African trypanosomiasis historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid; {{ADG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid; {{ADG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. In 1903, David Bruce identified the | African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. In 1903, David Bruce identified the [[vector]] of causative agent. In 1910, the differentiation between the [[subspecies]] of the [[protozoa]] was established. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*In 1841, Valentin, a professor of physiology, discovered a trypanosome-like [[flagellate]] for the first time in the [[blood]] of a trout.<ref name="pmid15145378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=231–45 |year=2004 |pmid=15145378 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004 |url=}}</ref> | *In 1841, Valentin, a professor of [[physiology]], discovered a trypanosome-like [[flagellate]] for the first time in the [[blood]] of a trout.<ref name="pmid15145378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=231–45 |year=2004 |pmid=15145378 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of [[trypanosomes]] based on the work done independently by Gluge and Mayer in the [[blood]] of frogs. | *In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of [[trypanosomes]] based on the work done independently by Gluge and Mayer in the [[blood]] of frogs. | ||
*In 1891, Nepveu identified [[trypanosomes]] for the first time in human [[blood]]. | *In 1891, Nepveu identified [[trypanosomes]] for the first time in human [[blood]]. | ||
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*In 1901, Forde and Dutton described [[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense|''Trypanosoma brucei gambiense'']] in human [[blood]] for the first time. | *In 1901, Forde and Dutton described [[Trypanosoma brucei gambiense|''Trypanosoma brucei gambiense'']] in human [[blood]] for the first time. | ||
*In 1902, the First and Second [[Sleeping Sickness]] Commissions led by Low and Bruce were conducted in Uganda. | *In 1902, the First and Second [[Sleeping Sickness]] Commissions led by Low and Bruce were conducted in Uganda. | ||
*In 1902, Castellani identified [[trypanosomes]] in the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] of [[sleeping sickness]] | *In 1902, Castellani identified [[trypanosomes]] in the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] of patients suffering from [[sleeping sickness]] for the first time. | ||
*In 1903, David Bruce recognized the [[tsetse fly]] as the [[arthropod]] [[Vector (biology)|vector]]. | *In 1903, David Bruce recognized the [[tsetse fly]] as the [[arthropod]] [[Vector (biology)|vector]]. | ||
*In 1905, Bruce suggested that [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]] transmit trypanosomes mechanically. | *In 1905, Bruce suggested that [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]] transmit trypanosomes mechanically. | ||
*In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies.]] | *In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies.]] | ||
*In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified [[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense|''Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiens''e]] as the cause of acute [[sleeping sickness]]. | *In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified [[Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense|''Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiens''e]] as the cause of acute [[sleeping sickness]]. | ||
*In 1914, Ritz described the [[antigenic variation]] of | *In 1914, Ritz described the [[antigenic variation]] of [[trypanosomes]]. | ||
*In 1969, Vickerman described the coat of [[trypanosomes]] as the source of [[antigenic variation]]. | *In 1969, Vickerman described the coat of [[trypanosomes]] as the source of [[antigenic variation]]. | ||
*In 1992, [[eflornithine]] was used for the treatment of human [[Sleeping sickness (patient information)|sleeping sickness]]. | |||
== Landmark Events in Treatment Strategies == | |||
* In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill [[trypanosomes]]. | |||
* In 1945, [[DDT]] was used for the first time in controlling [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]]. | |||
* In 1949, [[melarsoprol]] was used for the first time as an anti-trypanosome drug. | |||
* In 1992, [[eflornithine]] was used for the treatment of human [[Sleeping sickness (patient information)|sleeping sickness]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 05:04, 17 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid; Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. In 1903, David Bruce identified the vector of causative agent. In 1910, the differentiation between the subspecies of the protozoa was established.
Historical Perspective
- In 1841, Valentin, a professor of physiology, discovered a trypanosome-like flagellate for the first time in the blood of a trout.[1]
- In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of trypanosomes based on the work done independently by Gluge and Mayer in the blood of frogs.
- In 1891, Nepveu identified trypanosomes for the first time in human blood.
- In 1898, Brault suggested trypanosomes as the cause of sleeping sickness.
- In 1901, Forde and Dutton described Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in human blood for the first time.
- In 1902, the First and Second Sleeping Sickness Commissions led by Low and Bruce were conducted in Uganda.
- In 1902, Castellani identified trypanosomes in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from sleeping sickness for the first time.
- In 1903, David Bruce recognized the tsetse fly as the arthropod vector.
- In 1905, Bruce suggested that tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes mechanically.
- In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in tsetse flies.
- In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense as the cause of acute sleeping sickness.
- In 1914, Ritz described the antigenic variation of trypanosomes.
- In 1969, Vickerman described the coat of trypanosomes as the source of antigenic variation.
Landmark Events in Treatment Strategies
- In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill trypanosomes.
- In 1945, DDT was used for the first time in controlling tsetse flies.
- In 1949, melarsoprol was used for the first time as an anti-trypanosome drug.
- In 1992, eflornithine was used for the treatment of human sleeping sickness.
References
- ↑ Cox FE (2004). "History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 18 (2): 231–45. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004. PMID 15145378.