Acrocyanosis
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| Acrocyanosis Classification and external resources | |
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| Hand: Acrocyanosis: Gross, an excellent example Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology |
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Overview
Acrocyanosis refer to a persistent blue or cyanotic discoloration of the digits, most commonly occurring in the hands although also occurring in the face and feet as well. For the purpose of discussion, it may be further broken into:
- Acrocyanosis (benign) - The more common condition that requires little, if any, medical intervention.
- Acrocyanosis (not benign) - A sign that may allude to a more serious medical problem.
Etiology
Localized peripheral cyanosis
- Raynaud’s syndrome
- Vegetative vasomotoric hyperexcitability
- Venous thrombosis
- Peripheral arterial occlusive disease
- Constitutional acrocyanosis
- Cold agglutinin disease
- Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
- Perniosis
- Acrodynia (Feer’s disease)
- Waldenström’s syndrome
Congenital cardiac defect with right-to left shunt
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Patent ductus arteriosus
- Acquired cardiac defects
- Cor pulmonale
- Left ventricular failure
- Mitral stenosis
- Congestive cardiomyopathy
- Mitral valve insufficiency
Pulmonary
Complete Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Acrocyanosis
- Acquired cardiac defects
- Bronchiectasis
- Chronic bronchitis
- Cardiomyopathy
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Cold Agglutinin Disease
- Congenital Heart Disease
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Constitutional acrocyanosis
- Cor Pulmonale
- Feer's disease (acrodynia)
- Mitral Stenosis
- Mitral Valve Insufficiency
- Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus
- Perniosis
- Peripheral Arterial Disease
- Pulmonary Emphysema
- Pulmonary Fibrosis
- Raynaud's Syndrome
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Vegetative vasomotoric hyperexcitability
- Venous thrombosis
- Waldenstrom's Syndrome
Pathological Findings
Hand: Acrocyanosis: Gross, an excellent example |
 Acrocyanosis: Gross, excellent example of cyanotic nail beds |
 Acrocyanosis: Gross natural color outstandingly horrible example in infant with apparent gangrene of distal and middle phalanges. Pseudomonas sepsis |
 Acrocyanosis: Gross natural color horrible example of gangrene of feet and skin of legs with Pseudomonas sepsis |
 Acrocyanosis: Gross, a case of DIC, distal phalangeal cyanosis |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
