Sudden infant death syndrome pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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* With the recent research we can say that Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is not a genetic disorder but identification of genetic polymorphisms along with the risk factors increase the risk of developing susceptibility to Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)<ref name="pmid12495955">{{cite journal| author=Platt MJ, Pharoah PO| title=The epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2003 | volume= 88 | issue= 1 | pages= 27-9 | pmid=12495955 | doi=10.1136/adc.88.1.27 | pmc=1719293 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12495955 }}</ref> | * With the recent research we can say that Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is not a genetic disorder but identification of genetic polymorphisms along with the risk factors increase the risk of developing susceptibility to Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)<ref name="pmid12495955">{{cite journal| author=Platt MJ, Pharoah PO| title=The epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2003 | volume= 88 | issue= 1 | pages= 27-9 | pmid=12495955 | doi=10.1136/adc.88.1.27 | pmc=1719293 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12495955 }}</ref> | ||
*Such genetic polymorphisms along with the risk factors in the following genes plays a very crucial role in developing Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS):<ref name="pmid17210841">{{cite journal| author=Wang DW, Desai RR, Crotti L, Arnestad M, Insolia R, Pedrazzini M | display-authors=etal| title=Cardiac sodium channel dysfunction in sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 115 | issue= 3 | pages= 368-76 | pmid=17210841 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.646513 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17210841 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17210839">{{cite journal| author=Arnestad M, Crotti L, Rognum TO, Insolia R, Pedrazzini M, Ferrandi C | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of long-QT syndrome gene variants in sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 115 | issue= 3 | pages= 361-7 | pmid=17210839 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.658021 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17210839 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17967976">{{cite journal| author=Van Norstrand DW, Valdivia CR, Tester DJ, Ueda K, London B, Makielski JC | display-authors=etal| title=Molecular and functional characterization of novel glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 like gene (GPD1-L) mutations in sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 116 | issue= 20 | pages= 2253-9 | pmid=17967976 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.704627 | pmc=3332545 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17967976 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20226894">{{cite journal| author=Tan BH, Pundi KN, Van Norstrand DW, Valdivia CR, Tester DJ, Medeiros-Domingo A | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden infant death syndrome-associated mutations in the sodium channel beta subunits. | journal=Heart Rhythm | year= 2010 | volume= 7 | issue= 6 | pages= 771-8 | pmid=20226894 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.01.032 | pmc=2909680 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20226894 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18596570">{{cite journal| author=Otagiri T, Kijima K, Osawa M, Ishii K, Makita N, Matoba R | display-authors=etal| title=Cardiac ion channel gene mutations in sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Pediatr Res | year= 2008 | volume= 64 | issue= 5 | pages= 482-7 | pmid=18596570 | doi=10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181841eca | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18596570 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29544605">{{cite journal| author=Tester DJ, Wong LCH, Chanana P, Jaye A, Evans JM, FitzPatrick DR | display-authors=etal| title=Cardiac Genetic Predisposition in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2018 | volume= 71 | issue= 11 | pages= 1217-1227 | pmid=29544605 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.030 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29544605 }}</ref> | *Such genetic polymorphisms along with the risk factors in the following genes plays a very crucial role in developing Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS):<ref name="pmid17210841">{{cite journal| author=Wang DW, Desai RR, Crotti L, Arnestad M, Insolia R, Pedrazzini M | display-authors=etal| title=Cardiac sodium channel dysfunction in sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 115 | issue= 3 | pages= 368-76 | pmid=17210841 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.646513 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17210841 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17210839">{{cite journal| author=Arnestad M, Crotti L, Rognum TO, Insolia R, Pedrazzini M, Ferrandi C | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence of long-QT syndrome gene variants in sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 115 | issue= 3 | pages= 361-7 | pmid=17210839 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.658021 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17210839 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17967976">{{cite journal| author=Van Norstrand DW, Valdivia CR, Tester DJ, Ueda K, London B, Makielski JC | display-authors=etal| title=Molecular and functional characterization of novel glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 like gene (GPD1-L) mutations in sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 116 | issue= 20 | pages= 2253-9 | pmid=17967976 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.704627 | pmc=3332545 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17967976 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20226894">{{cite journal| author=Tan BH, Pundi KN, Van Norstrand DW, Valdivia CR, Tester DJ, Medeiros-Domingo A | display-authors=etal| title=Sudden infant death syndrome-associated mutations in the sodium channel beta subunits. | journal=Heart Rhythm | year= 2010 | volume= 7 | issue= 6 | pages= 771-8 | pmid=20226894 | doi=10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.01.032 | pmc=2909680 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20226894 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18596570">{{cite journal| author=Otagiri T, Kijima K, Osawa M, Ishii K, Makita N, Matoba R | display-authors=etal| title=Cardiac ion channel gene mutations in sudden infant death syndrome. | journal=Pediatr Res | year= 2008 | volume= 64 | issue= 5 | pages= 482-7 | pmid=18596570 | doi=10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181841eca | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18596570 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29544605">{{cite journal| author=Tester DJ, Wong LCH, Chanana P, Jaye A, Evans JM, FitzPatrick DR | display-authors=etal| title=Cardiac Genetic Predisposition in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2018 | volume= 71 | issue= 11 | pages= 1217-1227 | pmid=29544605 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.030 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29544605 }}</ref> | ||
**''SCN5A (Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 5)'' | **''SCN5A gene (Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 5)'' | ||
***''SCN5A'' gene encodes for ion channels on heart | |||
**''SCN4A'' ''(Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 4)'' | **''SCN4A'' ''(Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 4)'' | ||
***''SCN4A'' gene encodes for cardiac ion channels | |||
**''KCNQ1'' (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily Q Member 1) | **''KCNQ1'' (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily Q Member 1) | ||
**KCNJ8 (Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J Member 8) | |||
**KCNH2 (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily H Member 2) | **KCNH2 (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily H Member 2) | ||
**RYR2 (Ryanodine receptor 2) | **RYR2 (Ryanodine receptor 2) | ||
Revision as of 14:41, 20 February 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is not fully understood. It is thought that Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be caused by either genetic mutations, brainstem abnormality, airflow obstruction, maternal smoking, or infection.
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Physiology
The normal physiology of [name of process] can be understood as follows:
Pathogenesis
- The exact pathogenesis of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is not completely understood.
- The pathogenesis of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) involves the following:
Genetics
- The exact involvement of genetic changes is not clear in the pathogenesis of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)[1]
- With the recent research we can say that Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is not a genetic disorder but identification of genetic polymorphisms along with the risk factors increase the risk of developing susceptibility to Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)[2]
- Such genetic polymorphisms along with the risk factors in the following genes plays a very crucial role in developing Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS):[3][4][5][6][7][8]
- SCN5A gene (Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 5)
- SCN5A gene encodes for ion channels on heart
- SCN4A (Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 4)
- SCN4A gene encodes for cardiac ion channels
- KCNQ1 (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily Q Member 1)
- KCNJ8 (Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J Member 8)
- KCNH2 (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily H Member 2)
- RYR2 (Ryanodine receptor 2)
- Serotonin transporter gene
- Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene
- Interleukin-10 promoter gene
- Testis-specific Y-like gene
- Heat shock proteins gene
- SCN5A gene (Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 5)
OR
- It is understood that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
- [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
- Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
- [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
- The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
- The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Genetics
[Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
OR
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include:
- [Gene1]
- [Gene2]
- [Gene3]
OR
The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations such as:
- [Mutation 1]
- [Mutation 2]
- [Mutation 3]
Associated Conditions
Conditions associated with [disease name] include:
- [Condition 1]
- [Condition 2]
- [Condition 3]
Gross Pathology
On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
References
- ↑ Malloy MH, Freeman DH (1999). "Sudden infant death syndrome among twins". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 153 (7): 736–40. doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.7.736. PMID 10401808.
- ↑ Platt MJ, Pharoah PO (2003). "The epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome". Arch Dis Child. 88 (1): 27–9. doi:10.1136/adc.88.1.27. PMC 1719293. PMID 12495955.
- ↑ Wang DW, Desai RR, Crotti L, Arnestad M, Insolia R, Pedrazzini M; et al. (2007). "Cardiac sodium channel dysfunction in sudden infant death syndrome". Circulation. 115 (3): 368–76. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.646513. PMID 17210841.
- ↑ Arnestad M, Crotti L, Rognum TO, Insolia R, Pedrazzini M, Ferrandi C; et al. (2007). "Prevalence of long-QT syndrome gene variants in sudden infant death syndrome". Circulation. 115 (3): 361–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.658021. PMID 17210839.
- ↑ Van Norstrand DW, Valdivia CR, Tester DJ, Ueda K, London B, Makielski JC; et al. (2007). "Molecular and functional characterization of novel glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 like gene (GPD1-L) mutations in sudden infant death syndrome". Circulation. 116 (20): 2253–9. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.704627. PMC 3332545. PMID 17967976.
- ↑ Tan BH, Pundi KN, Van Norstrand DW, Valdivia CR, Tester DJ, Medeiros-Domingo A; et al. (2010). "Sudden infant death syndrome-associated mutations in the sodium channel beta subunits". Heart Rhythm. 7 (6): 771–8. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.01.032. PMC 2909680. PMID 20226894.
- ↑ Otagiri T, Kijima K, Osawa M, Ishii K, Makita N, Matoba R; et al. (2008). "Cardiac ion channel gene mutations in sudden infant death syndrome". Pediatr Res. 64 (5): 482–7. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181841eca. PMID 18596570.
- ↑ Tester DJ, Wong LCH, Chanana P, Jaye A, Evans JM, FitzPatrick DR; et al. (2018). "Cardiac Genetic Predisposition in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome". J Am Coll Cardiol. 71 (11): 1217–1227. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.030. PMID 29544605.