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| rowspan="8" |'''INFECTIONS'''
| rowspan="8" |'''INFECTIONS'''
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bacteria
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bacteria
|Syphilis
|Syphilis<ref name="pmid21694502">{{cite journal| author=Carlson JA, Dabiri G, Cribier B, Sell S| title=The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2011 | volume= 33 | issue= 5 | pages= 433-60 | pmid=21694502 | doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587 | pmc=3690623 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21694502  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1386838">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald TJ| title=The Th1/Th2-like switch in syphilitic infection: is it detrimental? | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1992 | volume= 60 | issue= 9 | pages= 3475-9 | pmid=1386838 | doi= | pmc=257347 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1386838  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10194456">{{cite journal| author=Singh AE, Romanowski B| title=Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1999 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 187-209 | pmid=10194456 | doi= | pmc=88914 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10194456  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1911961">{{cite journal| author=Engelkens HJ, ten Kate FJ, Vuzevski VD, van der Sluis JJ, Stolz E| title=Primary and secondary syphilis: a histopathological study. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 1991 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 280-4 | pmid=1911961 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1911961  }}</ref>
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* painless
* painless
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On microscopic [[histopathological]] analysis, characteristic findings of syphilis:
*Mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, [[macrophages]], and [[lymphocytes]].
*Swelling and proliferation of small blood vessels.
|Painless clean base chancre.
|Painless clean base chancre.
|-
|-
|Brucellosis
|Brucellosis<ref name="pmid15930423">{{cite journal| author=Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E| title=Brucellosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 22 | pages= 2325-36 | pmid=15930423 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra050570 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15930423  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8698508">{{cite journal| author=Zhan Y, Liu Z, Cheers C| title=Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 contribute to resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus by different mechanisms. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1996 | volume= 64 | issue= 7 | pages= 2782-6 | pmid=8698508 | doi= | pmc=174139 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8698508  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2915152">{{cite journal| author=Gazapo E, Gonzalez Lahoz J, Subiza JL, Baquero M, Gil J, de la Concha EG| title=Changes in IgM and IgG antibody concentrations in brucellosis over time: importance for diagnosis and follow-up. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1989 | volume= 159 | issue= 2 | pages= 219-25 | pmid=2915152 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2915152  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10858243">{{cite journal| author=Arenas GN, Staskevich AS, Aballay A, Mayorga LS| title=Intracellular trafficking of Brucella abortus in J774 macrophages. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 2000 | volume= 68 | issue= 7 | pages= 4255-63 | pmid=10858243 | doi= | pmc=101738 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10858243  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15694858">{{cite journal| author=Lapaque N, Moriyon I, Moreno E, Gorvel JP| title=Brucella lipopolysaccharide acts as a virulence factor. | journal=Curr Opin Microbiol | year= 2005 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 60-6 | pmid=15694858 | doi=10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15694858  }}</ref>
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* Painful  
* Painful  
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* [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] is most commonly isolated from blood cultures
* [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] is most commonly isolated from blood cultures


* positive titer of anti-[[Brucella|b''rucella'']] [[antibodies]] on serological testing
* Positive titer of anti-[[Brucella|b''rucella'']] [[antibodies]] on serological testing
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|-
|-
| rowspan="4" |Viral
| rowspan="4" |Viral
|infectious mononucleosis
|infectious mononucleosis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman AL, Watkin R, Ellis CJ |title=Abdominal pain in acute infectious mononucleosis |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7338 |pages=660–1 |year=2002 |pmid=11895827 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7338.660}}</ref>
|
|
* painful
* painful
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|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|
* low-grade [[fever]]<nowiki/>without [[chills]]
*<nowiki/>low-grade [[fever]]<nowiki/>without [[chills]]
* [[sore throat]],  
* [[sore throat]],
* white patches on [[tonsils]] and back of the throat,  
*<nowiki/>white patches on [[tonsils]] and back of the throat,  
* [[muscle weakness]]  
* [[muscle weakness]]  
* [[fatigue]]
* [[fatigue]]
* [[petechial hemorrhage]]
* [[petechial hemorrhage]]
|
|
* A positive reaction to a mono spot test
* Direct detection of [[EBV]] in blood or lymphoid tissues
|
|
* A normal to moderately elevated [[White blood cell|white blood cell count]]
* An increased total number of [[lymphocytes]]
* Greater than 10% [[Lymphocytes|atypical lymphocytes]]
* Presence of [[Reactive lymphocyte|atypical lymphocytes]] (a type of mononuclear cell) on the peripheral blood smear.
|
|
|
|Presence of [[Reactive lymphocyte|atypical lymphocytes]] (a type of mononuclear cell) on the peripheral blood smear.
|-
|-
|CMV
|CMV<ref name="pmid25304390">{{cite journal| author=Griffiths P, Lumley S| title=Cytomegalovirus. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 27 | issue= 6 | pages= 554-9 | pmid=25304390 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000107 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25304390  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27526428">{{cite journal| author=Pytka D, Czarkowska-Pączek B| title=[CMV infection in elderly]. | journal=Przegl Lek | year= 2016 | volume= 73 | issue= 4 | pages= 241-4 | pmid=27526428 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27526428  }}</ref>
|
|
* Painful
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|
** [[Floaters]]
** [[Scotoma|Scotomata]]
** Peripheral [[Visual field defect|visual field defects]]
** [[Odynophagia]]
** [[Nausea]]
** [[Lethargy]]
** [[Confusion]]
** [[Altered mental status]]
|
|
* Positive [[PCR]] for [[CMV]].
|
|
* [[Hemolytic anemia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
* [[Pancytopenia]]
|
|
|
* [[CMV infection]] demonstrates the presence of intranuclear [[inclusion]] bodies. These [[inclusion bodies]] stain dark pink on an [[H&E stain]], and are also called "Owl's Eye" [[inclusion bodies]].
|Owl Eye inclusion bodies.
|-
|-
|HIV
|HIV<ref name="pmid8093551">{{cite journal| author=Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Fauci AS| title=New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 5 | pages= 327-35 | pmid=8093551 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302043280508 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8093551  }}</ref><ref name="Coovadia">{{cite journal
| author=Coovadia, H.
| title=Antiretroviral agents&mdash;how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS | journal=N. Engl. J. Med.
| year=2004
| pages=289-292
| volume=351
| issue=3
| pmid=15247337
| format=
}}</ref><ref name="pmid2963151">{{cite journal
|author=Lifson AR
|title=Do alternate modes for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus exist? A review
|journal=JAMA
|volume=259
|issue=9
|pages=1353–6
|year=1988
|pmid=2963151
|doi=
}}</ref><ref name="WHOUNAIDScircum">{{cite web
| author=WHO | publisher=WHO.int | year=2007
| url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html
| title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention
| accessdate=2007-07-13
 
}}</ref>
|
|
* Painful or painless
* Painful or painless
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|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
|
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Myalgia]]
* Arthritic pain
* [[Headache]]
* [[Memory loss]], [[depression]] and other neurological disorders
|
|
* ELISA
* Dot blot
* Latex agglutination assays
* Western blot assays
* P24 antigen assays
* CD4 T-cell count (CD4 count)
* Plasma HIV RNA viral load
|
|
* Anaemia
* Thrombocytopenia
* Leukopenia
|
|
|
|Plasma HIV RNA viral load
|-
|-
|Cat scratch disease
|Cat scratch disease
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|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''AUTOIMMUNE'''
| rowspan="3" |'''AUTOIMMUNE'''
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Systemic lupus erythematosus  
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE)<ref name="pmid8519610">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elkon K |title=Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=384–8 |year=1995 |pmid=8519610 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25449682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yaniv G, Twig G, Shor DB, Furer A, Sherer Y, Mozes O, Komisar O, Slonimsky E, Klang E, Lotan E, Welt M, Marai I, Shina A, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y |title=A volcanic explosion of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a diversity of 180 different antibodies found in SLE patients |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=75–9 |year=2015 |pmid=25449682 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23672591">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dye JR, Ullal AJ, Pisetsky DS |title=The role of microparticles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Scand. J. Immunol. |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |year=2013 |pmid=23672591 |doi=10.1111/sji.12068 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15593221">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kirou KA, Lee C, George S, Louca K, Papagiannis IG, Peterson MG, Ly N, Woodward RN, Fry KE, Lau AY, Prentice JG, Wohlgemuth JG, Crow MK |title=Coordinate overexpression of interferon-alpha-induced genes in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=3958–67 |year=2004 |pmid=15593221 |doi=10.1002/art.20798 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Myalgia]]
* Joint [[tenderness]]
* [[Muscle weakness]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Bloating]]
* [[Distension]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[ESR]]  
*<nowiki/>[[ANA]] positive
* [[Lupus anticoagulant]] (LA)
* [[IgG]] and [[IgM]] [[Anti-cardiolipin antibodies|anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies]]
* [[IgG]] and [[IgM]] anti-beta2-glycoprotein (GP)
* C3: Vary between varying between normal to slightly reduced
* C4: Reduced
* CH50: Reduced
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Leukopenia]]
* [[Lymphopenia]]
* Mild [[anemia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[ESR]]
* [[CRP]]<nowiki/>elevated  
* [[CRP]]<nowiki/>elevated  
* [[ANA]] positive
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |On microscopic histopathological analysis, lupus erythematosus (LE) cells can be seen in SLE. LE cells are [[neutrophils]] that have engulfed an intact nucleus. LE cells are also known as LE bodies.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Malar rash]] and [[photosensitivity]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Malar rash]] and [[photosensitivity]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sjögren's syndrome
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sjögren's syndrome<ref name="pmid24162151">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Solans R, Camps MT, Casanovas A, Sopeña B, Díaz-López B, Rascón FJ, Qanneta R, Fraile G, Pérez-Alvarez R, Callejas JL, Ripoll M, Pinilla B, Akasbi M, Fonseca E, Canora J, Nadal ME, de la Red G, Fernández-Regal I, Jiménez-Heredia I, Bosch JA, Ayala MD, Morera-Morales L, Maure B, Mera A, Ramentol M, Retamozo S, Kostov B |title=Systemic involvement in primary Sjogren's syndrome evaluated by the EULAR-SS disease activity index: analysis of 921 Spanish patients (GEAS-SS Registry) |journal=Rheumatology (Oxford) |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=321–31 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24162151 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/ket349 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23436818">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yazdany J, Schmajuk G, Robbins M, Daikh D, Beall A, Yelin E, Barton J, Carlson A, Margaretten M, Zell J, Gensler LS, Kelly V, Saag K, King C |title=Choosing wisely: the American College of Rheumatology's Top 5 list of things physicians and patients should question |journal=Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=329–39 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23436818 |pmc=4106486 |doi=10.1002/acr.21930 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26766898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beckman KA, Luchs J, Milner MS |title=Making the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with dry eye |journal=Clin Ophthalmol |volume=10 |issue= |pages=43–53 |date=2016 |pmid=26766898 |pmc=4699514 |doi=10.2147/OPTH.S80043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28367079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Both T, Dalm VA, van Hagen PM, van Daele PL |title=Reviewing primary Sjögren's syndrome: beyond the dryness - From pathophysiology to diagnosis and treatment |journal=Int J Med Sci |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=191–200 |date=2017 |pmid=28367079 |pmc=5370281 |doi=10.7150/ijms.17718 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
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* Annular [[erythema]]
* Annular [[erythema]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Anti-Ro/SSA
* Anti-La/SSB
* Presence of [[rheumatoid factor]] (RF)
* Presence of anti–alpha-fodrin antibody (diagnostic marker of juvenile Sjögren's syndrome)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] ([[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]])
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Leukopenia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[Eosinophilia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca]]
* [[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca]]
* Presence of anti–alpha-fodrin antibody
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sarcoidosis
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sarcoidosis<ref>Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS: Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 357:2153–2165, 2007.</ref><ref>Zissel G: Cellular activation in the immune response of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 35:307–315, 2014.</ref><ref>Rosen Y: Pathology of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28(1):36–52, 2007.</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Can involve all organ systems to varying extent and degree.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*serum [[ACE]] level
*Serum chitotriosidase
*Soluble interleukin-2 receptor
*[[Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Kveim test]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy of lung shows non-[[caseating]][[granuloma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Non-[[caseating]][[granuloma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
|
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |  
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Presents with "B" symptoms
* Constant [[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]]
* [[Shortness of breath]] and Cough
* [[Abdominal pain]] or swelling
* [[Constipation]]
* [[Nausea]] and[[vomiting]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki/>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki/>
**Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be increased.
**Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be increased.
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Fine-needle aspiration
Fine-needle aspiration
*Mononucleate and binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells in a background of inflammatory cells
*Mononucleate and binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells in a background of inflammatory cells
Line 308: Line 415:
*Express [[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD23]], and [[CD5]] on the [[cell]] surface
*Express [[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD23]], and [[CD5]] on the [[cell]] surface
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
CBC
CBC
*Absolute [[lymphocytosis]] (>5000 cells/μl)
*Absolute [[lymphocytosis]] (>5000 cells/μl)
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis]] ([[SIADH]])
* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis]] ([[SIADH]])
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*[[Chest pain]]
*[[Chest pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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Nearly all SCLC are immunoreactive for
Nearly all SCLC are immunoreactive for
*[[keratin]],
*[[keratin]],
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Rapid growth of an existing [[nevus]]
*Rapid growth of an existing [[nevus]]
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Epidermal atrophy and flattening and prominent dermal invasion
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Epidermal atrophy and flattening and prominent dermal invasion
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid21297689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denburg JA, Bienenstock J |title=Physiology of the immune response |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=25 |issue= |pages=301–7 |date=March 1979 |pmid=21297689 |pmc=2382958 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9547995">{{cite journal| author=Jaffe ES, Wilson WH| title=Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: pathogenesis, pathology and clinical implications. | journal=Cancer Surv | year= 1997 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 233-48 | pmid=9547995 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9547995  }}</ref><ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(72)80005-4">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(72)80005-4 | doi= | pmc=5922622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11688570">{{cite journal| author=Beaty MW, Toro J, Sorbara L, Stern JB, Pittaluga S, Raffeld M et al.| title=Cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis: correlation of clinical and biologic features. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2001 | volume= 25 | issue= 9 | pages= 1111-20 | pmid=11688570 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11688570  }}</ref><ref name="pmid22361129">{{cite journal| author=Bartosik W, Raza A, Kalimuthu S, Fabre A| title=Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis mimicking lung cancer. | journal=Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 14 | issue= 5 | pages= 662-4 | pmid=22361129 | doi=10.1093/icvts/ivr083 | pmc=3329320 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22361129  }}</ref><ref name="pmid22214969">{{cite journal| author=Colby TV| title=Current histological diagnosis of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2012 | volume= 25 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S39-42 | pmid=22214969 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2011.149 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22214969  }}</ref><ref name="pmid22745203">{{cite journal| author=Hare SS, Souza CA, Bain G, Seely JM, Gomes MM et al.| title=The radiological spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease. | journal=Br J Radiol | year= 2012 | volume= 85 | issue= 1015 | pages= 848-64 | pmid=22745203 | doi=10.1259/bjr/16420165 | pmc=3474050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22745203  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |On chest CT scan, [[Halo sign]] is seen due to the angioinvasive nature of the disease
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |On chest CT scan, [[Halo sign]] is seen due to the angioinvasive nature of the disease
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy<ref name="who1">{{cite book |last=Swerdlow |first=S.H. |last2=Campo |first2=E. |last3=Harris |first3=N.L. |last4=Jaffe |first4=E.S. |last5=Pileri |first5=S.A. |last6=Stein |first6=H. |last7=Thiele |first7=J. |last8=Vardiman |first8=J.W |chapter=11 Mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma |title=WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues |edition=4th |series=IARC WHO Classification of Tumours |volume=2 |publisher=IARC |year=2008 |isbn=9283224310 |url=http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?codlan=1&codcol=70&codcch=4002&content=1}}</ref><ref name="quin1">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10524524&query_hl=30&itool=pubmed_ExternalLink] Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F, Moguel LR, Spilove L, Beaty MW, Kingma DW, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. "Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells of B-cell phenotype and genotype associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection." '''Am J Surg Pathol'''. 1999 Oct;23(10):1233-40. PMID: 10524524</ref><ref name="ree1">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9630171&query_hl=32&itool=pubmed_ExternalLink] Ree HJ, Kadin ME, Kikuchi M, Ko YH, Go JH, Suzumiya J, Kim DS. "Angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AILD-type T-cell lymphoma) with hyperplastic germinal centers." '''Am J Surg Pathol'''. 1998 Jun;22(6):643-55. PMID: 9630171</ref><ref name="kane12">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=3261178&query_hl=40&itool=pubmed_ExternalLink] Kaneko Y, Maseki N, Sakurai M, Takayama S, Nanba K, Kikuchi M, Frizzera G. "Characteristic karyotypic pattern in T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders with reactive "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia-type" features." '''Blood'''. 1988 Aug;72(2):413-21. PMID: 3261178</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
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|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''NEOPLASIA'''
| rowspan="3" |'''NEOPLASIA'''
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman disease)
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman disease)<ref>Aoki Y, Yarchoan R, Wyvill K, Okamoto S, Little RF, Tosato G. Detection of viral interleukin-6 in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-linked disorders. Blood 2001;97(7):2173-6.</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
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Revision as of 03:13, 24 December 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [4]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[5]

Differential NHL

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Pathogonomic finding
Symptoms
Lab Findings Biopsy

Histopathology

Lymphadenopathy Fever Weight loss Night Sweats Rash Other symptoms Immunochemistry Blood work
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
  • painless
  • localized or generalized
+ + + +
  • Presents with "B" symptoms
INFECTIONS Bacteria Syphilis[1][2][3][4]
  • painless
  • localized
+ - - + Primary syphilis:
  • Chancer

Secondary syphilis:

Tertiary syphilis

  • Gumma
  • Organ system involvement
  • Nontreponemal tests (e.g., VDRLand RPR )
  • Treponemal tests (e.g. FTA-ABS, the TP-PA assay

On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of syphilis:

  • Mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
  • Swelling and proliferation of small blood vessels.
Painless clean base chancre.
Brucellosis[5][6][7][8][9]
  • Painful
+ - - +
  • Abdominal pain
  • hepatosplenomegaly
  • arthritis
  • Brucella is most commonly isolated from blood cultures
Night sweats, often with characteristic smell, likened to wet hay
Viral infectious mononucleosis[10]
  • painful
+ - - +
  • A positive reaction to a mono spot test
  • Direct detection of EBV in blood or lymphoid tissues
Presence of atypical lymphocytes (a type of mononuclear cell) on the peripheral blood smear.
CMV[11][12]
  • Painful
+ - - + Owl Eye inclusion bodies.
HIV[13][14][15][16]
  • Painful or painless
- + - -
  • ELISA
  • Dot blot
  • Latex agglutination assays
  • Western blot assays
  • P24 antigen assays
  • CD4 T-cell count (CD4 count)
  • Plasma HIV RNA viral load
  • Anaemia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Leukopenia
Plasma HIV RNA viral load
Cat scratch disease + - - +
Mycobacteria Tuberculosis
  • Painful
+ + + + Gohn's focus
Parasite Toxoplasmosis - -
Diseases Lymphadenopathy Fever Weight loss Night sweats Rash Other symptoms Immunochemistry Blood work Biopsy

Histopathology

Pathogonomical

findings

AUTOIMMUNE Systemic lupus erythematosus

(SLE)[17][18][19][20]

painless + +/- - + On microscopic histopathological analysis, lupus erythematosus (LE) cells can be seen in SLE. LE cells are neutrophils that have engulfed an intact nucleus. LE cells are also known as LE bodies. Malar rash and photosensitivity
Sjögren's syndrome[21][22][23][24] Painless - - - +
  • Anti-Ro/SSA
  • Anti-La/SSB
  • Presence of rheumatoid factor (RF)
  • Presence of anti–alpha-fodrin antibody (diagnostic marker of juvenile Sjögren's syndrome)
Sarcoidosis[25][26][27] painless - - - -
  • Can involve all organ systems to varying extent and degree.
  • serum ACE level
Biopsy of lung shows non-caseatinggranuloma Non-caseatinggranuloma - -
Diseases Lymphadenopathy Fever Weight loss Night sweats Rash Other symptoms Immunochemistry Blood work Biopsy

Histopathology

Pathogonomical

findings

NEOPLASIA Hodgkin's disease[28][29][30][31] painless + + + +
  • Presents with "B" symptoms
    • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be increased.
    • ESR elevated
    • Serum creatinine elevated in nephrotic syndrome.
    • Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased
    • Hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, and hypoglycemia.

Fine-needle aspiration

  • Mononucleate and binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells in a background of inflammatory cells
Reed-Sternberg cells on microscopic pathology.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia[32][33][34][35] Painless + + + -
  • Monoclonality of kappa and lambda producing B cells
  • Presence of smudge cells

CBC

Small cell carcinoma of the lung[36][37][38][39][40] painless - - - -

Nearly all SCLC are immunoreactive for

Neuroendocrine and neural differentiation result in the expression of molecules like

  • The tumor cells are small and round, but they can sometimes be ovoid or spindle shaped. They have a scantycytoplasm with a high mitotic count and a hyperchromatic nuclei.
Melanoma[41][42][43] painless - - - -
  • Positive for CD133+
  • Positive for CD34+
  • An excisional biopsy (either elliptical, punch, or saucerization) of the thickest portion of the lesion with 1-3 mm margins.
Epidermal atrophy and flattening and prominent dermal invasion
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] painless + + - + -

CBC

- On chest CT scan, Halo sign is seen due to the angioinvasive nature of the disease
Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy[51][52][53][54] painless + + + +
  • Immunophenotyping
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Lymph node or extranodal tissue biopsy is diagnostic of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.
  • Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been found in both reactive B-cells and the neoplastic T-cells.
  • Trisomy 3, trisomy 5, and +X are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities found in cases.
NEOPLASIA Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman disease)[55] painless + + - - - -
  • Hypersecretion of the cytokine IL-6.

References

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  42. Schanderdorf D, Kochs C, Livingstone E (2013). Handbook of Cutaneous Melanoma: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer.
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  45. Jaffe ES, Wilson WH (1997). "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: pathogenesis, pathology and clinical implications". Cancer Surv. 30: 233–48. PMID 9547995.
  46. Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMC 5922622. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(72)80005-4 Check |pmid= value (help).
  47. Beaty MW, Toro J, Sorbara L, Stern JB, Pittaluga S, Raffeld M; et al. (2001). "Cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis: correlation of clinical and biologic features". Am J Surg Pathol. 25 (9): 1111–20. PMID 11688570.
  48. Bartosik W, Raza A, Kalimuthu S, Fabre A (2012). "Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis mimicking lung cancer". Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 14 (5): 662–4. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivr083. PMC 3329320. PMID 22361129.
  49. Colby TV (2012). "Current histological diagnosis of lymphomatoid granulomatosis". Mod Pathol. 25 Suppl 1: S39–42. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.149. PMID 22214969.
  50. Hare SS, Souza CA, Bain G, Seely JM, Gomes MM; et al. (2012). "The radiological spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease". Br J Radiol. 85 (1015): 848–64. doi:10.1259/bjr/16420165. PMC 3474050. PMID 22745203.
  51. Swerdlow, S.H.; Campo, E.; Harris, N.L.; Jaffe, E.S.; Pileri, S.A.; Stein, H.; Thiele, J.; Vardiman, J.W (2008). "11 Mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma". WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. IARC WHO Classification of Tumours. 2 (4th ed.). IARC. ISBN 9283224310.
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