African trypanosomiasis medical therapy: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Medical treatment of [[African trypanosomiasis]] should begin as soon as possible and is based on the [[infected]] person’s symptoms and laboratory results. [[Pentamidine isethionate]] and [[suramin]] (under an investigational New Drug Protocol from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] Drug Service) are the drugs of choice to treat the hemolymphatic stages of West and [[African trypanosomiasis|East African Trypanosomiasis]], respectively. [[Melarsoprol]] is the drug of choice for late disease with [[central nervous system]] involvement (infections by ''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense|T.b. gambiense]]'' or ''[[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense|T. b. rhodiense]]''). Hospitalization for treatment is necessary. Periodic follow-up exams including a [[spinal tap]] are required for 2 years. If a person fails to receive medical treatment for [[African trypanosomiasis]], death will occur within several weeks to months.<ref name="pmid23260189">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kennedy PG |title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness) |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=186–94 |year=2013 |pmid=23260189 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70296-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27072715">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh Grewal A, Pandita D, Bhardwaj S, Lather V |title=Recent Updates on Development of Drug Molecules for Human African Trypanosomiasis |journal=Curr Top Med Chem |volume=16 |issue=20 |pages=2245–65 |year=2016 |pmid=27072715 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17160135">{{cite journal |vauthors=Priotto G, Fogg C, Balasegaram M, Erphas O, Louga A, Checchi F, Ghabri S, Piola P |title=Three drug combinations for late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness: a randomized clinical trial in Uganda |journal=PLoS Clin Trials |volume=1 |issue=8 |pages=e39 |year=2006 |pmid=17160135 |pmc=1687208 |doi=10.1371/journal.pctr.0010039 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16080099">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chappuis F, Udayraj N, Stietenroth K, Meussen A, Bovier PA |title=Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=748–51 |year=2005 |pmid=16080099 |doi=10.1086/432576 |url=}}</ref>


==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
===Antimicrobial Regimen===
Pentamidine isethionate and suramin (under an investigational New Drug Protocol from the CDC Drug Service) are the drugs of choice to treat the hemolymphatic stage of West and East African Trypanosomiasis, respectively.  Melarsoprol is the drug of choice for late disease with central nervous system involvement (infections by T.b. gambiense or T. b. rhodiense).
:* ''' Sleeping sickness'''<ref>{{cite web|title=African Trypanosomiasis| url=  http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/health_professionals/index.html}}</ref> 
The current standard treatment for first stage disease is:
::* 1. '''East African trypanosomiasis'''
* Intravenous [[pentamidine]] (for ''T.b. gambiense''); or
:::* 1.1 '''''T. b. rhodesiense'', hemolymphatic stage'''
* Intravenous [[suramin]] (for ''T.b. rhodesiense'')
::::* 1.1.1 '''Adult '''
 
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[Suramin]] 1 gm IV on days 1, 3, 5, 14, and 21
<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_ea_trypanosomiasis.htm#what
:::::* Alternate regimen: Fexinidazole po od
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_wa_trypanosomiasis.htm#Top
::::* 1.1.2 '''Pediatric'''
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/TrypanosomiasisAfrican.htm</ref>
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[Suramin]] 20 mg/kg IV on days 1, 3, 5, 14, and 21
 
:::* 1.2 '''''T. b. rhodesiense'', CNS involvement'''
The current standard treatment for second stage (late stage) disease is:
::::* 1.2.1 '''Adult'''
* Intravenous [[melarsoprol]] 2.2 [[Wiktionary:milligram|mg]]/[[Wiktionary:kilogram|kg]] daily for 10 consecutive days.<ref>{{cite journal | Burri C, Nkunku S, Merolle A, ''et al.'' | title=Efficacy of new, concise schedule for melarsoprol in treatment of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a randomised trial | journal=Lancet | year=2000 | volume=355 | issue=9213 | pages=1419&ndash;25 | id=PMID 10791526 }}</ref>
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[Melarsoprol]] 2-3.6 mg/kg/day IV for 3 days. After 7 days, 3.6 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Give a 3rd series of 3.6 mg/kg/d after 7 days
Alternative first line therapies include:
::::* 1.2.2 '''Pediatric'''
* Intravenous melarsoprol 0.6 mg/kg on day 1, 1.2 mg/kg iv melarsoprol on day 2, and 1.2 mg/kg/day iv melarsoprol combined with oral 7.5 mg/kg nifurtimox twice a day on days 3 to 10;<ref name="Bisser2007">{{cite journal | author=Bisser S, N'Siesi F-X, Lejon V, ''et al.'' | journal=J Infect Dis | year=2007 | volume=195 | pages=322&ndash;29 | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/JID/journal/issues/v195n3/36827/36827.html }}</ref> or
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[Melarsoprol]] 2-3.6 mg/kg/day IV for 3 days. After 7 days, 3.6 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Give a 3rd series of 3.6 mg/kg/d after 7 days
* Intravenous [[eflornithine]] 50 mg/kd every six hours for 14 days.<ref>{{cite journal | author=van Nieuwenhove S, Schechter PJ, Declercq J, ''et al.'' | title=Treatment of gambiense sleeping sickness in the Sudan with oral DFMO (DL-alfa-difluoromethyl ornithine) an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase: first field trial | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year=1985 | volume=79 | issue=5 | pages=692&ndash;8 }}</ref>
::* 2. '''West African trypanosomiasis'''
 
:::* 2.1 '''''T. b. gambiense'', hemolymphatic stage'''
In areas with melarsoprol resistance or in patients who have relapsed after melarsoprol monotherapy, the treatment should be:
::::* 2.1.1 '''Adult'''
* melarsoprol and nifurtimox, or
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[Pentamidine]] 4 mg/kg/day IM/IV for 7-10 days
* eflornithine
::::* 2.1.2 '''Pediatric'''
 
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[Pentamidine]] 4 mg/kg/day IM/IV for 7-10 days
The following traditional regimens should no longer be used:
:::::* Note (1): [[Pentamidine]] should only be used during [[pregnancy]] and [[lactation]] if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk
* (old "standard" 26-day melarsoprol therapy) Intravenous melarsoprol therapy (3 series of 3.6 mg/kg/day intravenously for 3 days, with 7-day breaks between the series) (this regimen is less convenient and patients are less likely to complete therapy)<ref name="Pepin2006">{{cite journal | author=Pepin J, Mpia B | title=Randomized controlled trial of three regimens of melarsoprol in the treatment of ''Trypanosoma brucei gambiense'' trypanosomiasis | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year=2006 | volume=100 | pages=437&ndash;41 | id=PMID 16483622 }}</ref>;
:::::* Note (2): IM/IV [[Pentamidine]] have a similar safety profile in children age 4 months and older as in [[Adult|adults]]. [[Pentamidine]] is listed as a medicine for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis infection (''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'') on the '''[[World Health Organization|WHO]] Model List of Essential Medicines for Children''', intended for use in children up to 12 years of age
* (incremental melarsoprol therapy) 10-day incremental-dose melarsoprol therapy (0.6 mg/kg iv on day 1, 1.2 mg/kg iv on day 2, and 1.8 mg/kg iv on days 3–10) (previously thought to reduce the risk of treatment-induced encephalopathy, but now known to be associated with an increased risk of relapse and a higher incidence of encephalopathy)<ref name="Bisser2007"/><ref name="Pepin2006"/>;
:::* 2.2  '''''T. b. gambiense'', CNS involvement'''
 
::::* 2.2.1 '''Adult'''
According to a treatment study of Trypanosoma gambiense caused human African trypanosomiasis, use of eflornithine (DMFO) resulted in fewer adverse events than treatment with melaroprol. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Chappuis F, Udayraj N, Stietenroth K, Meussen A, Bovier PA |title=Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=748-51 |year=2005 |pmid=16080099 |doi=10.1086/432576}}</ref>
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[Eflornithine]] 400 mg/kg/day IV qid for 14 days
 
::::* 2.2.2 '''Pediatric'''
All patients should be followed up for two years with lumbar punctures every six months to look for relapse.
:::::* Preferred regimen: [[Eflornithine]] 400 mg/kg/day IV  qid for 14 days
:::::* Note (1): [[Eflornithine]] should only be used during [[pregnancy]] and [[lactation]] if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk  
:::::* Note (2): The safety of [[eflornithine]] in children has not been established. [[Eflornithine]] is not approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] ([[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]) for use in [[pediatric]] patients. [[Eflornithine]] is listed for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis in ''[[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense]]'' infection on the '''[[WHO]] model List of Essential Medicines for Children''', intended for use in children up to 12 years of age


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
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Latest revision as of 20:19, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid

Overview

Medical treatment of African trypanosomiasis should begin as soon as possible and is based on the infected person’s symptoms and laboratory results. Pentamidine isethionate and suramin (under an investigational New Drug Protocol from the CDC Drug Service) are the drugs of choice to treat the hemolymphatic stages of West and East African Trypanosomiasis, respectively. Melarsoprol is the drug of choice for late disease with central nervous system involvement (infections by T.b. gambiense or T. b. rhodiense). Hospitalization for treatment is necessary. Periodic follow-up exams including a spinal tap are required for 2 years. If a person fails to receive medical treatment for African trypanosomiasis, death will occur within several weeks to months.[1][2][3][4]

Medical Therapy

Antimicrobial Regimen

  • Sleeping sickness[5]
  • 1. East African trypanosomiasis
  • 1.1 T. b. rhodesiense, hemolymphatic stage
  • 1.1.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen: Suramin 1 gm IV on days 1, 3, 5, 14, and 21
  • Alternate regimen: Fexinidazole po od
  • 1.1.2 Pediatric
  • Preferred regimen: Suramin 20 mg/kg IV on days 1, 3, 5, 14, and 21
  • 1.2 T. b. rhodesiense, CNS involvement
  • 1.2.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen: Melarsoprol 2-3.6 mg/kg/day IV for 3 days. After 7 days, 3.6 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Give a 3rd series of 3.6 mg/kg/d after 7 days
  • 1.2.2 Pediatric
  • Preferred regimen: Melarsoprol 2-3.6 mg/kg/day IV for 3 days. After 7 days, 3.6 mg/kg/day for 3 days. Give a 3rd series of 3.6 mg/kg/d after 7 days
  • 2. West African trypanosomiasis
  • 2.1 T. b. gambiense, hemolymphatic stage
  • 2.1.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen: Pentamidine 4 mg/kg/day IM/IV for 7-10 days
  • 2.1.2 Pediatric
  • Preferred regimen: Pentamidine 4 mg/kg/day IM/IV for 7-10 days
  • Note (1): Pentamidine should only be used during pregnancy and lactation if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk
  • Note (2): IM/IV Pentamidine have a similar safety profile in children age 4 months and older as in adults. Pentamidine is listed as a medicine for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis infection (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children, intended for use in children up to 12 years of age
  • 2.2 T. b. gambiense, CNS involvement
  • 2.2.1 Adult
  • Preferred regimen: Eflornithine 400 mg/kg/day IV qid for 14 days
  • 2.2.2 Pediatric

References

  1. ↑ Kennedy PG (2013). "Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (African trypanosomiasis". Lancet Neurol. 12 (2): 186–94. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70296-X. PMID 23260189. Text "sleeping sickness) " ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Singh Grewal A, Pandita D, Bhardwaj S, Lather V (2016). "Recent Updates on Development of Drug Molecules for Human African Trypanosomiasis". Curr Top Med Chem. 16 (20): 2245–65. PMID 27072715.
  3. ↑ Priotto G, Fogg C, Balasegaram M, Erphas O, Louga A, Checchi F, Ghabri S, Piola P (2006). "Three drug combinations for late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness: a randomized clinical trial in Uganda". PLoS Clin Trials. 1 (8): e39. doi:10.1371/journal.pctr.0010039. PMC 1687208. PMID 17160135.
  4. ↑ Chappuis F, Udayraj N, Stietenroth K, Meussen A, Bovier PA (2005). "Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 (5): 748–51. doi:10.1086/432576. PMID 16080099.
  5. ↑ "African Trypanosomiasis".
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