Inclusion bodies
You don't need to be Editor-In-Chief to add or edit content to WikiDoc. You can begin to add to or edit text on this WikiDoc page by clicking on the edit button at the top of this page. Next enter or edit the information that you would like to appear here. Once you are done editing, scroll down and click the Save page button at the bottom of the page.
|
WikiDoc Resources for Inclusion bodies | |
|
Articles | |
|---|---|
|
Most recent articles on Inclusion bodies Most cited articles on Inclusion bodies | |
|
Media | |
|
Powerpoint slides on Inclusion bodies | |
|
Evidence Based Medicine | |
|
Clinical Trials | |
|
Ongoing Trials on Inclusion bodies at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Inclusion bodies Clinical Trials on Inclusion bodies at Google
| |
|
Guidelines / Policies / Govt | |
|
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Inclusion bodies NICE Guidance on Inclusion bodies
| |
|
Books | |
|
News | |
|
Commentary | |
|
Definitions | |
|
Patient Resources / Community | |
|
Patient resources on Inclusion bodies Discussion groups on Inclusion bodies Patient Handouts on Inclusion bodies Directions to Hospitals Treating Inclusion bodies Risk calculators and risk factors for Inclusion bodies
| |
|
Healthcare Provider Resources | |
|
Causes & Risk Factors for Inclusion bodies | |
|
Continuing Medical Education (CME) | |
|
International | |
|
| |
|
Business | |
|
Experimental / Informatics | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [2] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins.
Composition
Protein inclusion bodies are classically thought to contain misfolded protein. However, this has recently been contested, as green fluorescent protein will sometimes fluoresce in inclusions bodies, which indicates some semblance of the native structure and researchers have recover folded protein from inclusion bodies .[1] [2] [3]
Mechanism of formation
When genes from one organism are expressed in another the resulting protein sometimes forms inclusion bodies. This is often true when large evolutionary distances are crossed: a cDNA isolated from Eukarya for example, and expressed as a recombinant gene in a prokaryote risks the formation of the inactive aggregates of protein known as inclusion bodies. While the cDNA may properly code for a translatable mRNA, the protein that results will emerge in a foreign microenvironment. This often has fatal effects, especially if the intent of cloning is to produce a biologically active protein. For example, eukaryotic systems for carbohydrate modification and membrane transport are not found in prokaryotes. The internal microenvironment of a prokaryotic cell (pH, osmolality) may differ from that of the original source of the gene. Mechanisms for folding a protein may also be absent, and hydrophobic residues that normally would remain buried may be exposed and available for interaction with similar exposed sites on other ectopic proteins. Processing systems for the cleavage and removal of internal peptides would also be absent in bacteria. The initial attempts to clone insulin in a bacterium suffered all of these deficits. In addition, the fine controls that may keep the concentration of a protein low will also be missing in a prokaryotic cell, and overexpression can result in filling a cell with ectopic protein that, even if it were properly folded, would precipitate by saturating its environment.
Viral inclusion bodies
Examples of viral inclusion bodies include Negri bodies (which are inclusion bodies of Rabies virus in neurons) and intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in Varicella-Zoster virus infection.
Inclusion bodies in Erythrocytes
Normally a red blood cell does not contain inclusions in the cytoplasm. However, it maybe seen because of certain hematologic disorders.
There are three kinds of erythrocyte inclusions:
- Developmental Organelles
- Howell-Jolly Bodies: small, round fragments of the nucleus resulting from karyorrhexis or nuclear disintegration of the late reticulocyte and stain reddish-blue with Wright stain.
- Basophilic Stipplings - this stipplings is either fine or coarse, deep blue to purple staining inclusion that appears in erythrocytes on a dried Wright stain.
- Pappenheimer Bodies - are siderotic granules which are small, irregular, dark-staining granules that appear near the periphery of a young erythrocyte in a Wright stain.
- Polychromatophilic red cells - young red cells that no longer have nucleus but still contain some RNA.
- Cabot Rings - ring-like structure and may appear in erythrocytes in megaloblastic anemia or in severe anemias, lead poisoning, and in dyserythropoiesis, in which erythrocytes are destroyed before being released from the bone marrow.
- Abnormal Hemoglobin Precipitation
- Heinz Bodies - round bodies, refractile inclusions not visible on a Wright stain film. It is best identified by supravital staining with basic dyes.
- Hemoglobin H Inclusions - alpha thalassemia, greenish-blue inclusion bodies appear in many erythrocytes after four drops of blood is incubated with 0.5mL of Brilliant cresyl blue for 20 minutes at 37°C.
- Protozoan Inclusion
References
- ↑ Biochem Biophys Res Com 328(2005) 189-197
- ↑ Protein Eng 7(1994) 131-136
- ↑ Biochem Biophys Res Comm 312 (2003) 1383-1386
de:Einschlusskörperchensk:Bunkové inklúzie
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
