Wheeze differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 00:44, 30 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Karina Zavaleta, MD [2], Iqra Qamar M.D.[3], Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[4]

Differential diagnosis of Wheezing

For the differential diagnosis of wheeze and cough, click here.
For the differential diagnosis of wheeze and fever, click here.
For the differential diagnosis of wheeze and slurred speech, click here.

Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations							Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam		Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Imaging
		Onset	Cough	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Extrathoracic upper airway diseases	Laryngeal edema (Anaphylaxis)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]	Acute	+	+	–	+	+	Hoarseness Stridor	High levels of serum tryptase Increased levels of plasma histamine Skin allergy test	Not specific	Not required	Not required	Acute onset with one of them: Respiratory compromise Reduced blood pressure (BP) Two or more after the exposure to a likely allergen Respiratory compromise Reduced BP Gastrointestinal symptoms Skin–mucosal involvement BP reduced after exposure of a known allergen Adult BP systolic <90 mmHg Children: Low systolic BP	Nasal discharge, altered mental status, redness and hives of the skin Common allergens: Food, insect sting, biologic materials, natural rubber latex, etc
	Cricoarytenoid arthritis^[6]^[7]	Acute	+	+	–	+	–	Hoarseness Stridor	Test for rheumatoid arthritis	Forced inspiratory flowdecreased Forced expiratory flowdecreased	Clear chest	Hyperdense intra–articular sclerotic cricoid and arytenoid cartilages in CT^[8]	Direct laryngoscopy	Cartilage erosion can lead on joint luxation and immobilization of the cord^[8]
	Vocal fold edema/hematoma/paralysis^[9]	Acute	+	+	–	+	–	Hoarseness Short breathing	Not specific	Variable	Clear chest	Not required	Laryngoscopy	Associated with neck surgery
	Paradoxical vocal fold motion^[10]^[11]	Acute	+	+	–	+	–	Inspiratory stridor	Hypercapnia in arterial blood gases when distress is severe	Forced inspiratory flow decrease but normal between episodes^[12]	Clear chest	CT and color flow doppler to rule out other diseases^[13]	Abnormal adduction of vocal fold visualized in laryngoscopy	Throat tightness, choking sensation Associated with exercise, asthma, post–extubation, etc.^[14]
	Laryngeal stenosis^[15]	Acute, Chronic	+	+	–	+	+	Glottic or supraglottic: Inspiratory stridor Glottis through trachea: biphasic stridor	Not specific	FV loop variable	Clear chest	Stenosis visualized in neck x–ray	Palpation of arytenoid for passive mobility and laryngoscopy^[16]	History of neck trauma or intubation
	Laryngocele^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]	Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Inspiratory stridor Hoarseness	Not specific	Normal function	Clear chest	Cyst with liquid or air content on ultrasound, radiography or CT	Smooth swelling visualized in laryngoscopy^[20]	Dysphagia, laryngeal discomfort Usually asymptomatic
Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations							Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam		Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Imaging
		Onset	Cough	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Extrathoracic upper airway diseases	Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]	Acute	–	+	+	+	–	Hoarseness Stridor	Leukocytosis Epiglottal culture	Normal function	Clear chest	More than 8 mm of size epiglottal and distend hypopharynx in neck x–ray	An edematous epiglottis is visualized on laryngoscopy^[22]	Tripod posture Drooling Tenderness of the anterior part of the neck
	Goiter^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]	Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Stridor	Thyroid function tests: TSH, T3, and T4 Thyroid peroxide antibodies :TPO	Airflow limitation of the volume loop depending on the size and localization^[35]	Substernal goiter causes a deviation of the trachea	CT can be performed to visualize the cervical and substernal goiter and its extention^[36]	Physical examination	Iodine deficiency is the most common cause^[37]
	Postnasal drip syndrome^[38]^[39]^[40]	Acute	+	+	–	–	–	Stridor	Elevated eosinophils Increase of IgE Positive intradermic test^[41]	Normal response to bronchoprovocation Variable FV loop	Clear chest	Sinus CT may be helpful	Clinical diagnosis	Nasal congestion Rhinorrhea
	Relapsing polychondritis ^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]	Acute	+	+	+	–	–	Hoarseness Aphonia Inspiratory stridor	Leukocytosis or thrombocytosis Positive antinuclear antibodies ( ANA) and ANCA	Variable flow volume loop	Tracheal narrowing Cartilaginous calcification, bronchial wall thickness, and tracheal narrowing is observed on CT MRI can distinguish fibrosis from inflammation	Cartilaginous calicification, bronchial wall thickness, and tracheal narrowing observed in CT ^[49] MRI can distinguish fibrosis from inflammation	Mc Adam criteria:^[47] Ear bilateral chondritis Seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis Respiratory tract chondritis Coclear or vestibular dysfunction Ocular inflamation	Involvement of cartilage of ears, ribs, nose, and eyes
	Retropharyngeal abscess^[50]^[51]^[52]	Subacute	–	+	+	+	–	Stridor Tachypnea	Leukocytosis Aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures may be helpful^[53]	Normal function	Lateral chest x–ray to determine the extension of the abscess	Increased vertebral space in lateral neck x–ray Cervical lordosis and gas collection in retropharyngeal space in neck CT with intravenous contrast	Neck CT or presence of pus during the surgical procedure^[54]	Pain with neck extension Dysphagia Head in sniffing position
	Tonsillar hypertrophy^[55]	Acute, chronic	–	+	–	+ hyponasal speech	–	Stridor	Not specific	Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing	Clear chest	Not required	Direct visualization of enlarged tonsils in oropharyngeal exam^[56]	More in children and adolescents
	Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea^[57]^[58]	Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Stridor Hoarseness	Not specific	Flow loop shows inspiratory slowing	Not required	CT provide information about the grade of invasion MRI can make a difference between tumors in the mucosa or bone marrow^[59]	Fine needle aspiration biopsy	Risk factor: Tobacco and HPV infections
Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations							Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam		Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Imaging
		Onset	Cough	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Central airway diseases (Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)	Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy^[60]^[61]	Chronic	+	+	+	–	–	Stridor Hoarseness	Anti–acetylcholine receptor antibodies present in thymic tumors High levels of AFP and beta–hCG present in germ cell tumors Increased lactate dehydrogenase in seminomas	Expiratory flow rate decreased^[62]	Size, location, and density of the mass can be observed	In chest CT, location, size, tissue characteristic, and relationship with other structures of the mass is observed Information of posterior mediastinal mass can be provided in chest or spine MRI ^[63]	Chest CT	Hemoptysis Superior vena cava syndrome Surgical resection
	Respiratory papillomatosis^[64]^[65]	Chronic	+	+	–	+	–	Hoarseness Stridor	Not specific	Not specific	Solid or cavitated pulmonary nodules	Nodules which involves mucosal surface observed in CT^[66]	Polypoid lesions observed on bronchoscopy	Etiology: HPV 6 and 11 Biopsy to determine the type of virus
	Tracheobronchomalacia^[67]	Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Stridor Forced expiration	Not specifc	Low expiratory flow in flow volume loop	Airway compression from other structures	Airway collpse observed in images at the end of inspiration in dynamic CT^[68]	Airway collapse observed on bronchoscopy^[69]	Sputum retention Barking cough
	Tracheal stenosis^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]	Acute	–	+	–	–	+	Stridor Monophonic expiratory	Not specific	FV loop variable	Narrowing of the trachea	Extension of the narrowing observed in CT or MRI	Narrowing of the trachea observed in bronchoscopy^[74]	Long segment stenosis incompatible with survival^[75]
	Tracheal and bronchial tumors^[76]^[77]^[78]	Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Hoarseness	Not specific	FV loop variable	Narrowing of the trachea	Foca lesions, polypoid, and narrowing observed in CT^[79]	Biopsy obtained by bronchoscopy^[79]	Squamous cell carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Benign tumors
	Vascular ring or aneurysm^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85]	Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Hoarseness	D–dimer, Blood urea, Blood nitrogen, and CBC may be helpful	Not required	Aortic knob enlarged Displacement to the trachea ^[86]	ECG to rule out myocardial infarction	CT or angiography MR to determine the aortic diameter or any change	Usually asymptomatic Chest or abdominal pain appears when other structures are compressed
Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations							Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam		Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Imaging
		Onset	Cough	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Lower airway obstruction	Bronchiectasis^[87]^[88]	Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Crackles Shortness of breath	Neutrophilia Levels of IgM, IgG and IgA Sputum culture for fungi, bacteria and mycobacteria^[89]	FEV1/FVC < 70% Normal FVC Low levels of FEV1	Linar atelectasis Dilated airways	Tram lines or end–on ring shadows in chest CT ^[90]	Chest CT	Hemoptysis Chest pleuritic pain Clubbing
	Bronchiolitis^[91]^[92]^[93]^[94]^[95]	Acute	+	+	+	–	+	Crackles Increased respiratory rate	For bacterial infection in neonates: CBC Urinalysis Urine culture	Normal function or obstructive changes (FEV1/FVC < 70%) Air trapping in Lung volumes Reduced diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide ( DLCO) ^[96]	Hyperinflation Mosaic attenuation Increased bronchial wall^[96]	Bronchoscopy to rule out other diseases	Clinical diagnosis	Etiology: Respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus
	Carcinoid syndrome^[97]^[98]^[99]	Chronic	–	+	–	–	–	Shortness of breath	Twenty four hour urine for 5–HIAA Urinary excretion of serotonin High levels of chromogranin concentration ^[100]	Not specific	Enlargement of the heart ^[101]	Carcinoid tumors of jejunum, appendix and colon are oberved in abdominal CT Liver metastases are visualized in MRI	Abdominal and pelvic CT^[100]	Flushing Diarrhea
	Heart failure^[102]^[103]	Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Crackles Leg edema	BUN and serum creatinin concentration to evaluate renal function Liver function tests Fasting lipid profile^[104]	Not required	Pleural effusion Pulmonary edema	ST and T waves abnormalities in ECG SaO2 < 90%^[105]	Clinical diagnosis (test are supportive)	High levels of BNP and pro–BNP^[106]
	Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) ^[107]	Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Shortness of breath	Not specific	FEV1/FVC < 70% Normal FVC Low levels of FEV1	Pulmonary nodules	Mosaic pattern and nodules observed in chest CT	Hyperplasia showed in biopsy	Single neuroendocrine cell and/ or linear proliferation of the cells that involves bronchial epithelium
Etiology on the basis of anatomy	Diseases	Clinical manifestations							Diagnosis					Other features
		Symptoms					Physical exam		Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Imaging
		Onset	Cough	Dyspnea	Fever	Slurred speech	Cyanosis	Auscultation	Labs	Pulmonary function testing	Chest imaging	Other	Gold standard
Lower airway obstruction	Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema^[108]^[109]^[110]	Acute	+	+	–	–	+	Crackles	Hypoxemia in arterial blood gases	PaO2/FiO2 <300 mmHg	Bilateral alveolar infiltration	Bilateral opacities in CT	According to Berlin definition:^[111] One week of new or worse respiratory symptoms or clinical insult Symptoms can not be explain by cardiac disease Bilateral opacities in chest X–Ray or CT Compromised oxygenation	High altitute pulmonary edema (HAPE) Neurogenic pulmonary edema
	Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris, Strongyloides, filaria)^[112]^[113]^[114]^[115]	Acute	+	+	+	–	–	Rales	Leukocytosis Eosinophilia Toxocara antigens detected in ELISA Hypergammaglobulinemia^[116]	Not specific	Bilateral peribronchial infiltration Parenchymal infiltration	Subpleural nodules, ground–glass opacities observed on chest CT ^[117]	Larve on biopsy	Eosinophilia detected in bronchoalveolar lavage
	Pulmonary thromboembolism ^[118]^[119]	Acute, subacute, Chronic	+	+	–	–	–	Tachypnea Decreased breath sounds	Leukocytosis Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation High levels of lactic acid in complete blood count Hypoxemia in arterial blood gas^[120] D–dimer to rule out other diseases Troponin I or T	Not required	Hamptom and Westermark sign in chest X–Ray ^[121]	Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) or catheter based pulmonary angiography ^[122]	Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) or catheter based pulmonary angiography ^[122]	Most emboli comes from iliac, femoral, and popliteal veins
	Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome^[123]^[124]^[125]^[126]	Acute	+	+	–	–	–	Tachypnea	No required Complete blood count to rule out other diseases	FEV1/FVC < 70% ^[124]	Normal or hyperinflation	CT to rule out other diseases	Clinical diagnosis: History of exposure Acute onset with sympotoms in 24h Airway obstruction > 3 months^[124]	Burning sensation in the throat Chest pain High dose of inhalation of the irritant

References

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[pmid18716087-121] Pipavath SN, Godwin JD (September 2008). "Acute pulmonary thromboembolism: a historical perspective". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191 (3): 639–41. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3989. PMID 18716087.

[pmid17848685-122] 122.0 ^122.1 Remy-Jardin M, Pistolesi M, Goodman LR, Gefter WB, Gottschalk A, Mayo JR, Sostman HD (November 2007). "Management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism in the era of CT angiography: a statement from the Fleischner Society". Radiology. 245 (2): 315–29. doi:10.1148/radiol.2452070397. PMID 17848685.

[pmid5765629-123] Weill H, George R, Schwarz M, Ziskind M (March 1969). "Late evaluation of pulmonary function after acute exposure to chlorine gas". Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 99 (3): 374–9. PMID 5765629.

[pmid4028848-124] 124.0 ^124.1 ^124.2 Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL (September 1985). "Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Persistent asthma syndrome after high level irritant exposures". Chest. 88 (3): 376–84. PMID 4028848.

[pmid1952431-125] Kern DG (November 1991). "Outbreak of the reactive airways dysfunction syndrome after a spill of glacial acetic acid". Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144 (5): 1058–64. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/144.5.1058. PMID 1952431.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Wheeze}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KZ}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KZ}}, {{IQ}}, {{Anmol}}
 ==Differential diagnosis of Wheezing==
+'''For the differential diagnosis of wheeze and cough, click [[Cough and wheeze|here]].'''<br>
+'''For the differential diagnosis of wheeze and fever, click [[Cough and fever|here]].'''<br>
+'''For the differential diagnosis of wheeze and slurred speech, click [[Wheeze and slurred speech|here]].'''<br>
-{|
+<small><small>
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
+{| class="wikitable"
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diseases
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
-! colspan="8" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Clinical manifestations
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Diseases
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diagnosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="7" + |Clinical manifestations
-! rowspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Other features
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Diagnosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Other features
 |-
-! colspan="5" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Symptoms
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Symptoms
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Physical exam
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="2" + |Physical exam
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Labs
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Labs
-! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Pulmonary function testing
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Pulmonary function testing
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Imaging
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="3" + |Imaging
 |-
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Onset
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Cough
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cough
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Slurred speech
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Slurred speech
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Cyanosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cyanosis
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Clubbing
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Auscultation
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Auscultation
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chest imaging
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Chest imaging
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Gold standard
 |-
-| rowspan="13" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Extrathoracic upper airway diseases'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="6" + |'''Extrathoracic upper airway diseases'''
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Laryngeal edema'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Laryngeal edema'''
-'''(Anaphylaxis)'''
+'''(Anaphylaxis)'''<ref name="pmid16461139">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, Adkinson NF, Bock SA, Branum A, Brown SG, Camargo CA, Cydulka R, Galli SJ, Gidudu J, Gruchalla RS, Harlor AD, Hepner DL, Lewis LM, Lieberman PL, Metcalfe DD, O'Connor R, Muraro A, Rudman A, Schmitt C, Scherrer D, Simons FE, Thomas S, Wood JP, Decker WW |title=Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report--Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=391–7 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16461139 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1303 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15753908">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Bock SA, Schmitt C, Bass R, Chowdhury BA, Decker WW, Furlong TJ, Galli SJ, Golden DB, Gruchalla RS, Harlor AD, Hepner DL, Howarth M, Kaplan AP, Levy JH, Lewis LM, Lieberman PL, Metcalfe DD, Murphy R, Pollart SM, Pumphrey RS, Rosenwasser LJ, Simons FE, Wood JP, Camargo CA |title=Symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=584–91 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15753908 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.01.009 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12209078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kemp SF, Lockey RF |title=Anaphylaxis: a review of causes and mechanisms |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=341–8 |date=September 2002 |pmid=12209078 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20205694">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ewan PW, Dugué P, Mirakian R, Dixon TA, Harper JN, Nasser SM |title=BSACI guidelines for the investigation of suspected anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia |journal=Clin. Exp. Allergy |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=15–31 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20205694 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03404.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20176258">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simons FE |title=Anaphylaxis |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=125 |issue=2 Suppl 2 |pages=S161–81 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20176258 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.981 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
@@ Line 57: / Line 59: @@
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 Acute onset with one of them:
-* Respiratory compromise
+* [[Respiratory]] compromise
 * Reduced [[blood pressure]] ([[Blood pressure|BP]])
 Two or more after the exposure to a likely [[allergen]]
-* Respiratory compromise
+* [[Respiratory]] compromise
 * Reduced [[Blood pressure|BP]]
 * [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] <nowiki/>symptoms
-* [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Skin-mucosa]]<nowiki/>l involvement
+* [[Skin and soft-tissue infections|Skin–mucosa]]<nowiki/>l involvement
 [[Blood pressure|BP]] reduced after exposure of a known [[allergen]]
@@ Line 72: / Line 74: @@
 * Common [[Allergen|allergens]]: Food, insect sting, biologic materials, natural rubber latex, etc
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Cricoarytenoid arthritis'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Cricoarytenoid arthritis'''<ref name="pmid8519073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kelly CA |title=Rheumatoid arthritis: other rheumatoid lung problems |journal=Baillieres Clin Rheumatol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=17–29 |date=February 1993 |pmid=8519073 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3820205">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geterud A, Ejnell H, Månsson I, Sandberg N, Bake B, Bjelle A |title=Severe airway obstruction caused by laryngeal rheumatoid arthritis |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=948–51 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3820205 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
@@ Line 91: / Line 92: @@
 * Clear chest
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hyperdense intra-articular sclerotic [[Cricoid cartilage|cricoid]] and [[arytenoid cartilage]]<nowiki/>s in [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid22884484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greco A, Fusconi M, Macri GF, Marinelli C, Polettini E, Benincasa AT, de Vincentiis M |title=Cricoarytenoid joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic evaluation |journal=Am J Otolaryngol |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=753–5 |date= 2012 |pmid=22884484 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.06.004 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+* Hyperdense intra–articular sclerotic [[Cricoid cartilage|cricoid]] and [[arytenoid cartilage]]<nowiki/>s in [[Computed tomography|CT]]<ref name="pmid22884484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Greco A, Fusconi M, Macri GF, Marinelli C, Polettini E, Benincasa AT, de Vincentiis M |title=Cricoarytenoid joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic evaluation |journal=Am J Otolaryngol |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=753–5 |date= 2012 |pmid=22884484 |doi=10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.06.004 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Laryngoscopy|Direct laryngoscopy]]
@@ Line 97: / Line 98: @@
 * [[Cartilage]] <nowiki/>erosion can lead on joint luxation and immobilization of the [[cord]]<ref name="pmid22884484" />
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Vocal fold edema/hematoma/paralysis'''<ref name="pmid17011423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishman SL, Halum SL, Patel NJ, Kerschner JE, Merati AL |title=Management of vocal paralysis: a comparison of adult and pediatric practices |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=590–4 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17011423 |doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2006.04.014 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Vocal fold edema/hematoma/paralysis'''<ref name="pmid17011423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishman SL, Halum SL, Patel NJ, Kerschner JE, Merati AL |title=Management of vocal paralysis: a comparison of adult and pediatric practices |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=590–4 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17011423 |doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2006.04.014 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 * Associated with [[Archives of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery|neck surgery]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Paradoxical vocal fold motion'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Paradoxical vocal fold motion'''<ref name="pmid21051397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morris MJ, Christopher KL |title=Diagnostic criteria for the classification of vocal cord dysfunction |journal=Chest |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=1213–23 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21051397 |doi=10.1378/chest.09-2944 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24125138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tilles SA, Ayars AG, Picciano JF, Altman K |title=Exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction and exercise-induced laryngomalacia in children and adolescents: the same clinical syndrome? |journal=Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=342–346.e1 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24125138 |doi=10.1016/j.anai.2013.07.025 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Inspiratory [[stridor]]
@@ Line 143: / Line 142: @@
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Throat]] tightness, choking sensation
-* Associated with [[exercise]], [[asthma]], post-extubation, etc.<ref name="pmid23097011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiang T, Marcinow AM, deSilva BW, Ence BN, Lindsey SE, Forrest LA |title=Exercise-induced paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder: diagnosis and management |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=727–31 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23097011 |doi=10.1002/lary.23654 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+* Associated with [[exercise]], [[asthma]], post–extubation, etc.<ref name="pmid23097011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiang T, Marcinow AM, deSilva BW, Ence BN, Lindsey SE, Forrest LA |title=Exercise-induced paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder: diagnosis and management |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=727–31 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23097011 |doi=10.1002/lary.23654 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Laryngeal stenosis'''<ref name="pmid27508129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Nilakantan A, Sood A, Gupta A, Gupta A |title=Challenges in the Management of Laryngeal Stenosis |journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=294–9 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27508129 |pmc=4961642 |doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0936-2 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Laryngeal stenosis'''<ref name="pmid27508129">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Nilakantan A, Sood A, Gupta A, Gupta A |title=Challenges in the Management of Laryngeal Stenosis |journal=Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=294–9 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27508129 |pmc=4961642 |doi=10.1007/s12070-015-0936-2 |url= |author=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute, Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute, Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Glottic]] or [[Glottis|supraglottic]]: Inspiratory [[stridor]]
@@ Line 163: / Line 161: @@
 * Clear chest
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Stenosis visualized in [[neck]] [[x-ray]]
+* Stenosis visualized in [[neck]] [[x-ray|x–ray]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Palpation of [[Arytenoid cartilage|arytenoid]] <nowiki/>for passive mobility and [[Laryngoscope|laryngoscopy]]<ref name="pmid7208045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bogdasarian RS, Olson NR |title=Posterior glottic laryngeal stenosis |journal=Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=765–72 |date= 1980 |pmid=7208045 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
@@ Line 169: / Line 167: @@
 * History of neck trauma or [[intubation]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Laryngocele'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Laryngocele'''<ref name="pmid1053096">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crelin ES |title=Development of the upper respiratory system |journal=Clin Symp |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1–30 |date=1976 |pmid=1053096 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11374255">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pennings RJ, van den Hoogen FJ, Marres HA |title=Giant laryngoceles: a cause of upper airway obstruction |journal=Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=137–40 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11374255 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8614888">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sniezek JC, Johnson RE, Ramirez SG, Hayes DK |title=Laryngoceles and saccular cysts |journal=South. Med. J. |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=427–30 |date=April 1996 |pmid=8614888 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8166980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chu L, Gussack GS, Orr JB, Hood D |title=Neonatal laryngoceles. A cause for airway obstruction |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=454–8 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8166980 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1554451">{{cite journal |vauthors=Civantos FJ, Holinger LD |title=Laryngoceles and saccular cysts in infants and children |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=296–300 |date=March 1992 |pmid=1554451 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Inspiratory [[stridor]]
@@ Line 194: / Line 191: @@
 * Usually [[asymptomatic]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)'''
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Diseases
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="7" + |Clinical manifestations
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Other features
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+|-
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Symptoms
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="2" + |Physical exam
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Labs
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Pulmonary function testing
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="3" + |Imaging
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cough
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Slurred speech
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cyanosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Auscultation
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chest imaging
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="7" + |'''Extrathoracic upper airway diseases'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Epiglottitis (supraglottitis)'''<ref name="pmid18510881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glynn F, Fenton JE |title=Diagnosis and management of supraglottitis (epiglottitis) |journal=Curr Infect Dis Rep |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=200–4 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18510881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7497775">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mayo-Smith MF, Spinale JW, Donskey CJ, Yukawa M, Li RH, Schiffman FJ |title=Acute epiglottitis. An 18-year experience in Rhode Island |journal=Chest |volume=108 |issue=6 |pages=1640–7 |date=December 1995 |pmid=7497775 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7933397">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frantz TD, Rasgon BM, Quesenberry CP |title=Acute epiglottitis in adults. Analysis of 129 cases |journal=JAMA |volume=272 |issue=17 |pages=1358–60 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7933397 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17892608">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guldfred LA, Lyhne D, Becker BC |title=Acute epiglottitis: epidemiology, clinical presentation, management and outcome |journal=J Laryngol Otol |volume=122 |issue=8 |pages=818–23 |date=August 2008 |pmid=17892608 |doi=10.1017/S0022215107000473 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9432069">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hébert PC, Ducic Y, Boisvert D, Lamothe A |title=Adult epiglottitis in a Canadian setting |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=108 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=64–9 |date=January 1998 |pmid=9432069 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
@@ Line 213: / Line 233: @@
 * Clear chest
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* More than 8 mm of size epiglottal and distend [[hypopharynx]]  in neck [[x-ray]]
+* More than 8 mm of size epiglottal and distend [[hypopharynx]]  in neck [[x-ray|x–ray]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * An edematous [[epiglottis]] is visualized on [[laryngoscopy]]<ref name="pmid18510881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glynn F, Fenton JE |title=Diagnosis and management of supraglottitis (epiglottitis) |journal=Curr Infect Dis Rep |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=200–4 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18510881 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
@@ Line 221: / Line 241: @@
 * Tenderness of the anterior part of the neck
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Goiter'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Goiter'''<ref name="pmid3885887">{{cite journal |vauthors=Katlic MR, Wang CA, Grillo HC |title=Substernal goiter |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=391–9 |date=April 1985 |pmid=3885887 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6648812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Allo MD, Thompson NW |title=Rationale for the operative management of substernal goiters |journal=Surgery |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=969–77 |date=December 1983 |pmid=6648812 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3970328">{{cite journal |vauthors=Katlic MR, Grillo HC, Wang CA |title=Substernal goiter. Analysis of 80 patients from Massachusetts General Hospital |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=283–7 |date=February 1985 |pmid=3970328 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2802045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shaha AR, Burnett C, Alfonso A, Jaffe BM |title=Goiters and airway problems |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=158 |issue=4 |pages=378–80; discussion 380–1 |date=October 1989 |pmid=2802045 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7661484">{{cite journal |vauthors=Torre G, Borgonovo G, Amato A, Arezzo A, Ansaldo G, De Negri A, Ughè M, Mattioli F |title=Surgical management of substernal goiter: analysis of 237 patients |journal=Am Surg |volume=61 |issue=9 |pages=826–31 |date=September 1995 |pmid=7661484 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6831895">{{cite journal |vauthors=Torres A, Arroyo J, Kastanos N, Estopá R, Rabaseda J, Agustí-Vidal A |title=Acute respiratory failure and tracheal obstruction in patients with intrathoracic goiter |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=265–6 |date=April 1983 |pmid=6831895 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4777540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shambaugh GE, Seed R, Korn A |title=Airway obstruction in substernal goiter. Clinical and therapeutic implications |journal=J Chronic Dis |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=737–43 |date=November 1973 |pmid=4777540 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22147633">{{cite journal |vauthors=Banks CA, Ayers CM, Hornig JD, Lentsch EJ, Day TA, Nguyen SA, Gillespie MB |title=Thyroid disease and compressive symptoms |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=13–6 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22147633 |doi=10.1002/lary.22366 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
@@ Line 245: / Line 264: @@
 * [[Iodine deficiency]] is the most common cause<ref name="pmid10700715">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knudsen N, Perrild H, Christiansen E, Rasmussen S, Dige-Petersen H, Jørgensen T |title=Thyroid structure and size and two-year follow-up of solitary cold thyroid nodules in an unselected population with borderline iodine deficiency |journal=Eur. J. Endocrinol. |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=224–30 |date=March 2000 |pmid=10700715 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref>
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Postnasal drip syndrome'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Postnasal drip syndrome'''<ref name="pmid6861547">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pratter MR, Hingston DM, Irwin RS |title=Diagnosis of bronchial asthma by clinical evaluation. An unreliable method |journal=Chest |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=42–7 |date=July 1983 |pmid=6861547 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3057962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Curley FJ, Irwin RS, Pratter MR, Stivers DH, Doern GV, Vernaglia PA, Larkin AB, Baker SP |title=Cough and the common cold |journal=Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. |volume=138 |issue=2 |pages=305–11 |date=August 1988 |pmid=3057962 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm/138.2.305 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6697790">{{cite journal |vauthors=Irwin RS, Pratter MR, Holland PS, Corwin RW, Hughes JP |title=Postnasal drip causes cough and is associated with reversible upper airway obstruction |journal=Chest |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=346–52 |date=March 1984 |pmid=6697790 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
@@ Line 274: / Line 292: @@
 * [[Rhinorrhea]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Relapsing polychondritis'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Relapsing polychondritis''' <ref name="pmid20692543">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rafeq S, Trentham D, Ernst A |title=Pulmonary manifestations of relapsing polychondritis |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=513–8 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20692543 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2010.04.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19017885">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst A, Rafeq S, Boiselle P, Sung A, Reddy C, Michaud G, Majid A, Herth FJF, Trentham D |title=Relapsing polychondritis and airway involvement |journal=Chest |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=1024–1030 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19017885 |doi=10.1378/chest.08-1180 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2012438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eng J, Sabanathan S |title=Airway complications in relapsing polychondritis |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=686–92 |date=April 1991 |pmid=2012438 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9653428">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tillie-Leblond I, Wallaert B, Leblond D, Salez F, Perez T, Remy-Jardin M, Vanhille P, Brouillard M, Marquette C, Tonnel AB |title=Respiratory involvement in relapsing polychondritis. Clinical, functional, endoscopic, and radiographic evaluations |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=168–76 |date=May 1998 |pmid=9653428 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14994981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riha RL, Douglas NJ |title=Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea as the initial presentation of relapsing polychondritis |journal=Int. J. Clin. Pract. |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=97–9 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14994981 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid775252">{{cite journal |vauthors=McAdam LP, O'Hanlan MA, Bluestone R, Pearson CM |title=Relapsing polychondritis: prospective study of 23 patients and a review of the literature |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=193–215 |date=May 1976 |pmid=775252 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid449538">{{cite journal |vauthors=Damiani JM, Levine HL |title=Relapsing polychondritis--report of ten cases |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=89 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=929–46 |date=June 1979 |pmid=449538 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
@@ Line 297: / Line 314: @@
 * MRI can distinguish [[fibrosis]] from inflammation
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Cartilaginous calicification, [[Bronchial|bronchial wall]] thickness and tracheal narrowing observed in  [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid11756115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Behar JV, Choi YW, Hartman TA, Allen NB, McAdams HP |title=Relapsing polychondritis affecting the lower respiratory tract |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=173–7 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11756115 |doi=10.2214/ajr.178.1.1780173 |url= |author=}}</ref>
+* Cartilaginous calicification, [[Bronchial|bronchial wall]] thickness, and tracheal narrowing observed in  [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid11756115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Behar JV, Choi YW, Hartman TA, Allen NB, McAdams HP |title=Relapsing polychondritis affecting the lower respiratory tract |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=173–7 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11756115 |doi=10.2214/ajr.178.1.1780173 |url= |author=}}</ref>
 * [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] can distinguish [[fibrosis]] from inflammation
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
@@ Line 309: / Line 326: @@
 * Involvement of cartilage of ears, ribs, nose, and eyes
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Retropharyngeal abscess'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Retropharyngeal abscess'''<ref name="pmid18312875">{{cite journal |vauthors=Page NC, Bauer EM, Lieu JE |title=Clinical features and treatment of retropharyngeal abscess in children |journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=300–6 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18312875 |doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2007.11.033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12777558">{{cite journal |vauthors=Craig FW, Schunk JE |title=Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management |journal=Pediatrics |volume=111 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=1394–8 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12777558 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12479720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cmejrek RC, Coticchia JM, Arnold JE |title=Presentation, diagnosis, and management of deep-neck abscesses in infants |journal=Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. |volume=128 |issue=12 |pages=1361–4 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12479720 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Subacute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Subacute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
@@ Line 326: / Line 342: @@
 * Normal function
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Lateral [[Chest X-ray|chest x-ray]] to determine the extension of the [[abscess]]
+* Lateral [[Chest X-ray|chest x–ray]] to determine the extension of the [[abscess]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Increased vertebral space in lateral neck [[x-ray]]
+* Increased vertebral space in lateral neck [[x-ray|x–ray]]
 * Cervical [[lordosis]] and gas collection in [[retropharyngeal space]] in neck [[Computed tomography|CT]] with intravenous contrast
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
@@ Line 337: / Line 353: @@
 * Head in sniffing position
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tonsillar hypertrophy'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tonsillar hypertrophy'''<ref name="pmid20131382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaditis AG, Kalampouka E, Hatzinikolaou S, Lianou L, Papaefthimiou M, Gartagani-Panagiotopoulou P, Zintzaras E, Chrousos G |title=Associations of tonsillar hypertrophy and snoring with history of wheezing in childhood |journal=Pediatr. Pulmonol. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=275–80 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20131382 |doi=10.1002/ppul.21174 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute, chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute, chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔ hyponasal speech
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + hyponasal speech
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
@@ Line 360: / Line 375: @@
 * More in children and adolescents
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tumor of pharynx/larynx/upper trachea'''<ref name="pmid23328541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bradley PT, Bradley PJ |title=Branchial cleft cyst carcinoma: fact or fiction? |journal=Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=118–23 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23328541 |doi=10.1097/MOO.0b013e32835cebde |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6537892">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silverman S, Gorsky M, Lozada F |title=Oral leukoplakia and malignant transformation. A follow-up study of 257 patients |journal=Cancer |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=563–8 |date=February 1984 |pmid=6537892 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
@@ Line 385: / Line 399: @@
 * Risk factor: [[Tobacco]] and [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] infections
 |-
-| rowspan="6" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Central airway diseases'''
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Diseases
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="7" + |Clinical manifestations
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Diagnosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Other features
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Symptoms
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="2" + |Physical exam
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Labs
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Pulmonary function testing
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="3" + |Imaging
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cough
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Slurred speech
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cyanosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Auscultation
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chest imaging
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
+|-
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="6" + |'''Central airway diseases'''
 '''(Intrathoracic upper airway obstruction)'''
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Mediastinal mass/lymphadenopathy'''<ref name="pmid22173664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawahara K, Miyawaki M, Anami K, Moroga T, Yamamoto S, Tokuishi K, Yamashita S, Kumamoto T |title=A patient with mediastinal mature teratoma presenting with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=258–9 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22173664 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e318236eade |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20975383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stover DG, Eisenberg R, Johnson DH |title=Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in a young woman with a mature mediastinal teratoma |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1872–3 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20975383 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181eba81d |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies present in [[thymic]] [[Tumor|tumors]]
+* Anti–acetylcholine receptor antibodies present in [[thymic]] [[Tumor|tumors]]
-* High levels of [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] and [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|beta-hCG]] present in [[Germ cell tumor|germ cell tumors]]
+* High levels of [[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]] and [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|beta–hCG]] present in [[Germ cell tumor|germ cell tumors]]
 * Increased [[lactate dehydrogenase]] in [[Seminoma|seminomas]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
@@ Line 416: / Line 452: @@
 * [[Surgical resection]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Respiratory papillomatosis'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Respiratory papillomatosis'''<ref name="pmid18496162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Derkay CS, Wiatrak B |title=Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=118 |issue=7 |pages=1236–47 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18496162 |doi=10.1097/MLG.0b013e31816a7135 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23013073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yuan H, Myers S, Wang J, Zhou D, Woo JA, Kallakury B, Ju A, Bazylewicz M, Carter YM, Albanese C, Grant N, Shad A, Dritschilo A, Liu X, Schlegel R |title=Use of reprogrammed cells to identify therapy for respiratory papillomatosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=367 |issue=13 |pages=1220–7 |date=September 2012 |pmid=23013073 |pmc=4030597 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1203055 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
@@ Line 441: / Line 476: @@
 * [[Biopsy]] to determine the type of virus
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tracheobronchomalacia'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tracheobronchomalacia'''<ref name="pmid16771908">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murgu SD, Colt HG |title=Tracheobronchomalacia and excessive dynamic airway collapse |journal=Respirology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=388–406 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16771908 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00862.x |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
@@ Line 466: / Line 500: @@
 * [[Barking cough]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tracheal stenosis'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tracheal stenosis'''<ref name="pmid15187010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst A, Feller-Kopman D, Becker HD, Mehta AC |title=Central airway obstruction |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=169 |issue=12 |pages=1278–97 |date=June 2004 |pmid=15187010 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200210-1181SO |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11866017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, Beamis JF, Becker HD, Cavaliere S, Colt H, Diaz-Jimenez JP, Dumon JF, Edell E, Kovitz KL, Macha HN, Mehta AC, Marel M, Noppen M, Strausz J, Sutedja TG |title=ERS/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology. European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society |journal=Eur. Respir. J. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=356–73 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11866017 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12740291">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst A, Silvestri GA, Johnstone D |title=Interventional pulmonary procedures: Guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians |journal=Chest |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=1693–717 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12740291 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10649204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stephens KE, Wood DE |title=Bronchoscopic management of central airway obstruction |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=289–96 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10649204 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5223(00)70184-X |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Stridor]]
@@ Line 490: / Line 523: @@
 * Long segment stenosis incompatible with survival<ref name="pmid16481247">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiu PP, Rusan M, Williams WG, Caldarone CA, Kim PC |title=Long-term outcomes of clinically significant vascular rings associated with congenital tracheal stenosis |journal=J. Pediatr. Surg. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=335–41 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16481247 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.11.034 |url=}}</ref>
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Tracheal and bronchial tumors'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Tracheal and bronchial tumors'''<ref name="pmid24295654">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brand-Saberi BE, Schäfer T |title=Trachea: anatomy and physiology |journal=Thorac Surg Clin |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24295654 |doi=10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.09.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25978628">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sherani K, Vakil A, Dodhia C, Fein A |title=Malignant tracheal tumors: a review of current diagnostic and management strategies |journal=Curr Opin Pulm Med |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=322–6 |date=July 2015 |pmid=25978628 |doi=10.1097/MCP.0000000000000181 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24034267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu CC, Shepard JA |title=Tracheal and airway neoplasms |journal=Semin Roentgenol |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=354–64 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24034267 |doi=10.1053/j.ro.2013.03.018 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
@@ Line 515: / Line 547: @@
 * [[Benign tumors]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Vascular ring or aneurysm'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Vascular ring or aneurysm'''<ref name="pmid25604054">{{cite journal |vauthors=Licari A, Manca E, Rispoli GA, Mannarino S, Pelizzo G, Marseglia GL |title=Congenital vascular rings: a clinical challenge for the pediatrician |journal=Pediatr. Pulmonol. |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=511–24 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25604054 |doi=10.1002/ppul.23152 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17034866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shah RK, Mora BN, Bacha E, Sena LM, Buonomo C, Del Nido P, Rahbar R |title=The presentation and management of vascular rings: an otolaryngology perspective |journal=Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17034866 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.08.025 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16585275">{{cite journal |vauthors=Humphrey C, Duncan K, Fletcher S |title=Decade of experience with vascular rings at a single institution |journal=Pediatrics |volume=117 |issue=5 |pages=e903–8 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16585275 |doi=10.1542/peds.2005-1674 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11515879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woods RK, Sharp RJ, Holcomb GW, Snyder CL, Lofland GK, Ashcraft KW, Holder TM |title=Vascular anomalies and tracheoesophageal compression: a single institution's 25-year experience |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=434–8; discussion 438–9 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11515879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15942575">{{cite journal |vauthors=Backer CL, Mavroudis C, Rigsby CK, Holinger LD |title=Trends in vascular ring surgery |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=1339–47 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15942575 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.10.044 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15666159">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turner A, Gavel G, Coutts J |title=Vascular rings--presentation, investigation and outcome |journal=Eur. J. Pediatr. |volume=164 |issue=5 |pages=266–70 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15666159 |doi=10.1007/s00431-004-1607-6 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Hoarseness]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* [[D-dimer]],
+* [[D-dimer|D–dimer]],
 * Blood [[urea]],
 * Blood [[nitrogen]], and
@@ Line 543: / Line 574: @@
 * Chest or abdominal pain appears when other structures are compressed
 |-
-| rowspan="9" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |Lower airway obstruction
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Bronchiectasis'''
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Diseases
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="7" + |Clinical manifestations
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Other features
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+|-
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Symptoms
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="2" + |Physical exam
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Labs
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Pulmonary function testing
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="3" + |Imaging
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cough
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Slurred speech
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cyanosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Auscultation
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chest imaging
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="5" + |Lower airway obstruction
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Bronchiectasis'''<ref name="pmid16650970">{{cite journal |vauthors=King PT, Holdsworth SR, Freezer NJ, Villanueva E, Holmes PW |title=Characterisation of the onset and presenting clinical features of adult bronchiectasis |journal=Respir Med |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=2183–9 |date=December 2006 |pmid=16650970 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2006.03.012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20627931">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT |title=British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis |journal=Thorax |volume=65 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=i1–58 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20627931 |doi=10.1136/thx.2010.136119 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Crackles]]
@@ Line 567: / Line 620: @@
 * Dilated [[airways]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tram lines or end-on ring shadows in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid26024063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Milliron B, Henry TS, Veeraraghavan S, Little BP |title=Bronchiectasis: Mechanisms and Imaging Clues of Associated Common and Uncommon Diseases |journal=Radiographics |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=1011–30 |date= 2015 |pmid=26024063 |doi=10.1148/rg.2015140214 |url=}}</ref>
+* Tram lines or end–on ring shadows in chest [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid26024063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Milliron B, Henry TS, Veeraraghavan S, Little BP |title=Bronchiectasis: Mechanisms and Imaging Clues of Associated Common and Uncommon Diseases |journal=Radiographics |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=1011–30 |date= 2015 |pmid=26024063 |doi=10.1148/rg.2015140214 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Chest [[Computed tomography|CT]]
@@ Line 573: / Line 626: @@
 * [[Hemoptysis]]
 * Chest [[pleuritic pain]]
+* [[Clubbing]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Bronchiolitis'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Bronchiolitis'''<ref name="pmid11512084">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall CB, Long CE, Schnabel KC |title=Respiratory syncytial virus infections in previously healthy working adults |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=792–6 |date=September 2001 |pmid=11512084 |doi=10.1086/322657 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3706232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glezen WP, Taber LH, Frank AL, Kasel JA |title=Risk of primary infection and reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus |journal=Am. J. Dis. Child. |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=543–6 |date=June 1986 |pmid=3706232 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10885982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Falsey AR, Walsh EE |title=Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=371–84 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10885982 |pmc=88938 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16007526">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Shea MK, Ryan MA, Hawksworth AW, Alsip BJ, Gray GC |title=Symptomatic respiratory syncytial virus infection in previously healthy young adults living in a crowded military environment |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=311–7 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16007526 |doi=10.1086/431591 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7836643">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wald TG, Miller BA, Shult P, Drinka P, Langer L, Gravenstein S |title=Can respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A be distinguished clinically in institutionalized older persons? |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=170–4 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7836643 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Crackles]]
@@ Line 602: / Line 655: @@
 * Clinical diagnosis
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Etiology: [[Respiratory syncytial virus]]'', [[Rhinovirus]]''
+* Etiology: [[Respiratory syncytial virus]]'', ''[[rhinovirus]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Carcinoid syndrome'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Carcinoid syndrome'''<ref name="pmid12140134">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skuladottir H, Hirsch FR, Hansen HH, Olsen JH |title=Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: incidence and prognosis of histological subtypes. A population-based study in Denmark |journal=Lung Cancer |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=127–35 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12140134 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23486331">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moore W, Freiberg E, Bishawi M, Halbreiner MS, Matthews R, Baram D, Bilfinger TV |title=FDG-PET imaging in patients with pulmonary carcinoid tumor |journal=Clin Nucl Med |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=501–5 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23486331 |doi=10.1097/RLU.0b013e318279f0f5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11896225">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeung MY, Gasser B, Gangi A, Charneau D, Ducroq X, Kessler R, Quoix E, Roy C |title=Bronchial carcinoid tumors of the thorax: spectrum of radiologic findings |journal=Radiographics |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=351–65 |date=2002 |pmid=11896225 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.2.g02mr01351 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Shortness of breath]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Twenty four hour urine for [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5-HIAA]]
+* Twenty four hour urine for [[5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid|5–HIAA]]
 * Urinary excretion of [[serotonin]]
 * High levels of [[Chromogranin|chromogranin concentration]] <ref name="pmid27594907">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mota JM, Sousa LG, Riechelmann RP |title=Complications from carcinoid syndrome: review of the current evidence |journal=Ecancermedicalscience |volume=10 |issue= |pages=662 |date= 2016 |pmid=27594907 |pmc=4990058 |doi=10.3332/ecancer.2016.662 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 632: / Line 684: @@
 * [[Diarrhea]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Heart failure'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Heart failure'''<ref name="pmid16365214">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, Klein L, Piña IL, Konstam MA, Massie BM, Roland E, Targum S, Collins SP, Filippatos G, Tavazzi L |title=Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research |journal=Circulation |volume=112 |issue=25 |pages=3958–68 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16365214 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590091 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17000631">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Follath F, Harjola VP, Hochadel M, Komajda M, Lassus J, Lopez-Sendon JL, Ponikowski P, Tavazzi L |title=EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=27 |issue=22 |pages=2725–36 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17000631 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl193 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Crackles]]
@@ Line 658: / Line 709: @@
 * Clinical diagnosis (test are supportive)
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* High levels of [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]] and pro-BNP<ref name="pmid15477431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doust JA, Glasziou PP, Pietrzak E, Dobson AJ |title=A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides for heart failure |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=164 |issue=18 |pages=1978–84 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15477431 |doi=10.1001/archinte.164.18.1978 |url=}}</ref>
+* High levels of [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]] and pro–BNP<ref name="pmid15477431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Doust JA, Glasziou PP, Pietrzak E, Dobson AJ |title=A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides for heart failure |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=164 |issue=18 |pages=1978–84 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15477431 |doi=10.1001/archinte.164.18.1978 |url=}}</ref>
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH)''' <ref name="pmid17099078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies SJ, Gosney JR, Hansell DM, Wells AU, du Bois RM, Burke MM, Sheppard MN, Nicholson AG |title=Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: an under-recognised spectrum of disease |journal=Thorax |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=248–52 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17099078 |pmc=2117154 |doi=10.1136/thx.2006.063065 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH)''' <ref name="pmid17099078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies SJ, Gosney JR, Hansell DM, Wells AU, du Bois RM, Burke MM, Sheppard MN, Nicholson AG |title=Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: an under-recognised spectrum of disease |journal=Thorax |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=248–52 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17099078 |pmc=2117154 |doi=10.1136/thx.2006.063065 |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Shortness of breath]]
@@ Line 685: / Line 735: @@
 * Single [[neuroendocrine cell]] and/ or linear proliferation of the cells that involves bronchial epithelium
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema'''
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Etiology on the basis of anatomy
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Diseases
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="7" + |Clinical manifestations
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Diagnosis
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="3" + |Other features
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+|-
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="5" + |Symptoms
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="2" + |Physical exam
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Labs
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" rowspan="2" + |Pulmonary function testing
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" colspan="3" + |Imaging
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cough
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Dyspnea
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Slurred speech
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cyanosis
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Auscultation
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chest imaging
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold standard
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="4" + |Lower airway obstruction
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema'''<ref name="pmid23588761">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanner C, Hardy SM |title=An unusual cause of unilateral pulmonary edema |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=158 |issue=8 |pages=639–40 |date=April 2013 |pmid=23588761 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-158-8-201304160-00020 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1735767">{{cite journal |vauthors=Neerukonda SK, Petty TL |title=Unilateral pulmonary edema |journal=Hosp. Pract. (Off. Ed.) |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=85, 88–9, 92 passim |date=February 1992 |pmid=1735767 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid619405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Calenoff L, Kruglik GD, Woodruff A |title=Unilateral pulmonary edema |journal=Radiology |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |date=January 1978 |pmid=619405 |doi=10.1148/126.1.19 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Crackles]]
@@ Line 707: / Line 780: @@
 * One week of new or worse respiratory symptoms or clinical insult
 * Symptoms can not be explain by [[Heart|cardiac]] <nowiki/>disease
-* Bilateral opacities in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]] or [[Computed tomography|CT]]
+* Bilateral opacities in [[Chest X-ray|chest X–Ray]] or [[Computed tomography|CT]]
 * Compromised [[oxygenation]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
@@ Line 713: / Line 786: @@
 * Neurogenic pulmonary edema
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris, Strongyloides, filaria)'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Parasitic infection with VLM (eg, Ascaris, Strongyloides, filaria)'''<ref name="pmid9772920">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marchand E, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Lauque D, Durieu J, Tonnel AB, Cordier JF |title=Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. A clinical and follow-up study of 62 cases. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM"O"P) |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=299–312 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9772920 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10966710">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johkoh T, Müller NL, Akira M, Ichikado K, Suga M, Ando M, Yoshinaga T, Kiyama T, Mihara N, Honda O, Tomiyama N, Nakamura H |title=Eosinophilic lung diseases: diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT in 111 patients |journal=Radiology |volume=216 |issue=3 |pages=773–80 |date=September 2000 |pmid=10966710 |doi=10.1148/radiology.216.3.r00se01773 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2773727">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mayo JR, Müller NL, Road J, Sisler J, Lillington G |title=Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: CT findings in six cases |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=153 |issue=4 |pages=727–30 |date=October 1989 |pmid=2773727 |doi=10.2214/ajr.153.4.727 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8089322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ebara H, Ikezoe J, Johkoh T, Kohno N, Takeuchi N, Kozuka T, Ishida O |title=Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: evolution of chest radiograms and CT features |journal=J Comput Assist Tomogr |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=737–44 |date=1994 |pmid=8089322 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Rales]]
@@ Line 734: / Line 806: @@
 * [[Parenchymal]] infiltration
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Subpleural nodules, ground-glass opacities observed on chest [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid16714661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakai S, Shida Y, Takahashi N, Yabuuchi H, Soeda H, Okafuji T, Hatakenaka M, Honda H |title=Pulmonary lesions associated with visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum or Toxocara canis: imaging of six cases |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=186 |issue=6 |pages=1697–702 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16714661 |doi=10.2214/AJR.04.1507 |url=}}</ref>
+* Subpleural nodules, ground–glass opacities observed on chest [[Computed tomography|CT]] <ref name="pmid16714661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sakai S, Shida Y, Takahashi N, Yabuuchi H, Soeda H, Okafuji T, Hatakenaka M, Honda H |title=Pulmonary lesions associated with visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum or Toxocara canis: imaging of six cases |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=186 |issue=6 |pages=1697–702 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16714661 |doi=10.2214/AJR.04.1507 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Larve on biopsy
@@ Line 740: / Line 812: @@
 * [[Eosinophilia]] detected in [[bronchoalveolar lavage]]
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Pulmonary thromboembolism '''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Pulmonary thromboembolism '''<ref name="pmid13811755">{{cite journal |vauthors=COON WW, WILLIS PW |title=Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: prediction, prevention and treatment |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=4 |issue= |pages=611–21 |date=November 1959 |pmid=13811755 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6073360">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soloff LA, Rodman T |title=Acute pulmonary embolism. II. Clinical |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=829–47 |date=December 1967 |pmid=6073360 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute, subacute, Chronic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute, subacute, Chronic
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Tachypnea]]
@@ Line 756: / Line 827: @@
 * High levels of [[lactic acid]] in [[complete blood count]]
 * [[Hypoxemia]] in [[arterial blood gas]]<ref name="pmid8549223">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stein PD, Goldhaber SZ, Henry JW, Miller AC |title=Arterial blood gas analysis in the assessment of suspected acute pulmonary embolism |journal=Chest |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=78–81 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8549223 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-* [[D-dimer]] to rule out other diseases
+* [[D-dimer|D–dimer]] to rule out other diseases
 * [[Troponin]] [[Troponin I|I]] or [[Troponin T|T]]
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Not required
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hamptom and Westermark sign in [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]] <ref name="pmid18716087">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pipavath SN, Godwin JD |title=Acute pulmonary thromboembolism: a historical perspective |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=191 |issue=3 |pages=639–41 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18716087 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3989 |url=}}</ref>
+* Hamptom and Westermark sign in [[Chest X-ray|chest X–Ray]] <ref name="pmid18716087">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pipavath SN, Godwin JD |title=Acute pulmonary thromboembolism: a historical perspective |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=191 |issue=3 |pages=639–41 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18716087 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3989 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram [[CT pulmonary angiogram|(CTPA)]] or catheter based [[pulmonary angiography]] <ref name="pmid17848685">{{cite journal |vauthors=Remy-Jardin M, Pistolesi M, Goodman LR, Gefter WB, Gottschalk A, Mayo JR, Sostman HD |title=Management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism in the era of CT angiography: a statement from the Fleischner Society |journal=Radiology |volume=245 |issue=2 |pages=315–29 |date=November 2007 |pmid=17848685 |doi=10.1148/radiol.2452070397 |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 769: / Line 840: @@
 * Most [[Embolic|emboli]] comes from [[iliac]], [[femoral]], and [[popliteal]] veins
 |-
-| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome'''
+| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |'''Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome'''<ref name="pmid5765629">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weill H, George R, Schwarz M, Ziskind M |title=Late evaluation of pulmonary function after acute exposure to chlorine gas |journal=Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=374–9 |date=March 1969 |pmid=5765629 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4028848">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL |title=Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Persistent asthma syndrome after high level irritant exposures |journal=Chest |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=376–84 |date=September 1985 |pmid=4028848 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1952431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kern DG |title=Outbreak of the reactive airways dysfunction syndrome after a spill of glacial acetic acid |journal=Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=1058–64 |date=November 1991 |pmid=1952431 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm/144.5.1058 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20601629">{{cite journal |vauthors=White CW, Martin JG |title=Chlorine gas inhalation: human clinical evidence of toxicity and experience in animal models |journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=257–63 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20601629 |pmc=3136961 |doi=10.1513/pats.201001-008SM |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |Acute
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |✔
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | –
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
-| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
 | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Tachypnea]]
@@ Line 797: / Line 867: @@
 * High dose of inhalation of the irritant
 |}
+<small/><small/>
 == References ==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
 [[Category:Needs content]]
 [[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
 [[Category:Pulmonology]]
-[[Category:Primary care]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}

Wheeze differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:44, 30 July 2020

Differential diagnosis of Wheezing

References

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