Ileus
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| Ileus Classification and external resources | |
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| ICD-10 | K31.5, K56.0, K56.3, K56.7, P75., P76.1 |
| ICD-9 | 537.2, 560.1, 560.31, 777.1, 777.4 |
| DiseasesDB | 6706 |
| MeSH | D045823 |
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Overview
Ileus is a disruption of the normal propulsive gastrointestinal motor activity from non-mechanical mechanisms[1][2]. Motility disorders that result from structural abnormalities are termed mechanical bowel obstruction. Some mechanical obstructions are misnomers, such as gallstone ileus and meconium ileus, and are not true examples of ileus by the classic definition [3].
Diagnosis
Mechanical Obstruction
- Adenomatous polyps
- Adhesions
- Adhesive bands
- Annular pancreas
- Ascariades
- Atresia
- Biliary calculus
- Bowel duplication
- Carcinomatosis
- Colon Cancer
- Congenital megacolon
- Crohn's Disease
- Cysts
- Diverticular stricture
- Diverticulitis
- Endometriosis
- Foreign body
- Gallstone ileus
- Hematoma of the bowel wall
- Hernia
- Hirschprung's disease
- Iatrogenic
- Imperforate anus
- Incarcerated hernia
- Inflammatory
- Intrabdominal abscess
- Intrabdominal hematoma
- Invagination, intussisception
- Ischemia
- Malrotation
- Meckel's Diverticulum
- Megacolon
- Multiple polyposis syndromes
- Neoplasm
- Ovarian Cancer
- Pneumatosis intestinalis
- Postoperative
- Pregnancy
- Radiation induced stenosis
- Sarcoma
- Scleroderma
- Surgical anastomosis
- Therapy with dietary fiber
- Trauma
- Tuberculosis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Volvulus
Non-Mechanical Obstruction
- Acid-base imbalance
- Acute pancreatitis
- Anticholinergics
- Antihistamines
- Apoplexy
- Brain tumor
- Cancer
- Catecholamines
- Cholecystolithiasis
- Connective tissue disease
- Diabetic coma
- Empyema
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypokalemia
- Lead poisoning
- Lymphoma
- Mechanical ventilation
- Mesenteric infarction
- Morphine
- Narcotics
- Osteomyelitis of the spine
- Ovarian torsion
- Pancreatitis
- Penetrating wounds
- Perinephric abscess
- Peritoneal carcinomatosis
- Peritonitis
- Pneumonia
- Porphyria
- Postoperative
- Psoas abscess
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal colic
- Retroperitoneal hematoma
- Spinal cord inflammation
- Spinal cord injury
- Spinal cord trauma
- Systemic infection
- Testicular torsion
- Ulcer perforation
- Uremia
- Urosepsis
- Vitamin deficiency
Pseudo-Obstruction
- Aerophagia
- Functional bowel disease
Types
Postoperative Ileus
It is a temporary paralysis of a portion of the intestines typically after an abdominal surgery. Since the intestinal content of this portion is unable to move forward, food or drink should be avoided until peristaltic sound is heard from auscultation of the area where this portion lies.
Acute colonic pseudoobstruction
Also known as Ogilvie's syndrome
Pathogenesis
Inhibitory neural reflexes
Inflammation
Ileus may increase adhesion formation, because intestinal segments have more prolonged contact, allowing fibrous adhesions to form, and intestinal distention causes serosal injury and ischemia. Intestinal distention has been shown to cause adhesions in foals [4]. In a recent survey of ACVS diplomates on drugs to prevent ileus and therefore prevent adhesions (unpublished data). The drug used in this survey was lidocaine, erythromycin, and cisapride [5]. Some respondents also mentioned the importance of walking horses postoperatively to stimulate motility. Repeat celiotomy to decompress chronically distended small intestine and remove fibrinous adhesions is also a useful method of treating ileus and reducting adhesions, and it has been associated with a good outcome [6][7]
Neurohumoral peptides
Symptoms
Symptoms of ileus include, but are not limited to:
- moderate, diffuse abdominal discomfort
- constipation
- abdominal distension
- nausea/vomiting, especially after meals
- lack of bowel movement and/or flatulence
Risk Factors
- gastrointestinal surgery or other GI procedures
- electrolyte imbalance
- hypothyroidism
- medications (e.g. opiates)
- severe illness
Treatment
Nil per os (NPO or "Nothing by Mouth") is mandatory in all cases. Nasogastric suction and parenteral feeds may be required until passage is restored.
There are several options in the case of paralytic ileus. Most treatment is supportive. If caused by medication, the offending agent is discontinued or reduced. Bowel movements may be stimulated by prescribing lactulose, erythromycin or in severe cases, (Ogilvie's syndrome) neostigmine.
If possible the underlying cause is corrected (e.g. replace electrolytes).
External links
See also
References
- ↑ Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. The biological basis of modern surgical practice. 17/e. Elsevier Saunders, 2004.
- ↑ Livingston EH, Passaro EP. Postoperative ileus. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:121.
- ↑ Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, Sleisenger MH. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Intestinal Obstruction and Ileus. 8/e. Elsevier Saunders, 2006.
- ↑ Lundin C, Sullins KE, White NA and al. Induction of peritoneal adhesions with small intestinal ischaemia and distention in the foal. Equine Vet J 21: 451, 1989
- ↑ Van Hoogmoed and Snyder
- ↑ Vachon AM, Fisher AT. Small intestinal herniation through the epiploic foramen: 53 cases (1987-1993). Equine Vet J 27: 373, 1995
- ↑ Southwood LL, Baxter GM. Current concepts in management of abdominal adhesions. Vet Clin North Am Eq Prac 13:2 415 1997
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (P, 760-779) | |
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| Maternal factors and complications | Umbilical cord prolapse - Nuchal cord - Chorioamnionitis |
| Length of gestation and fetal growth | Small for gestational age - Large for gestational age - Premature birth - Postmature birth |
| Birth trauma | Cephalhematoma - Brachial plexus lesion (Erb's palsy, Klumpke paralysis) |
| Respiratory | Intrauterine hypoxia - Infant respiratory distress syndrome - Transient tachypnea of the newborn - Meconium aspiration syndrome - pleural disease (Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum) - Wilson-Mikity syndrome - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
| Cardiovascular | Pneumopericardium - Persistent fetal circulation |
| Haemorrhagic and haematological/ hematologic disease | Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn - Hemolytic disease of the newborn - Rh disease - Hydrops fetalis - Hyperbilirubinemia (Kernicterus, Neonatal jaundice) |
| Digestive system | Ileus - Necrotizing enterocolitis |
| Integument and temperature regulation | Erythema toxicum |
| Other disorders | Periventricular leukomalacia - Gray baby syndrome - muscle tone (Congenital hypertonia, Congenital hypotonia) - Perinatal infection (Congenital rubella syndrome) - Velamentous cord insertion - Omphalitis |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
