mixed müllerian tumors (MMTs).Ovarian sarcoma is one of the least common gynecologic malignancy, constituting approximately 1% of all ovarian malignancies.Prognosis is generally poor, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with ovarian sarcoma is approximately 28.2%.Most of the women are asymptomatic, when present, symptoms may include,pain in the abdomen or pelvic area, bloating or swelling of the abdomen, quickly feeling full when eating, other digestive problems. An elevated concentration of CA-125 in serum is seen in some patients of ovarian sarcoma.Biopsy is the study of choice.Findings on MRI suggestive of ovarian sarcoma include the following.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for ovarian sarcoma.Among all chemotherapeutic regimens that are being used to treat ovarian sarcoma, they are divided into two groups like platinum containing regimens and non-platinum regimens. Cisplatin, carboplatin are commonly used.
Ovarian carcinosarcoma, which is also known as a [[malignant]] [[mixed mullerian tumor]] (MMMT) of the [[ovary]], is a rare, aggressive [[cancer]] of the [[ovary]] with two distinct characteristic [[cancer]] types i.e [[carcinoma]] and [[sarcoma]]. Primary ovarian sarcomas occur as pure sarcomas or [[Mixed mullerian tumor|mixed mullerian tumors]] (MMTs). Ovarian sarcoma is one of the least common [[Gynecologic Malignancies|gynecologic malignanc]]<nowiki/>y, constituting approximately 1% of all [[Ovarian malignancy|ovarian malignancies]]. [[Prognosis]] is generally poor, and the 5-year [[survival rate]] of [[patients]] with ovarian sarcoma is approximately 28.2%. Most of the [[women]] are [[asymptomatic]], when present, [[symptoms]] may include, [[pain]] in the [[abdomen]] or [[pelvic]] area, [[bloating]] or [[swelling]] of the [[abdomen]], quickly feeling full when [[eating]], other [[digestive]] problems. An elevated concentration of [[CA-125]] in [[serum]] is seen in some [[patients]] of ovarian sarcoma. [[Biopsy]] is the study of choice. Findings on [[MRI]] suggestive of ovarian sarcoma include the following. [[Surgery]] is the mainstay of treatment for ovarian sarcoma.Among all [[Chemotherapy regimens|chemotherapeutic regimens]] that are being used to treat ovarian sarcoma, they are divided into two groups like [[platinum]] containing regimens and non-platinum regimens. [[Cisplatin]], [[carboplatin]] are commonly used.




==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
There is limited information available about the historical perspective of ovarian sarcoma
 
The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
 
In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
 
In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
 
There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
 
In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].


==Classification==
==Classification==
*There is no established system for the classification of ovarian Sarcoma.<ref name="HarrisDelap2003">{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=M A|last2=Delap|first2=L M|last3=Sengupta|first3=P S|last4=Wilkinson|first4=P M|last5=Welch|first5=R S|last6=Swindell|first6=R|last7=Shanks|first7=J H|last8=Wilson|first8=G|last9=Slade|first9=R J|last10=Reynolds|first10=K|last11=Jayson|first11=G C|title=Carcinosarcoma of the ovary|journal=British Journal of Cancer|volume=88|issue=5|year=2003|pages=654–657|issn=0007-0920|doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6600770}}</ref>
*There is no established system for the [[classification]] of ovarian sarcoma.<ref name="HarrisDelap2003">{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=M A|last2=Delap|first2=L M|last3=Sengupta|first3=P S|last4=Wilkinson|first4=P M|last5=Welch|first5=R S|last6=Swindell|first6=R|last7=Shanks|first7=J H|last8=Wilson|first8=G|last9=Slade|first9=R J|last10=Reynolds|first10=K|last11=Jayson|first11=G C|title=Carcinosarcoma of the ovary|journal=British Journal of Cancer|volume=88|issue=5|year=2003|pages=654–657|issn=0007-0920|doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6600770}}</ref><ref name="pmid27418786">{{cite journal| author=Makris GM, Siristatidis C, Battista MJ, Chrelias C| title=Ovarian carcinosarcoma: a case report, diagnosis, treatment and literature review. | journal=Hippokratia | year= 2015 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 256-9 | pmid=27418786 | doi= | pmc=4938474 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27418786  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21420726">{{cite journal| author=Rauh-Hain JA, Growdon WB, Rodriguez N, Goodman AK, Boruta DM, Schorge JO et al.| title=Carcinosarcoma of the ovary: a case-control study. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 121 | issue= 3 | pages= 477-81 | pmid=21420726 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.02.023 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420726  }} </ref>


*Primary ovarian sarcomas occur as pure sarcomas or mixed müllerian tumors (MMTs).
*Primary ovarian sarcomas occur as pure sarcomas or [[mixed mullerian tumor]]<nowiki/>s (MMTs).
*Pure sarcomas are comprised of a single malignant mesenchymal element and are further categorized as:  
*Pure sarcomas are comprised of a single [[malignant]] [[mesenchymal]] element and are further categorized as:  
**Stromal cell sarcomas  
**Stromal cell sarcomas
**Fibrosarcomas
**[[Fibrosarcoma|Fibrosarcomas]]
**Leiomyosarcomas  
**[[Leiomyosarcoma|Leiomyosarcomas]]
**Neurofibrosarcomas  
**[[Neurofibrosarcoma|Neurofibrosarcomas]]
**Rhabdomyosarcomas  
**[[Rhabdomyosarcoma|Rhabdomyosarcomas]]
**Chondrosarcomas
**[[Chondrosarcoma]]<nowiki/>s
**Angiosarcomas
**[[Angiosarcoma|Angiosarcomas]]
**Liposarcomas
**[[Liposarcoma|Liposarcomas]]
*On the other hand mixed mullerian tumors(MMTs) are defined by the presence of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements and are more common than pure sarcomas.  
*On the other hand [[Mixed mullerian tumor|mixed mullerian tumors]](MMTs) are defined by the presence of both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements and are more common than pure sarcomas.
*Ovarian MMTs can be further classified as homologous or heterologous on the basis of the tissue components present.  
*Ovarian MMTs can be further classified as homologous or heterologous on the basis of the tissue components present.  
*Homologous tumors contain elements that are native to the ovary whereas heterologous tumors contain elements that normally are not present in the ovary.
*Homologous tumors contain elements that are native to the ovary whereas heterologous tumors contain elements that normally are not present in the ovary.
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==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
*The exact pathogenesis of ovarian sarcoma is not fully understood
*The exact [[pathogenesis]] of ovarian sarcoma is not fully understood<ref name="pmid25371706">{{cite journal| author=Vargas AN| title=Natural history of ovarian cancer. | journal=Ecancermedicalscience | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue=  | pages= 465 | pmid=25371706 | doi=10.3332/ecancer.2014.465 | pmc=4176445 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25371706  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21420726">{{cite journal| author=Rauh-Hain JA, Growdon WB, Rodriguez N, Goodman AK, Boruta DM, Schorge JO et al.| title=Carcinosarcoma of the ovary: a case-control study. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 121 | issue= 3 | pages= 477-81 | pmid=21420726 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.02.023 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420726  }} </ref>
*Clonal loss of the wild-type BRCA2 allele as well as the same somatic mutation of the TP53 gene was evident in histologic components
*Clonal loss of the wild-type [[BRCA2]] [[allele]] as well as the same [[somatic mutation]] of the [[TP53]] [[gene]] was evident in [[histologic]] components


[[File:Tileshop.jpg|400px|thumb|none|Types of ovarian cancer according to origin,Vargas AN. Natural history of ovarian cancer. Ecancermedicalscience. 2014;8:465. Published 2014 Sep 25. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2014.465,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176445/]]


==Causes==
==Causes==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].


OR
The exact [[causes]] of ovarian sarcoma have not been identified.


Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
==Differentiating ovarian sarcoma from Other Diseases==


OR
On the basis of age of onset, [[vaginal discharge]], and constitutional symptoms, ovarian cancer must be differentiated from [[tubo-ovarian abscess]], [[ectopic pregnancy]], [[hydrosalpinx]], [[salpingitis]], [[fallopian tube]] [[carcinoma]], [[uterine leiomyoma]], [[choriocarcinoma]], [[leiomyosarcoma]], [[pregnancy]], [[Appendix|appendiceal]] [[abscess]], [[Appendiceal cancer|appendiceal neoplasm]], [[diverticular abscess]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[pelvic kidney]], advanced [[bladder cancer]], and [[retroperitoneal]] [[sarcoma]].
 
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
 
OR
 
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.
 
==Differentiating ovarian sarcoma from Other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
{|
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan/US
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan/US
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MRI
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MRI
|-
! colspan="14" style="background: #7d7d7d; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Gynecologic
|-
| rowspan="14" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ovary|Ovarian]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ovarian cyst|Follicular cysts]]<br><ref name="pmid20505067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levine D, Brown DL, Andreotti RF, Benacerraf B, Benson CB, Brewster WR, Coleman B, Depriest P, Doubilet PM, Goldstein SR, Hamper UM, Hecht JL, Horrow M, Hur HC, Marnach M, Patel MD, Platt LD, Puscheck E, Smith-Bindman R |title=Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement |journal=Radiology |volume=256 |issue=3 |pages=943–54 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20505067 |doi=10.1148/radiol.10100213 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Women]] in [[Reproductive system|reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[estrogen]] +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see a >3 cm simple [[cyst]] with no internal echo and with posterior acoustic enhancement
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* simple [[cyst]] with no internal echo or septa
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[History and Physical examination|History]]/<br>[[imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with [[hyperestrogenism]] and [[endometrial hyperplasia]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ovarian cyst|Theca lutein cysts]]<br><ref name="pmid2455880">{{cite journal |vauthors=Montz FJ, Schlaerth JB, Morrow CP |title=The natural history of theca lutein cysts |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=247–51 |date=August 1988 |pmid=2455880 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="Southam1962">{{cite journal|last1=Southam|first1=Anna L.|title=Massive Ovarian Hyperstimulation with Clomiphene Citrate|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=181|issue=5|year=1962|pages=443|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.1962.03050310083018b}}</ref><ref name="NguyenReid1986">{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=K T|last2=Reid|first2=R L|last3=Sauerbrei|first3=E|title=Antenatal sonographic detection of a fetal theca lutein cyst: a clue to maternal diabetes mellitus.|journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine|volume=5|issue=11|year=1986|pages=665–667|issn=02784297|doi=10.7863/jum.1986.5.11.665}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Women]] in [[reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Depends on the underlying [[etiology]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see bilaterally enlarged [[ovaries]] with multiple [[cysts]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Multiple bilateral [[cysts]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Theca interna cell [[Hyperplasia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[History and Physical examination|History]]/<br>[[imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with [[Hydatidiform mole|hydatidiform moles]], [[choriocarcinoma]], [[diabetes mellitus]] and [[clomiphene]] intake ([[ovulation]] induction)
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Serous cystadenoma/carcinoma<br><ref name="JungLee20022">{{cite journal|last1=Jung|first1=Seung Eun|last2=Lee|first2=Jae Mun|last3=Rha|first3=Sung Eun|last4=Byun|first4=Jae Young|last5=Jung|first5=Jung Im|last6=Hahn|first6=Seong Tai|title=CT and MR Imaging of Ovarian Tumors with Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=22|issue=6|year=2002|pages=1305–1325|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.226025033}}</ref><ref name="ImaiKiyozuka1990">{{cite journal|last1=Imai|first1=Shunsuke|last2=Kiyozuka|first2=Yasuhiko|last3=Maeda|first3=Hiroko|last4=Noda|first4=Tuneo|last5=Hosick|first5=Howard L.|title=Establishment and Characterization of a Human Ovarian Serous Cystadenocarcinoma Cell Line That Produces the Tumor Markers CA-125 and Tissue Polypeptide Antigen|journal=Oncology|volume=47|issue=2|year=1990|pages=177–184|issn=0030-2414|doi=10.1159/000226813}}</ref><ref name="pmid15087669">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malpica A, Deavers MT, Lu K, Bodurka DC, Atkinson EN, Gershenson DM, Silva EG |title=Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=496–504 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15087669 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22405464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li J, Fadare O, Xiang L, Kong B, Zheng W |title=Ovarian serous carcinoma: recent concepts on its origin and carcinogenesis |journal=J Hematol Oncol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=8 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22405464 |doi=10.1186/1756-8722-5-8 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Serous cystadenoma/carcinoma<br><ref name="JungLee20022">{{cite journal|last1=Jung|first1=Seung Eun|last2=Lee|first2=Jae Mun|last3=Rha|first3=Sung Eun|last4=Byun|first4=Jae Young|last5=Jung|first5=Jung Im|last6=Hahn|first6=Seong Tai|title=CT and MR Imaging of Ovarian Tumors with Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=22|issue=6|year=2002|pages=1305–1325|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.226025033}}</ref><ref name="ImaiKiyozuka1990">{{cite journal|last1=Imai|first1=Shunsuke|last2=Kiyozuka|first2=Yasuhiko|last3=Maeda|first3=Hiroko|last4=Noda|first4=Tuneo|last5=Hosick|first5=Howard L.|title=Establishment and Characterization of a Human Ovarian Serous Cystadenocarcinoma Cell Line That Produces the Tumor Markers CA-125 and Tissue Polypeptide Antigen|journal=Oncology|volume=47|issue=2|year=1990|pages=177–184|issn=0030-2414|doi=10.1159/000226813}}</ref><ref name="pmid15087669">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malpica A, Deavers MT, Lu K, Bodurka DC, Atkinson EN, Gershenson DM, Silva EG |title=Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=496–504 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15087669 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22405464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li J, Fadare O, Xiang L, Kong B, Zheng W |title=Ovarian serous carcinoma: recent concepts on its origin and carcinogenesis |journal=J Hematol Oncol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=8 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22405464 |doi=10.1186/1756-8722-5-8 |url=}}</ref>
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* May content [[thyroid]] [[tissue]] and cause [[hyperthyroidism]]
* May content [[thyroid]] [[tissue]] and cause [[hyperthyroidism]]
* In plane [[radiography]] we may see [[calcification]] due to the presence of [[tooth]] in the [[tumor]]
* In plane [[radiography]] we may see [[calcification]] due to the presence of [[tooth]] in the [[tumor]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Dysgerminoma]]<br><ref name="DganiShoham(Schwartz)1988">{{cite journal|last1=Dgani|first1=R.|last2=Shoham(Schwartz)|first2=Z.|last3=Czernobilsky|first3=B.|last4=Kaftori|first4=A.|last5=Borenstein|first5=R.|last6=Lancet|first6=M.|title=Lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and human chorionic gonadotropin in a pure ovarian dysgerminoma|journal=Gynecologic Oncology|volume=30|issue=1|year=1988|pages=44–50|issn=00908258|doi=10.1016/0090-8258(88)90044-3}}</ref><ref name="pmid8188914">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tanaka YO, Kurosaki Y, Nishida M, Michishita N, Kuramoto K, Itai Y, Kubo T |title=Ovarian dysgerminoma: MR and CT appearance |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=443–8 |date=1994 |pmid=8188914 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* in the second to third decade of life
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[HCG]] and [[LDH]]
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Multilobulated solid [[Mass|masses]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see [[ovarian]] [[mass]] with septation which are hyperintense on T1 and hypo or isointense on T2 [[imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sheets fried egg appearance [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Same as [[male]] [[seminoma]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Yolk sac tumor]]<br><ref name="Yang2000">{{cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Grace C.H.|title=Fine-needle aspiration cytology of Schiller-Duval bodies of yolk-sac tumor|journal=Diagnostic Cytopathology|volume=23|issue=4|year=2000|pages=228–232|issn=8755-1039|doi=10.1002/1097-0339(200010)23:4<228::AID-DC2>3.0.CO;2-M}}</ref><ref name="LevitinHaller1996">{{cite journal|last1=Levitin|first1=A|last2=Haller|first2=K D|last3=Cohen|first3=H L|last4=Zinn|first4=D L|last5=O'Connor|first5=M T|title=Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: imaging evaluation.|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=167|issue=3|year=1996|pages=791–793|issn=0361-803X|doi=10.2214/ajr.167.3.8751702}}</ref><ref name="TalermanHaije1974">{{cite journal|last1=Talerman|first1=A.|last2=Haije|first2=W. G.|title=Alpha-fetoprotein and germ cell tumors: A possible role of yolk sac tumor in production of alpha-fetoprotein|journal=Cancer|volume=34|issue=5|year=1974|pages=1722–1726|issn=0008-543X|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197411)34:5<1722::AID-CNCR2820340521>3.0.CO;2-F}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Young [[children]]
* [[Male]] [[infants]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High levels of [[AFP]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see a combination of echogenic and hypoechoic components
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Ovarian mass]] with [[hemorrhagic]] areas
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Yellow appearance
* [[Hemorrhagic]]
* Schiller-Duval bodies ([[glomeruli]] like structures)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* The other name is [[Ovarian cyst|ovarian]] [[endodermal sinus tumor]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fibroma]]<br><ref name="pmid13148256">{{cite journal |vauthors=MEIGS JV |title=Fibroma of the ovary with ascites and hydrothorax; Meigs' syndrome |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=962–85 |date=May 1954 |pmid=13148256 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="SivanesaratnamDutta1990">{{cite journal|last1=Sivanesaratnam|first1=V.|last2=Dutta|first2=R.|last3=Jayalakshmi|first3=P.|title=Ovarian fibroma - clinical and histopathological characteristics|journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics|volume=33|issue=3|year=1990|pages=243–247|issn=00207292|doi=10.1016/0020-7292(90)90009-A}}</ref><ref name="AbadCazorla1999">{{cite journal|last1=Abad|first1=Antonio|last2=Cazorla|first2=Eduardo|last3=Ruiz|first3=Fernando|last4=Aznar|first4=Ismael|last5=Asins|first5=Enrique|last6=Llixiona|first6=Joaquin|title=Meigs' syndrome with elevated CA125: case report and review of the literature|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=82|issue=1|year=1999|pages=97–99|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/S0301-2115(98)00174-2}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >50 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Pulling sensation in the [[groin]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High levels of [[CA-125]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[CT scan]] we may see a unilateral [[mass]] with poor contrast enhancement
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Low signal intensity on T1 and T2
* We may see scattered hyperintense areas due to  [[edema]] or [[cystic]] [[degeneration]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Spindle-shaped [[fibroblast]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause [[Meigs syndrome]] ([[ovarian fibroma]], [[ascites]], and [[hydrothorax]])
* It may cause [[ovarian torsion]]
* It may cause [[pleural effusion]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thecoma]]<br><ref name="YaghoobianPinck1983">{{cite journal|last1=Yaghoobian|first1=Jahanguir|last2=Pinck|first2=Robert L.|title=Ultrasound findings in thecoma of the ovary|journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound|volume=11|issue=2|year=1983|pages=91–93|issn=00912751|doi=10.1002/jcu.1870110207}}</ref><ref name="LiZhang2012">{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xinchun|last2=Zhang|first2=Weidong|last3=Zhu|first3=Guangbin|last4=Sun|first4=Congpeng|last5=Liu|first5=Qingyu|last6=Shen|first6=Yuechun|title=Imaging Features and Pathologic Characteristics of Ovarian Thecoma|journal=Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography|volume=36|issue=1|year=2012|pages=46–53|issn=0363-8715|doi=10.1097/RCT.0b013e31823f6186}}</ref><ref name="ProctorGreeley1951">{{cite journal|last1=Proctor|first1=Francis E.|last2=Greeley|first2=Joseph P.|last3=Rathmell|first3=Thomas K.|title=Malignant thecoma of the ovary|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=62|issue=1|year=1951|pages=185–192|issn=00029378|doi=10.1016/0002-9378(51)91109-X}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >50 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Postmenopausal bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[estrogen]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see non-specific [[ovarian]] [[mass]]
* We may see evidence of [[endometrial hyperplasia]] due to increased level of [[estrogen]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Hyperintense on T2
* T1 intensity depends on the amount of [[fibrous tissue]] ([[fibrous tissue]] lead to hypointensity)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Lipid-laden [[Stromal cell|stromal cells]] with pale, vaculolated [[cytoplasm]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We may see [[endometrial cancer]] as e result of hyper-[[Estrogen|estrogenism]]
* We may see [[ovarian]] fibrothecoma (mixture of [[fibroma]] and [[thecoma]])
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Granulosa cell tumour|Granulosa cell tumor]]<br><ref name="pmid17945423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Psyrri A |title=Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary |journal=Cancer Treat. Rev. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |date=February 2008 |pmid=17945423 |doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.08.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="StenwigHazekamp1979">{{cite journal|last1=Stenwig|first1=Jan Trygve|last2=Hazekamp|first2=Johan The.|last3=Beecham|first3=Jackson B.|title=Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathological study of 118 cases with long-term follow-up|journal=Gynecologic Oncology|volume=7|issue=2|year=1979|pages=136–152|issn=00908258|doi=10.1016/0090-8258(79)90090-8}}</ref><ref name="pmid9386298">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morikawa K, Hatabu H, Togashi K, Kataoka ML, Mori T, Konishi J |title=Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: MR findings |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1001–4 |date=1997 |pmid=9386298 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10227493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ko SF, Wan YL, Ng SH, Lee TY, Lin JW, Chen WJ, Kung FT, Tsai CC |title=Adult ovarian granulosa cell tumors: spectrum of sonographic and CT findings with pathologic correlation |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=1227–33 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10227493 |doi=10.2214/ajr.172.5.10227493 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Granulosa cell tumour|Granulosa cell tumor]]<br><ref name="pmid17945423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Psyrri A |title=Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary |journal=Cancer Treat. Rev. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |date=February 2008 |pmid=17945423 |doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.08.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="StenwigHazekamp1979">{{cite journal|last1=Stenwig|first1=Jan Trygve|last2=Hazekamp|first2=Johan The.|last3=Beecham|first3=Jackson B.|title=Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. A clinicopathological study of 118 cases with long-term follow-up|journal=Gynecologic Oncology|volume=7|issue=2|year=1979|pages=136–152|issn=00908258|doi=10.1016/0090-8258(79)90090-8}}</ref><ref name="pmid9386298">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morikawa K, Hatabu H, Togashi K, Kataoka ML, Mori T, Konishi J |title=Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: MR findings |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1001–4 |date=1997 |pmid=9386298 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10227493">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ko SF, Wan YL, Ng SH, Lee TY, Lin JW, Chen WJ, Kung FT, Tsai CC |title=Adult ovarian granulosa cell tumors: spectrum of sonographic and CT findings with pathologic correlation |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=1227–33 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10227493 |doi=10.2214/ajr.172.5.10227493 |url=}}</ref>
Line 245: Line 375:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause [[virilization]] [[Symptom|symptoms]] and [[amenorrhea]]
* It may cause [[virilization]] [[Symptom|symptoms]] and [[amenorrhea]]
 
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Brenner tumor]]<br><ref name="ShevchukFenoglio1980">{{cite journal|last1=Shevchuk|first1=Maria M.|last2=Fenoglio|first2=Cecilia M.|last3=Richart|first3=Ralph M.|title=Histogenesis of brenner tumors, I: Histology and ultrastructure|journal=Cancer|volume=46|issue=12|year=1980|pages=2607–2616|issn=0008-543X|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19801215)46:12<2607::AID-CNCR2820461213>3.0.CO;2-Q}}</ref><ref name="OutwaterSiegelman1998">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S|last3=Kim|first3=Bohyun|last4=Chiowanich|first4=Peerapod|last5=Blasbalg|first5=Roberto|last6=Kilger|first6=Alex|title=Ovarian Brenner tumors: MR imaging characteristics|journal=Magnetic Resonance Imaging|volume=16|issue=10|year=1998|pages=1147–1153|issn=0730725X|doi=10.1016/S0730-725X(98)00136-2}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >55 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
:* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see hypoechoic solid [[Mass-to-charge ratio|mass]] and [[calcification]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Hypointense on T2 because of [[fibrous]] content
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Yellow/pale appearance
* [[Transitional cell]] [[tumor]] (resembles [[Urinary bladder|bladder]])
* Coffee bean [[nuclei]] on [[H&E stain|H&E]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most of the times it's an accidental finding
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Krukenberg tumor|Krukenberg tumor]]<br><ref name="pmid8626898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim SH, Kim WH, Park KJ, Lee JK, Kim JS |title=CT and MR findings of Krukenberg tumors: comparison with primary ovarian tumors |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=393–8 |date=1996 |pmid=8626898 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17076540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Agha OM, Nicastri AD |title=An in-depth look at Krukenberg tumor: an overview |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=130 |issue=11 |pages=1725–30 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17076540 |doi=10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1725:AILAKT]2.0.CO;2 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* >55 y/o
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
Based on underlying [[malignancy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In case of [[Metastasis|metastatic]] [[Gastrointestinal cancer|GI cancers]] we may see [[iron deficiency anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Mostly bilateral, complex ovarian [[lesion]]
* In [[CT scan]] we may see evidence of concurrent [[malignancy]] in other [[organs]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Mostly bilateral, complex [[Ovary|ovarian]] [[lesion]] with solid components
* Internal hyperintensity on T1 and T2 weighted [[Mri|MR]] [[images]] because of [[Mucin 17|mucin]]
* Evidence of concurrent [[malignancy]] in other [[organs]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Mucin]]-secreting [[signet cell]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Imaging]]/<br>[[biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* The most common [[primary tumor]] is in [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]], [[stomach]], [[breast]], [[lung]], and contralateral [[ovary]]
* Based on underlying [[malignancy]] it may cause [[pleural effusion]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fallopian tube|Tubal]]
| rowspan="5" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fallopian tube|Tubal]]
Line 271: Line 448:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*The most common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] are previous [[PID]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[intrauterine device]] and [[History and Physical examination|history]] of [[Uterus|uterine]] [[surgery]]
*The most common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] are previous [[PID]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[intrauterine device]] and [[History and Physical examination|history]] of [[Uterus|uterine]] [[surgery]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ectopic pregnancy]]<br><ref name="Barnhart2009">{{cite journal|last1=Barnhart|first1=Kurt T.|title=Ectopic Pregnancy|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=361|issue=4|year=2009|pages=379–387|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0810384}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Women]] in [[reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[HCG|BhCG]]
* [[Progesterone]] level ≤5 ng/ml
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see empty [[uterine cavity]], [[Fallopian tube|tubal]] ring sign, ring of fire sign ([[Doppler]]), extra-[[uterine]] [[Fetus|fetal]] [[heart rate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[History and Physical examination|History]]/<br>[[imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Any [[women]] in [[reproductive]] age presenting with [[abdominal pain]] or  [[amenorrhea]] should be screened for [[ectopic pregnancy]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hydrosalpinx]]<br><ref name="KimRha2009">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Mi Young|last2=Rha|first2=Sung Eun|last3=Oh|first3=Soon Nam|last4=Jung|first4=Seung Eun|last5=Lee|first5=Young Joon|last6=Kim|first6=You Sung|last7=Byun|first7=Jae Young|last8=Lee|first8=Ahwon|last9=Kim|first9=Mee-Ran|title=MR Imaging Findings of Hydrosalpinx: A Comprehensive Review|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=29|issue=2|year=2009|pages=495–507|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.292085070}}</ref><ref name="pmid7938766">{{cite journal |vauthors=Atri M, Nazarnia S, Bret PM, Aldis AE, Kintzen G, Reinhold C |title=Endovaginal sonographic appearance of benign ovarian masses |journal=Radiographics |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=747–60; discussion 761–2 |date=July 1994 |pmid=7938766 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.14.4.7938766 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ChanellesDucarme2011">{{cite journal|last1=Chanelles|first1=Olivier|last2=Ducarme|first2=Guillaume|last3=Sifer|first3=Christophe|last4=Hugues|first4=Jean-Noel|last5=Touboul|first5=Cyril|last6=Poncelet|first6=Christophe|title=Hydrosalpinx and infertility: what about conservative surgical management?|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=159|issue=1|year=2011|pages=122–126|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.07.004}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see [[Fallopian tube|tubal]] longitudinal folds thickening (cogwheel appearance)
* In [[CT scan]] we may see tubular [[Adnexa|adnexal]] [[lesion]] with [[fluid]] attenuation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dilated [[Fallopian tube]] with [[fluid]] signal intensity
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Imaging]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with [[endometriosis]] (haematosalpinx), [[ovulation]] induction, [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], post-[[hysterectomy]], [[tubal ligation]], and tubal [[malignancy]]
* It may cause [[infertility]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Salpingitis]]<br><ref name="pmid7976247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Czerwenka K, Heuss F, Hosmann J, Manavi M, Jelincic D, Kubista E |title=Salpingitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and its significance for infertility |journal=Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand |volume=73 |issue=9 |pages=711–5 |date=October 1994 |pmid=7976247 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Women]] of [[reproductive]] age
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Leukocytosis (patient information)|Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see , [[Edema|edematous]] and thickened endosalpingeal folds
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[History and Physical examination|History/<br>physical<br>exam]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It may cause  [[infertility]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fallopian tube cancer|Fallopian tube carcinoma]]<br><ref name="NiloffKlug1984">{{cite journal|last1=Niloff|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Klug|first2=Thomas L.|last3=Schaetzl|first3=Elena|last4=Zurawski|first4=Vincent R.|last5=Knapp|first5=Robert C.|last6=Bast|first6=Robert C.|title=Elevation of serum CA125 in carcinomas of the fallopian tube, endometrium, and endocervix|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=148|issue=8|year=1984|pages=1057–1058|issn=00029378|doi=10.1016/S0002-9378(84)90444-7}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fallopian tube cancer|Fallopian tube carcinoma]]<br><ref name="NiloffKlug1984">{{cite journal|last1=Niloff|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Klug|first2=Thomas L.|last3=Schaetzl|first3=Elena|last4=Zurawski|first4=Vincent R.|last5=Knapp|first5=Robert C.|last6=Bast|first6=Robert C.|title=Elevation of serum CA125 in carcinomas of the fallopian tube, endometrium, and endocervix|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=148|issue=8|year=1984|pages=1057–1058|issn=00029378|doi=10.1016/S0002-9378(84)90444-7}}</ref>
Line 376: Line 619:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In case of rapid [[uterine]] growth in post [[Menopause|menopausal]] [[women]] we may suspect [[uterine sarcoma]]
* In case of rapid [[uterine]] growth in post [[Menopause|menopausal]] [[women]] we may suspect [[uterine sarcoma]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pregnancy]]<br><ref name="CacctatoreTttttnen1990">{{cite journal|last1=Cacctatore|first1=Bruno|last2=Tttttnen|first2=Atla|last3=Stenman|first3=Ulf-Hakan|last4=Ylostalo|first4=Pekka|title=Normal early pregnancy: serum hCG levels and vaginal ultrasonography findings|journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|volume=97|issue=10|year=1990|pages=899–903|issn=1470-0328|doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02444.x}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Women]] in [[reproductive]] age (15 -45 y/o)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/−
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* High level of [[HCG|BhCG]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[Ultrasound|US]] we may see ​[[gestational sac]], [[yolk sac]], double bleb sign and [[fetal]] pore
* In [[CT scan]] we may see [[cystic]] structure filled with fluid, curvilinear enhancing structure ([[placenta]]) and [[fetal]] pore
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Cystic]] structure filled with fluid
* Curvilinear enhancing structure ([[placenta]])
* [[Fetal]] pore
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[History and Physical examination|History]]/<br>[[laboratory]]<br>findings
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* We do not perform [[CT scan]] and [[MRI]] in [[pregnancy]] but We may unintentionally image the [[pregnancy]] with [[CT scan]] and [[MRI]].
|-
! colspan="14" style="background: #7d7d7d; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Non-gynecologic
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Gastrointestinal tract|GIT]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Appendix|Appendiceal]] [[abscess]]<br><ref name="pmid16037513">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pinto Leite N, Pereira JM, Cunha R, Pinto P, Sirlin C |title=CT evaluation of appendicitis and its complications: imaging techniques and key diagnostic findings |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=406–17 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16037513 |doi=10.2214/ajr.185.2.01850406 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Fluid collection in the [[appendicular]] region


|}
* [[appendicolith]] may be visualized.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Fluid collection in the [[appendicular]] region


* [[appendicolith]] may be visualized.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* NA
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Imaging]]/<br>[[History and Physical examination|history]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* The most common [[complication]] of [[acute appendicitis]]
* It may cause pleural effusion
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Appendix cancer|Appendiceal  neoplasm]]<br><ref name="WHO">Chapter 5: Tumours of the Appendix - IARC. https://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb2/bb2-chap5.pdf Accessed on January 15, 2019</ref><ref name="GoedeCaplin2003">{{cite journal|last1=Goede|first1=A. C.|last2=Caplin|first2=M. E.|last3=Winslet|first3=M. C.|title=Carcinoid tumour of the appendix|journal=British Journal of Surgery|volume=90|issue=11|year=2003|pages=1317–1322|issn=0007-1323|doi=10.1002/bjs.4375}}</ref><ref name="Pablo CarmignaniHampton2004">{{cite journal|last1=Pablo Carmignani|first1=C.|last2=Hampton|first2=Regina|last3=E. Sugarbaker|first3=Christina|last4=Chang|first4=David|last5=H. Sugarbaker|first5=Paul|title=Utility of CEA and CA 19-9 tumor markers in diagnosis and prognostic assessment of mucinous epithelial cancers of the appendix|journal=Journal of Surgical Oncology|volume=87|issue=4|year=2004|pages=162–166|issn=0022-4790|doi=10.1002/jso.20107}}</ref><ref name="pmid20587792">{{cite journal |vauthors=Limsui D, Vierkant RA, Tillmans LS, Wang AH, Weisenberger DJ, Laird PW, Lynch CF, Anderson KE, French AJ, Haile RW, Harnack LJ, Potter JD, Slager SL, Smyrk TC, Thibodeau SN, Cerhan JR, Limburg PJ |title=Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer risk by molecularly defined subtypes |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=102 |issue=14 |pages=1012–22 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20587792 |pmc=2915616 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djq201 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2886072">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duh QY, Hybarger CP, Geist R, Gamsu G, Goodman PC, Gooding GA, Clark OH |title=Carcinoids associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=154 |issue=1 |pages=142–8 |date=July 1987 |pmid=2886072 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 60-70 y/o for [[adenocarcinoma]],
* 30-50 y/o for [[Carcinoid cancer|carcinoid]] tumors
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | –
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | +/–
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[adenocarcinoma]] type we may have high levels of [[CEA]] and [[CA 19-9]]
* In [[Carcinoid cancer|carcinoid]] type we may see high levels of [[chromogranin A]], [[5-HIAA]] and Ki67
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* In [[CT scan]] we may see:
** [[Soft tissue]] thickening and Cystic lesion with Internal septation
** Wall irregularity
** [[Calcification]]
** Peri-[[Appendix|appendiceal]] fat stranding
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Soft tissue mass in the [[appendix]]
* We may see invasion to other structures
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Gray/yellowi color


OR
* Cystic structures with angiolymphatic invasion


[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
*
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* It is associated with:
** [[MEN1 syndrome]]
** [[Ulcerative colitis]]
** [[Neurofibromatosis type 1]]
** [[HNPCC]]
** [[Smoking]]
* It may cause pleural effusion
|}


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==


*Ovarian sarcoma is one of the least common gynecologic malignancy, constituting approximately 1% of all ovarian malignancies.<ref name="HarrisDelap2003">{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=M A|last2=Delap|first2=L M|last3=Sengupta|first3=P S|last4=Wilkinson|first4=P M|last5=Welch|first5=R S|last6=Swindell|first6=R|last7=Shanks|first7=J H|last8=Wilson|first8=G|last9=Slade|first9=R J|last10=Reynolds|first10=K|last11=Jayson|first11=G C|title=Carcinosarcoma of the ovary|journal=British Journal of Cancer|volume=88|issue=5|year=2003|pages=654–657|issn=0007-0920|doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6600770}}</ref><ref name="FerlaySoerjomataram2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ferlay|first1=Jacques|last2=Soerjomataram|first2=Isabelle|last3=Dikshit|first3=Rajesh|last4=Eser|first4=Sultan|last5=Mathers|first5=Colin|last6=Rebelo|first6=Marise|last7=Parkin|first7=Donald Maxwell|last8=Forman|first8=David|last9=Bray|first9=Freddie|title=Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=136|issue=5|year=2015|pages=E359–E386|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.29210}}</ref><ref name="FerlayShin2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ferlay|first1=Jacques|last2=Shin|first2=Hai-Rim|last3=Bray|first3=Freddie|last4=Forman|first4=David|last5=Mathers|first5=Colin|last6=Parkin|first6=Donald Maxwell|title=Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=127|issue=12|year=2010|pages=2893–2917|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.25516}}</ref><ref name="pmid15761078">{{cite journal| author=Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P| title=Global cancer statistics, 2002. | journal=CA Cancer J Clin | year= 2005 | volume= 55 | issue= 2 | pages= 74-108 | pmid=15761078 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15761078  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1410056">{{cite journal| author=Cresanta JL| title=Epidemiology of cancer in the United States. | journal=Prim Care | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 419-41 | pmid=1410056 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1410056  }} </ref><ref name="BrayFerlay2018">{{cite journal|last1=Bray|first1=Freddie|last2=Ferlay|first2=Jacques|last3=Soerjomataram|first3=Isabelle|last4=Siegel|first4=Rebecca L.|last5=Torre|first5=Lindsey A.|last6=Jemal|first6=Ahmedin|title=Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=68|issue=6|year=2018|pages=394–424|issn=00079235|doi=10.3322/caac.21492}}</ref>
*Ovarian sarcoma is one of the least common [[Gynecologic Malignancies|gynecologic malignancy]], constituting approximately 1% of all ovarian malignancies.<ref name="HarrisDelap2003">{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=M A|last2=Delap|first2=L M|last3=Sengupta|first3=P S|last4=Wilkinson|first4=P M|last5=Welch|first5=R S|last6=Swindell|first6=R|last7=Shanks|first7=J H|last8=Wilson|first8=G|last9=Slade|first9=R J|last10=Reynolds|first10=K|last11=Jayson|first11=G C|title=Carcinosarcoma of the ovary|journal=British Journal of Cancer|volume=88|issue=5|year=2003|pages=654–657|issn=0007-0920|doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6600770}}</ref><ref name="FerlaySoerjomataram2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ferlay|first1=Jacques|last2=Soerjomataram|first2=Isabelle|last3=Dikshit|first3=Rajesh|last4=Eser|first4=Sultan|last5=Mathers|first5=Colin|last6=Rebelo|first6=Marise|last7=Parkin|first7=Donald Maxwell|last8=Forman|first8=David|last9=Bray|first9=Freddie|title=Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=136|issue=5|year=2015|pages=E359–E386|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.29210}}</ref><ref name="FerlayShin2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ferlay|first1=Jacques|last2=Shin|first2=Hai-Rim|last3=Bray|first3=Freddie|last4=Forman|first4=David|last5=Mathers|first5=Colin|last6=Parkin|first6=Donald Maxwell|title=Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=127|issue=12|year=2010|pages=2893–2917|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.25516}}</ref><ref name="pmid15761078">{{cite journal| author=Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P| title=Global cancer statistics, 2002. | journal=CA Cancer J Clin | year= 2005 | volume= 55 | issue= 2 | pages= 74-108 | pmid=15761078 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15761078  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1410056">{{cite journal| author=Cresanta JL| title=Epidemiology of cancer in the United States. | journal=Prim Care | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 419-41 | pmid=1410056 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1410056  }} </ref><ref name="BrayFerlay2018">{{cite journal|last1=Bray|first1=Freddie|last2=Ferlay|first2=Jacques|last3=Soerjomataram|first3=Isabelle|last4=Siegel|first4=Rebecca L.|last5=Torre|first5=Lindsey A.|last6=Jemal|first6=Ahmedin|title=Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=68|issue=6|year=2018|pages=394–424|issn=00079235|doi=10.3322/caac.21492}}</ref>
*In 2012, approximately 239,000 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer worldwide, and 152,000 died of the disease.
*In 2012, approximately 239,000 [[women]] were [[Diagnose|diagnosed]] with [[ovarian cancer]] worldwide, and 152,000 died of the [[disease]].
*Patients of all age groups may develop sarcoma of the ovary both postmenopausal and premenopausal women.
*[[Patients]] of all [[age]] groups may develop [[sarcoma]] of the [[ovary]] both [[postmenopausal]] and [[premenopausal]] [[women]].
*The incidence of ovarian Sarcoma increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 50-60 years.
*The [[incidence]] of ovarian Sarcoma increases with [[age]]; the median [[age]] at [[diagnosis]] is 50-60 years.
*There is no racial predilection to ovarian Sarcoma
*There is no [[racial]] predilection to ovarian Sarcoma


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==

Latest revision as of 19:46, 26 August 2019


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maneesha Nandimandalam, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Ovarian carcinosarcoma, which is also known as a malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT) of the ovary, is a rare, aggressive cancer of the ovary with two distinct characteristic cancer types i.e carcinoma and sarcoma. Primary ovarian sarcomas occur as pure sarcomas or mixed mullerian tumors (MMTs). Ovarian sarcoma is one of the least common gynecologic malignancy, constituting approximately 1% of all ovarian malignancies. Prognosis is generally poor, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with ovarian sarcoma is approximately 28.2%. Most of the women are asymptomatic, when present, symptoms may include, pain in the abdomen or pelvic area, bloating or swelling of the abdomen, quickly feeling full when eating, other digestive problems. An elevated concentration of CA-125 in serum is seen in some patients of ovarian sarcoma. Biopsy is the study of choice. Findings on MRI suggestive of ovarian sarcoma include the following. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for ovarian sarcoma.Among all chemotherapeutic regimens that are being used to treat ovarian sarcoma, they are divided into two groups like platinum containing regimens and non-platinum regimens. Cisplatin, carboplatin are commonly used.


Historical Perspective

There is limited information available about the historical perspective of ovarian sarcoma

Classification

The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

OR

There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

Pathophysiology

Types of ovarian cancer according to origin,Vargas AN. Natural history of ovarian cancer. Ecancermedicalscience. 2014;8:465. Published 2014 Sep 25. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2014.465,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4176445/

Causes

The exact causes of ovarian sarcoma have not been identified.

Differentiating ovarian sarcoma from Other Diseases

On the basis of age of onset, vaginal discharge, and constitutional symptoms, ovarian cancer must be differentiated from tubo-ovarian abscess, ectopic pregnancy, hydrosalpinx, salpingitis, fallopian tube carcinoma, uterine leiomyoma, choriocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, pregnancy, appendiceal abscess, appendiceal neoplasm, diverticular abscess, colorectal cancer, pelvic kidney, advanced bladder cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma.

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Age of onset Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Immunohistopathology
pelvic/abdominal pain or pressure vaginal bleeding/discharge GI dysturbance Fever Tenderness CT scan/US MRI
Gynecologic
Ovarian Follicular cysts
[5]
+/– +/–
  • In US we may see a >3 cm simple cyst with no internal echo and with posterior acoustic enhancement
  • simple cyst with no internal echo or septa
  • NA
Theca lutein cysts
[6][7][8]
+/– +/–
Serous cystadenoma/carcinoma
[9][10][11][12]
  • >55 y/o
+/– +/–
  • In US we may see simple or multiloculated cyst
  • In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see papillary projection inside the cyst
  • In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see ascites
  • In Serous cystadenoma we may see a simple cyst with beak sign, hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2
  • In serous cystadenocarcinoma we may see some Solid malignant components inside the cyst with intermediate signal on T1 and T2
Mucinous cystadenoma/carcinoma
[13][14][15]
  • >55 y/o
+/– +/–
  • Stained glass appearance due to variable signal intensity on T1 and T2
  • The more mucin we have, there is more intensity on T1
  • and less intensity on T2
Endometrioma
[16][17][18]
+ + +/– +
  • hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and a hypointensity on T2-weighted images
  • Powder burn hemorrhages
Teratoma
[19][20][21][22]


  • 10-30 y/o
+/– +/–
  • We may see evidence of fat components
Dysgerminoma
[23][24]
  • in the second to third decade of life
+ +/– +/–
  • We may see ovarian mass with septation which are hyperintense on T1 and hypo or isointense on T2 imaging
  • Sheets fried egg appearance cells
Yolk sac tumor
[25][26][27]
+ +
  • High levels of AFP
  • In US we may see a combination of echogenic and hypoechoic components
  • Yellow appearance
  • Schiller-Duval bodies (glomeruli like structures)
Fibroma
[28][29][30]
  • >50 y/o
  • Pulling sensation in the groin
+/–
  • In CT scan we may see a unilateral mass with poor contrast enhancement
  • Low signal intensity on T1 and T2
Thecoma
[31][32][33]
  • >50 y/o
+/–
Granulosa cell tumor
[34][35][36][37]
  • 50-60 y/o
+ +/–
Sertoli-leydig cell tumor
[38][39]
  • 15 to 35 y/o
+/–
  • In US we may see unilateral Well-defined hypoechoic lesion
  • Low T2 signal intensity
  • areas of high signal intensity
Brenner tumor
[40][41]
  • >55 y/o
+/–
  • Hypointense on T2 because of fibrous content
  • Most of the times it's an accidental finding
Krukenberg tumor
[42][43]
  • >55 y/o
+/– +/–

Based on underlying malignancy

Tubal tubo-ovarian abscess
[44][45][46][47]
+ + + +
  • hypointense in T1 and heterogeneous in T2
Ectopic pregnancy
[48]
+ + +/– +
  • NA
  • NA
Hydrosalpinx
[49][50][51]
  • NA
+ +/–
  • NA
Salpingitis
[52]
+ + + +
  • In US we may see , edematous and thickened endosalpingeal folds
  • NA
  • NA
Fallopian tube carcinoma
[53]
  • >60 y/o
+ + + +/–
  • Low signal on T1
  • In case of hemorrhage inside the tumor we may see high signal intensity on T1
  • Low or of intermediate signal on T2
  • Based on the tumor type we may have different biopsy finding
Uterine Leiomyoma
[54][55]
+ + +/–
  • Low to intermediate signal intensity on T1 and T2
  • In case of necrosis inside the mass, there might be some high signal lesions on T2
Choriocarcinoma
[56][57][58][59]
+ + +/– +
  • We may see an infiltrative uterine mass and thickening of uterine wall
Leiomyosarcoma
[60][61][62][63][64]
  • >55 y/o
+ + +/–
  • Increased uterine size
  • Irregular central zones of low signal intensity (tumor necrosis)
Pregnancy
[65]
+/− +/− +/−
  • NA
Non-gynecologic
GIT Appendiceal abscess
[66]
  • NA
+ + +/– +
  • NA
Appendiceal neoplasm
[67][68][69][70][71]
+ + +/–
  • Soft tissue mass in the appendix
  • We may see invasion to other structures
  • Gray/yellowi color
  • Cystic structures with angiolymphatic invasion

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for ovarian sarcoma

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for ovarian sarcoma.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

  • Ovarian carcinosarcomas follow a distinct natural history compared to other more common epithelial carcinomas[77][3][78][79]
  • Ovarian carcinosarcomas are aggressive neoplasms with a predilection towards early dissemination.
  • Prognostic factors for this tumor type remain unclear because of its rarity.
  • Prognosis is generally poor, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with ovarian sarcoma is approximately 28.2%.
  • Some possible factors such as age and menopausal status have been proposed.

Diagnostic Study of Choice

  • There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of ovarian sarcoma
  • Biopsy is the study of choice

History and Symptoms

Most of the women are asymptomatic, when present, symptoms may include:[80][81][82]

  • Pain in the abdomen or pelvic area
  • Bloating or swelling of the abdomen
  • Quickly feeling full when eating
  • Other digestive problems

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Laboratory Findings

  • An elevated concentration of CA-125 in serum is seen in some patients of ovarian sarcoma.[83][84][85]
  • There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with ovarian sarcoma.

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with ovarian sarcoma.

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with ovarian Sarcoma.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with ovarian Sarcoma.

CT scan

  • CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of ovarian sarcoma . Findings on CT scan suggestive of ovarian sarcoma include:[86][87][88]

MRI

  • MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of ovarian sarcoma. Findings on MRI suggestive of ovarian sarcoma include the following:[89][86][88][90][87]

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with ovarian sarcoma

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no medical treatment for ovarian sarcoma, the mainstay of therapy is surgery and chemotherapy.

Surgery

  • Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for ovarian sarcoma.
  • The management is similar to that of epithelial carcinoma of ovary, consisting of cytoreductive surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy

  • Chemotherapy with various regimens has been used in different centers without defined conclusions on efficacy[81][82][91][92][93]
  • Multiple chemotherapeutic regimens have been evaluated with modest response rates ranging from 12% to 100%.
  • Among all chemotherapeutic regimens that are being used, they are divided into two groups like platinum containing regimens and non-platinum regimens.
    • Platinum containing chemotherapy regimens
  1. Carboplatin and ifosfamide (Carbo-I)
  2. Carboplatin (Carbo)
  3. Cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and cisplatin (CAP)
  4. Carboplatin and cyclophosphamide (Carbo-C)
  5. Epirubicin, carboplatin and 5FU (E-Carbo-F)
  6. Epirubicin, cisplatin and 5FU (ECF)
  7. Taxol and Carboplatin (T-Carbo)
  • Other chemotherapy regimens
  1. Doxorubicin (A)
  2. Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC)
  3. Cyclophosphamide (IV)
  4. Cyclophosphamide (oral)
  5. Melphalan

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of ovarian sarcoma.

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of ovarian sarcoma.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Harris, M A; Delap, L M; Sengupta, P S; Wilkinson, P M; Welch, R S; Swindell, R; Shanks, J H; Wilson, G; Slade, R J; Reynolds, K; Jayson, G C (2003). "Carcinosarcoma of the ovary". British Journal of Cancer. 88 (5): 654–657. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600770. ISSN 0007-0920.
  2. Makris GM, Siristatidis C, Battista MJ, Chrelias C (2015). "Ovarian carcinosarcoma: a case report, diagnosis, treatment and literature review". Hippokratia. 19 (3): 256–9. PMC 4938474. PMID 27418786.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Rauh-Hain JA, Growdon WB, Rodriguez N, Goodman AK, Boruta DM, Schorge JO; et al. (2011). "Carcinosarcoma of the ovary: a case-control study". Gynecol Oncol. 121 (3): 477–81. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.02.023. PMID 21420726.
  4. Vargas AN (2014). "Natural history of ovarian cancer". Ecancermedicalscience. 8: 465. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2014.465. PMC 4176445. PMID 25371706.
  5. Levine D, Brown DL, Andreotti RF, Benacerraf B, Benson CB, Brewster WR, Coleman B, Depriest P, Doubilet PM, Goldstein SR, Hamper UM, Hecht JL, Horrow M, Hur HC, Marnach M, Patel MD, Platt LD, Puscheck E, Smith-Bindman R (September 2010). "Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement". Radiology. 256 (3): 943–54. doi:10.1148/radiol.10100213. PMID 20505067.
  6. Montz FJ, Schlaerth JB, Morrow CP (August 1988). "The natural history of theca lutein cysts". Obstet Gynecol. 72 (2): 247–51. PMID 2455880.
  7. Southam, Anna L. (1962). "Massive Ovarian Hyperstimulation with Clomiphene Citrate". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 181 (5): 443. doi:10.1001/jama.1962.03050310083018b. ISSN 0098-7484.
  8. Nguyen, K T; Reid, R L; Sauerbrei, E (1986). "Antenatal sonographic detection of a fetal theca lutein cyst: a clue to maternal diabetes mellitus". Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 5 (11): 665–667. doi:10.7863/jum.1986.5.11.665. ISSN 0278-4297.
  9. Jung, Seung Eun; Lee, Jae Mun; Rha, Sung Eun; Byun, Jae Young; Jung, Jung Im; Hahn, Seong Tai (2002). "CT and MR Imaging of Ovarian Tumors with Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis". RadioGraphics. 22 (6): 1305–1325. doi:10.1148/rg.226025033. ISSN 0271-5333.
  10. Imai, Shunsuke; Kiyozuka, Yasuhiko; Maeda, Hiroko; Noda, Tuneo; Hosick, Howard L. (1990). "Establishment and Characterization of a Human Ovarian Serous Cystadenocarcinoma Cell Line That Produces the Tumor Markers CA-125 and Tissue Polypeptide Antigen". Oncology. 47 (2): 177–184. doi:10.1159/000226813. ISSN 0030-2414.
  11. Malpica A, Deavers MT, Lu K, Bodurka DC, Atkinson EN, Gershenson DM, Silva EG (April 2004). "Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 28 (4): 496–504. PMID 15087669.
  12. Li J, Fadare O, Xiang L, Kong B, Zheng W (March 2012). "Ovarian serous carcinoma: recent concepts on its origin and carcinogenesis". J Hematol Oncol. 5: 8. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-5-8. PMID 22405464.
  13. Hoerl HD, Hart WR (December 1998). "Primary ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinomas: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases with long-term follow-up". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 22 (12): 1449–62. PMID 9850171.
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