Peritoneal carcinomatosis

(Redirected from Peritoneal seeding)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

WikiDoc Resources for Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Articles

Most recent articles on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Most cited articles on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Review articles on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Articles on Peritoneal carcinomatosis in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Images of Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Photos of Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Podcasts & MP3s on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Videos on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Bandolier on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

TRIP on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Peritoneal carcinomatosis at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Clinical Trials on Peritoneal carcinomatosis at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

NICE Guidance on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

CDC on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Books

Books on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

News

Peritoneal carcinomatosis in the news

Be alerted to news on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

News trends on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Commentary

Blogs on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Definitions

Definitions of Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Discussion groups on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Patient Handouts on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Causes & Risk Factors for Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Diagnostic studies for Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Treatment of Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

International

Peritoneal carcinomatosis en Espanol

Peritoneal carcinomatosis en Francais

Business

Peritoneal carcinomatosis in the Marketplace

Patents on Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Peritoneal metastases; Peritoneal seeding

Overview

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (also known as peritoneal metastases) is defined as a malignant tumor of the peritoneum. Metastases are the most common peritoneal malignancy, commonly metastasize from ovarian cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Calcified peritoneal carcinomatosis may occur in serous ovarian adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and gastric cancer. Peritoneal carcinogenesis arises from the celomic epithelium lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum) in response to an oncogenic stimulus. Common causes of peritoneal carcinomatosis, include: peritoneal mesothelioma, colon cancer, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Early clinical features include abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and nausea. If left untreated, the majority of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis may progress to develop portal hypertension, pulmonary edema, and death. Common complications of peritoneal carcinomatosis include intestinal obstruction and pulmonary thromboembolism. The diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis, include: Imaging findings compatible with peritoneal carcinomatosis, elevated protein concentration (more than 4.0 g/dL) in ascitic fluid, abnormal serum-ascites albumin gradient (less than 1.1 g/dL) in ascitic fluid, and high cell count (lymphocyte predominance). The mainstay medical therapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis is hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), followed by cytoreductive surgery, laparotomy in conjunction with cytology testing is the most common approach for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Prognosis is generally poor, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis is approximately 20%.

Historical Perspective

  • Peritoneal carcinomatosis was first described by Swerdlow in 1959.[1]

Classification

According to the Gilly classification, peritoneal carcinomatosis may be classified according to nodule size and intraperitoneal involvement (localized or diffuse) into 4 categories:[2]

  • 0 - No macroscopic disease
  • 1 - Malignant granulations less than 5 mm in diameter localized in one part of the abdomen
  • 2 - Malignant granulations less than 5 mm in diameter diffuse to the whole abdomen
  • 3 - Localized or diffuse malignant granulations 5–20 mm in diameter
  • 4 - Localized or diffuse large malignant masses (more than 2 cm in diameter)

Pathophysiology

  • The pathogenesis of peritoneal carcinomatosis is characterized by the malignant seeding of a tumor in the peritoneal cavity.[3]
  • Peritoneal carcinogenesis arises from the celomic epithelium lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum) in response to an oncogenic stimulus.[3]
  • The mutation on BRCA1/BRCA2 has been associated with the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
  • On gross pathology, characteristic findings of peritoneal carcinomatosis, include:[4]
    • Multilocular thin-walled cysts containing serous fluid
    • Occasionally unilocular
    • May be up to 15 cm
    • Adherent to the surface
  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of peritoneal carcinomatosis, include:[4]

Causes

Common causes of peritoneal carcinomatosis, include:[4]

Peritoneal carcinomatosis may also be caused by a mutation in the BCRA1 or BCRA2 genes.

Differentiating Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Other Diseases

Peritoneal carcinomatosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause abdominal pain, ascites, and weight loss, such as:[4]

Differentiating peritoneal carcinomatosis from other diseases
Disease Prominent clinical findings Lab tests Tratment
Primary peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Tuberculous peritonitis
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD peritonitis)
Secondary peritonitis Acute bacterial secondary peritonitis
Biliary peritonitis
Tertiary peritonitis
Familial Mediterranean fever (periodic peritonitis, familial paroxysmal polyserositis)
  • Colchicine prevents but does not treat acute attacks.
Granulomatous peritonitis
  • Diagnosed by the demonstration of diagnostic Maltese cross pattern of starch particles.
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis
Intraperitoneal abscesses
  • Diagnosed best by CT scan of the abdomen.
  • Treatment consists of prompt and complete CT or US guided drainage of the abscess, control of the primary cause, and adjunctive use of effective antibiotics. Open drainage is reserved for abscesses for which percutaneous drainage is inappropriate or unsuccessful.
Peritoneal mesothelioma
peritoneal carcinomatosis

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The prevalence of peritoneal carcinomatosis is approximately 0.03 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[5]

Age

  • Peritoneal carcinomatosis is more commonly observed among patients aged 50 - 70 years.[6]
  • Peritoneal carcinomatosis is more commonly observed among adults.[7]

Gender

  • Females are more commonly affected with peritoneal carcinomatosis than males.[7]

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for peritoneal carcinomatosis.[7]

Risk Factors

The most important risk factor in the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis include:

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis is made when at least the following diagnostic criteria are met:[6]

  • Imaging findings compatible with peritoneal carcinomatosis (see below)
  • Elevated protein concentration (more than 4.0 g/dL)
  • Abnormal serum-ascites albumin gradient (less than 1.1 g/dL)
  • High cell count (lymphocyte predominance)

Symptoms

  • Peritoneal carcinomatosis is usually asymptomatic.
  • Symptoms of peritoneal carcinomatosis may include the following:[4]

Physical Examination

  • Patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis usually appear pale and lethargic.
  • Physical examination may be remarkable for:[4]

Inspection

  • Enlarged abdomen
  • Abdominal distension

Palpation

  • Bulging of the flanks or shifting dullness
  • Fluid thrill or fluid wave
  • Other physical examination findings may include:

Laboratory Findings

  • Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis, include:[7]

Imaging Findings

  • Enhanced CT scan is the imaging modality of choice for peritoneal carcinomatosis.[6]
  • On CT, peritoneal carcinomatosis is characterized by the following findings:[4]
  • Smooth or nodular peritoneal thickening and enhancement.
  • Implants on the liver and the splenic surfaces are frequently seen and result in scalloping of the surface by the masses.
  • Sites of tumor implantation are the intersegmental fissure, superior recess of the lesser sac, subphrenic space, and Morison pouch.
  • Usually there is large ascites, which is often loculated.
  • The images below demonstrate a case of peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • Peritoneal carcinomatosis may also be diagnosed using abdominal paracentesis.
  • Findings on paracentesis may include:

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

  • Cytoreductive surgery is the mainstay of therapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis.[9]
  • Laparotomy in conjunction with cytology testing is the most common approach to the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
  • Cytoreductive surgery is composed of three steps: Exploration of the abdominal cavity, debulking and chemoperfusion.

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for peritoneal carcinomatosis.
  • Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis are followed-up every 1, 3 or 6 months.
  • Follow-up testing includes ultrasound, paracentesis, and abdominal examination.[6]

References

  1. Swerdlow M: Mesothelioma of the pelvic peritoneum resembling papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary: Case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 77:200, 1959.
  2. Kianmanesh R, Ruszniewski P, Rindi G, Kwekkeboom D, Pape UF, Kulke M, Sevilla Garcia I, Scoazec JY, Nilsson O, Fazio N, Lesurtel M, Chen YJ, Eriksson B, Cioppi F, O'Toole D (2010). "ENETS consensus guidelines for the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis from neuroendocrine tumors". Neuroendocrinology. 91 (4): 333–40. doi:10.1159/000286700. PMID 20424420.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Deraco M, Santoro N, Carraro O, Inglese MG, Rebuffoni G, Guadagni S, Somers DC, Vaglini M (1999). "Peritoneal carcinomatosis: feature of dissemination. A review". Tumori. 85 (1): 1–5. PMID 10228488.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Peritoneum. Libre patholgy. https://librepathology.org/wiki/Peritoneum Accessed on April 7, 2016
  5. Segelman J, Granath F, Holm T, Machado M, Mahteme H, Martling A (2012). "Incidence, prevalence and risk factors for peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer". Br J Surg. 99 (5): 699–705. doi:10.1002/bjs.8679. PMID 22287157.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Villanueva A, Pérez C, Sabaté JM, Llauger J, Giménez A, Sanchis E, García T, Moreno A (1995). "[Peritoneal carcinomatosis. Review of CT findings in 107 cases]". Rev Esp Enferm Dig (in Spanish; Castilian). 87 (10): 707–14. PMID 8519536.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Kusamura S, Baratti D, Zaffaroni N, Villa R, Laterza B, Balestra MR, Deraco M (2010). "Pathophysiology and biology of peritoneal carcinomatosis". World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2 (1): 12–8. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v2.i1.12. PMC 2999153. PMID 21160812.
  8. Thomassen I, van Gestel YR, Lemmens VE, de Hingh IH (2013). "Incidence, prognosis, and treatment options for patients with synchronous peritoneal carcinomatosis and liver metastases from colorectal origin". Dis. Colon Rectum. 56 (12): 1373–80. doi:10.1097/DCR.0b013e3182a62d9d. PMID 24201391.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Glockzin G, Schlitt HJ, Piso P (2009). "Peritoneal carcinomatosis: patients selection, perioperative complications and quality of life related to cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy". World J Surg Oncol. 7: 5. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-7-5. PMC 2639355. PMID 19133112.