Cardiovascular physiology
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Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the circulatory system. More specifically, it addresses the physiology of the heart ("cardio") and blood vessels ("vascular").
These subjects are sometimes addressed separately, under the names "cardiac physiology" and "circulatory physiology".[1]
Although the different aspects of cardiovascular physiology are closely interrelated, the subject is still usually divided into several subtopics.
Heart
- See Heart#Physiology for more details
- Cardiac output (= heart rate * stroke volume. Can also be calculated with Fick principle.)
- Stroke volume (= end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume)
- Ejection fraction (= stroke volume / end-diastolic volume)
- Inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic states
Blood vessels
- See Blood vessel#Physiology for more details
- Compliance
- Microcirculation
- Starling equation
- Fick's law of diffusion
- Poiseuille's law
- Skeletal-muscle pump
Regulation of blood pressure
- Baroreceptor
- Baroreflex
- Renin-angiotensin system
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus
- Aortic body and carotid body
- Autoregulation
Hemodynamics
Under most circumstances, the body attempts to maintain a steady mean arterial pressure.
When there is a major and immediate decrease (such as that due to hemorrhage or standing up), the body can increase the following:
- Heart rate
- Total peripheral resistance (primarily due to vasoconstriction of arteries)
- Inotropic state
In turn, this can have a significant impact upon several other variables:
- Stroke volume
- Cardiac output
- Pressure
- Pulse pressure (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)
- Mean arterial pressure (usually approximated with diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure)
- Central venous pressure
Regional circulation
| Name of circulation | % of cardiac output | Autoregulation | Perfusion | Comments |
| pulmonary circulation | 100% (deoxygenated) | Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia | ||
| cerebral circulation | 15%[2] | high | under-perfused | Fixed volume means intolerance of high pressure. Minimal ability to use anaerobic respiration |
| coronary circulation | 5% | high | under-perfused | Minimal ability to use anaerobic respiration. Blood flow through the left coronary artery is at a maximum during diastole (in contrast to the rest of systemic circulation, which has a maximum blood flow during systole.) |
| splanchnic circulation | 15% | low | Flow increases during digestion. | |
| hepatic circulation | 15% | Part of portal venous system, so oncotic pressure is very low | ||
| renal circulation | 25% | high | over-perfused | Maintains glomerular filtration rate |
| skeletal muscle circulation | 17%[3] | Perfusion increases dramatically during exercise. | ||
| cutaneous circulation | 2%[4] | over-perfused | Crucial in thermoregulation. Significant ability to use anaerobic respiration |
References
- ↑ Overview at Medical College of Georgia
- ↑ Physiology at MCG 3/3ch11/s3c11_13
- ↑ Physiology at MCG 3/3ch11/s3c11_2
- ↑ Physiology at MCG 3/3ch11/s3c11_10
External links
- MeSH Cardiovascular+physiology
- www.cvphsysiology.com - Comprehensive explanation of basic cardiovascular concepts.
WikiDoc Research Resources for Cardiovascular physiology | |
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| Articles on Cardiovascular physiology | Most recent articles on Cardiovascular physiology • Most cited articles on Cardiovascular physiology • Review articles on Cardiovascular physiology • Articles on Cardiovascular physiology in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ |
| Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Cardiovascular physiology | Powerpoint slides on Cardiovascular physiology • Images of Cardiovascular physiology • Photos of Cardiovascular physiology • Podcasts & MP3s on Cardiovascular physiology • Videos on Cardiovascular physiology |
| Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Cardiovascular physiology | Cochrane Collaboration on Cardiovascular physiology • Bandolier on Cardiovascular physiology • TRIP on Cardiovascular physiology |
| Cost Effectiveness of Cardiovascular physiology | Cost Effectiveness of Cardiovascular physiology |
| Clinical Trials Involving Cardiovascular physiology | Ongoing Trials on Cardiovascular physiology at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Cardiovascular physiology • Clinical Trials on Cardiovascular physiology at Google |
| Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Cardiovascular physiology | US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Cardiovascular physiology • NICE Guidance on Cardiovascular physiology • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Cardiovascular physiology • CDC on Cardiovascular physiology |
| Textbook Information on Cardiovascular physiology | Books and Textbook Information on Cardiovascular physiology |
| Pharmacology Resources on Cardiovascular physiology | Dosing of Cardiovascular physiology • Drug interactions with Cardiovascular physiology • Side effects of Cardiovascular physiology • Allergic reactions to Cardiovascular physiology • Overdose information on Cardiovascular physiology • Carcinogenicity information on Cardiovascular physiology • Cardiovascular physiology in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Cardiovascular physiology • |
| Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Cardiovascular physiology | Genetics of Cardiovascular physiology • Pharmacogenomics of Cardiovascular physiology • Proteomics of Cardiovascular physiology |
| Newstories on Cardiovascular physiology | Cardiovascular physiology in the news • Be alerted to news on Cardiovascular physiology • News trends on Cardiovascular physiology |
| Commentary on Cardiovascular physiology | Blogs on Cardiovascular physiology |
| Patient Resources on Cardiovascular physiology | Patient resources on Cardiovascular physiology • Discussion groups on Cardiovascular physiology • Patient Handouts on Cardiovascular physiology • Directions to Hospitals Treating Cardiovascular physiology • Risk calculators and risk factors for Cardiovascular physiology |
| Healthcare Provider Resources on Cardiovascular physiology | Symptoms of Cardiovascular physiology • Causes & Risk Factors for Cardiovascular physiology • Diagnostic studies for Cardiovascular physiology • Treatment of Cardiovascular physiology |
| Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Cardiovascular physiology | CME Programs on Cardiovascular physiology |
| International Resources on Cardiovascular physiology | Cardiovascular physiology en Espanol • Cardiovascular physiology en Francais |
| Business Resources on Cardiovascular physiology | Cardiovascular physiology in the Marketplace • Patents on Cardiovascular physiology |
| Informatics Resources on Cardiovascular physiology | List of terms related to Cardiovascular physiology |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
