African trypanosomiasis laboratory findings

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid; Jesus Rosario Hernandez, M.D. [2]

Overview

The diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis rests on demonstrating trypanosomes by microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow, and cerebrospinal fluid in the late stages of infection.

Laboratory Findings

The diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis rests on demonstrating trypanosomes by microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow or, in the late stages of infection, in cerebrospinal fluid.

Blood smear

Microscopy Findings
African trypanosomiasis
African trypanosomiasis
  • Thin blood smear stained with Giemsa.
  • Typical trypomastigote stages (the only stages found in patients), with a posterior kinetoplast, a centrally located nucleus, an undulating membrane, and an anterior flagellum.  
  • The two Trypanosoma brucei species that cause human trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiens, are indistinguishable morphologically.  
  • The trypanosomes' length range is 14 to 33 µm.
African trypanosomiasis 5
African trypanosomiasis 5
  • Dividing parasite is seen at the right.

Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies

  • Serology is not usually helpful in acute disease.
  • Detection of anti-trypanosomal IgG antibodies is helpful to detect African trypanosomiasis infections.
  • Three serological tests are available for detection of the parasite: micro-CATT, wb-CATT, and wb-LATEX. The first uses dried blood while the other two use whole blood samples.
  • wb-CATT is the most efficient for diagnosis, while wb-LATEX is a better exam for situations in which greater sensitivity is required.[1]
  • Detection of antibodies among infants may be difficult due to the presence of maternal antibodies early following birth. Accordingly, serologic testing for infants is only recommended at least 9 months after birth.

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References

  1. Truc P, Lejon V, Magnus E; et al. (2002). "Evaluation of the micro-CATT, CATT/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and LATEX/T b gambiense methods for serodiagnosis and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis in West and Central Africa". Bull. World Health Organ. 80 (11): 882–6. PMC 2567684. PMID 12481210.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".