African trypanosomiasis pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid; Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

African trypanosomiasis is a human tropical parasitic disease usually caused by protozoan hemoflagellates belonging to the complex Trypanosoma brucei. A trypanosomal chancre develops on the site of inoculation. This is followed by a hemolymphatic stage with symptoms that include fever, lymphadenopathy, and pruritus. In the meningoencephalitic stage, invasion of the central nervous system can cause headaches, somnolence, abnormal behavior, and lead to loss of consciousness and coma. The course of infection is much more acute with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense than Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Clinical manifestations generally appear within 1–3 weeks of the infective bite for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and months to years for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Pathophysiology

African trypanosomiasis is a human tropical parasitic disease usually caused by protozoan hemoflagellates belonging to the complex Trypanosoma brucei. A trypanosomal chancre develops on the site of inoculation. This is followed by a hemolymphatic stage with symptoms that include fever, lymphadenopathy, and pruritus. In the meningoencephalitic stage, invasion of the central nervous system can cause headaches, somnolence, abnormal behavior, and lead to loss of consciousness and coma. The course of infection is much more acute with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense than Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Clinical manifestations generally appear within 1–3 weeks of the infective bite for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and months to years for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Stages of infection

Transmission

Incubation period

Reservoir

Human cycle

Tsetse fly life-cycle

  • The tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host.
  • In the fly’s midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes and multiply by binary fission.
  • Procyclic trypomastigotes leave the midgut and transform into epimastigotes.
  • The epimastigotes reach the fly’s salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission.
  • The cycle in the fly takes approximately 3 weeks.
Life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense - Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Infective stage of the parasite

  • Metacyclic trypomastigotes

Diagnostic stage of the parasite

Pathogenesis

Immune response

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 "Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): epidemiological update". Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 81 (8): 71–80. 2006. PMID 16673459.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Kato CD, Matovu E, Mugasa CM, Nanteza A, Alibu VP (2016). "The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis and staging of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness". Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 12: 4. doi:10.1186/s13223-016-0113-5. PMC 4722787. PMID 26807135.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Ferella M, Nilsson D, Darban H, Rodrigues C, Bontempi EJ, Docampo R, Andersson B (2008). "Proteomics in Trypanosoma cruzi--localization of novel proteins to various organelles". Proteomics. 8 (13): 2735–49. doi:10.1002/pmic.200700940. PMC 2706665. PMID 18546153.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Sternberg JM (2004). "Human African trypanosomiasis: clinical presentation and immune response". Parasite Immunol. 26 (11–12): 469–76. doi:10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00731.x. PMID 15771682.
  5. 5.0 5.1 "CDC - African Trypanosomiasis - Biology".
  6. 6.0 6.1 Macleod ET, Darby AC, Maudlin I, Welburn SC (2007). "Factors affecting trypanosome maturation in tsetse flies". PLoS ONE. 2 (2): e239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000239. PMC 1797825. PMID 17318257.