Thrombosis overview
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Thrombosis overview On the Web |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editors-in-Chief: Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS [2]
Overview
Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus (medical term for a clot) inside a blood vessel. This can dislodge from the site it was formed and can move along the flow of blood to distant places in the body. A piece of thrombus that is transported in this way is called an embolus (plural emboli). This process of formation an emboli, from a thrombus is called thromboembolism. The term was coined in 1848 by Rudolph Carl Virchow.[1]
The most important sites of thrombosis formation, based on their frequency and clinical effect are coronary arteries and deep veins of the legs. Former, the most important site of arterial thrombosis and latter the most important site of venous thrombosis.
Classification
Arterial
Thrombosis is the formation of a clot or thrombus inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. Thromboembolism is a general term describing both thrombosis and its main complication which is embolisation. The term was coined in 1848 by Rudolph Carl Virchow.[2]
Arterial thrombosis most commonly occurs on the basis of atherosclerosis and most importantly occur in the forms of myocardial infarction and stroke[3]. Besides there are many other rare sites for the formation of arterial thrombosis and due to the low occurrence frequency many of their clinical aspects are not clearly known up to date[4].
The main etiology contributing to the arterial thrombosis formation is considered to be changes in the vessels wall[5].
Venous
Thrombus is term given to a blood clot that remains in the place where it formed. A venous thrombosis is a condition in which a thrombus (blood clot) forms within a vein. Superficial venous thrombosis, as the name suggest is the formation of a thrombus in superficial veins. It can cause discomfort but generally do not cause serious consequences, unlike the deep venous thrombosis (DVTs) that form in the deep veins of the legs or in the pelvic veins.
The annual incidence of DVT measure have a steep increase across lower to higher age groups, it is 1: 100000 in childhood, 1:10000 in reproductive age, 1:1000 in later middle age and 1:100 in the very old individuals[6].
There are many etiologies addressed for venous thrombosis formation which can generally be treated affecting the three pathways of Virchow triad ,blood stasis, hypercoagulable state and changes in vessel wall[7].
References
- ↑ Hellemans, Alexander (1988). The Timetables of Science. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 317. ISBN 0671621300. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Hellemans, Alexander (1988). The Timetables of Science. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 317. ISBN 0671621300. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Davies MJ (1994). "Pathology of arterial thrombosis". Br Med Bull. 50 (4): 789–802. PMID 7804731.
- ↑ O'Donnell M, Shatzel JJ, Olson SR, Daughety MM, Nguyen KP, Hum J; et al. (2018). "Arterial Thrombosis in Unusual Sites: A practical review". Eur J Haematol. doi:10.1111/ejh.13165. PMID 30129979.
- ↑ Kleinegris MC, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Ten Cate H (2012). "Coagulation and the vessel wall in thrombosis and atherosclerosis". Pol Arch Med Wewn. 122 (11): 557–66. PMID 23160102.
- ↑ Naess IA, Christiansen SC, Romundstad P, Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Hammerstrøm J (2007). "Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study". J Thromb Haemost. 5 (4): 692–9. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02450.x. PMID 17367492.
- ↑ Rosendaal FR (2016). "Causes of venous thrombosis". Thromb J. 14 (Suppl 1): 24. doi:10.1186/s12959-016-0108-y. PMC 5056464. PMID 27766050.
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