Stomach cancer epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Rim}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{OK}}, {{Rim}}, {{MAD}}
{{Stomach cancer}}
{{Stomach cancer}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide.<ref name="UK">[http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/stomach/incidence/uk-stomach-cancer-incidence-statistics#geog Stomach cancer incidence statistics. Cancer research UK]</ref>  In the United States, stomach cancer represents roughly 1.3% of all new cancer cases yearly<ref name="SEERstat">[http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html SEER stat fact sheets: stomach cancer]</ref>. In 2011, the age-adjusted prevalence of stomach cancer was estimated to be 23.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref> Stomach cancer is two times more common in men than in women, and the incidence increases with age.<ref name="pmid19107449">{{cite journal| author=Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V| title=Epidemiology of stomach cancer. | journal=Methods Mol Biol | year= 2009 | volume= 472 | issue=  | pages= 467-77 | pmid=19107449 | doi=10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_23 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19107449  }} </ref>
[[Stomach cancer]] is the fifth most common [[cancer]] worldwide. In the United States, [[stomach cancer]] represents roughly 1.3% of all new cancer cases yearly. In 2011, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of [[Stomach cancer|stomach cance]]<nowiki/>r was estimated to be 23.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States. [[Stomach cancer]] is two times more common in men than in women, and the [[incidence]] increases with age. [[Incidence]] of [[gastric cancer]] under 65 years is 2.9 per 100,000.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
* Stomach cancer represents roughly 1.3% of all new cancer cases yearly in the United States.<ref name="SEERstat">[http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html SEER stat fact sheets: stomach cancer]</ref>
* [[Stomach cancer]] represents roughly 1300 cases of 100,000 all new [[cancer]] cases yearly in the United States.<ref name="SEERstat">[http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html SEER stat fact sheets: stomach cancer]</ref>
* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of stomach cancer is 23.5 per 100,000 in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of [[stomach cancer]] is 23.5 per 100,000 in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


===Incidence===
===Incidence===
* The worldwide incidence of gastric cancer has declined rapidly over the recent few decades [5-9].
* The worldwide [[incidence]] of [[gastric cancer]] has declined rapidly over the recent few decades.<ref name="pmid1192411">{{cite journal| author=Hirayama T| title=Epidemiology of cancer of the stomach with special reference to its recent decrease in Japan. | journal=Cancer Res | year= 1975 | volume= 35 | issue= 11 Pt. 2 | pages= 3460-3 | pmid=1192411 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1192411  }}</ref>


* The delay-adjusted [[incidence]] of stomach cancer in 2011 was estimated to be 7.27 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* The delay-adjusted [[incidence]] of [[stomach cancer]] in 2011 was estimated to be 7.27 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


* In 2011, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of stomach cancer was 7.17 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* In 2011, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of [[stomach cancer]] was 7.17 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* Part of the decline may be due to the recognition of certain risk factors such as ''H. pylori'' and other dietary and environmental risks.   The decline first took place in countries with low gastric cancer incidence such as the United States while the decline in countries with high incidence like Japan was slower. [10]
* Part of the decline may be due to the recognition of certain [[Risk factor|risk factors]] such as ''[[Helicobacter pylori|H. pylori]]'' and other [[dietary]] and environmental risks.  
*the absolute number of new cases per year is increasing, mainly due to aging in the world population.[16]
* The decline first took place in countries with low [[gastric cancer]] [[incidence]] such as the United States while the decline in countries with high [[incidence]] like Japan was slower.<ref name="pmid17520709">{{cite journal| author=Fitzsimmons D, Osmond C, George S, Johnson CD| title=Trends in stomach and pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality in England and Wales, 1951-2000. | journal=Br J Surg | year= 2007 | volume= 94 | issue= 9 | pages= 1162-71 | pmid=17520709 | doi=10.1002/bjs.5751 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17520709  }}</ref>
*The absolute number of new cases per year is increasing, mainly due to aging in the world [[population]].<ref name="pmid21394461">{{cite journal| author=Correa P| title=Gastric cancer: two epidemics? | journal=Dig Dis Sci | year= 2011 | volume= 56 | issue= 5 | pages= 1585-6; author reply 1586 | pmid=21394461 | doi=10.1007/s10620-011-1642-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21394461  }}</ref>


===Age===
===Age===


* While the overall age-adjusted [[incidence]] of stomach cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 7.5 per 100,000, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of stomach cancer by age category is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* While the overall age-adjusted [[incidence]] of [[stomach cancer]] in the United States between 2007 and 2011 was 7.5 per 100,000, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of stomach cancer by age category was:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref><ref name="UK">[http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/stomach/incidence/uk-stomach-cancer-incidence-statistics#geog Stomach cancer incidence statistics. Cancer research UK]</ref>
** Under 65 years: 2.9 per 100,000
** Under 65 years: 2.9 per 100,000
** 65 and over: 38.8 per 100,000
** 65 and over: 38.8 per 100,000
* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of [[stomach cancer]] by gender in 2011 was:<ref name="SEER" />
** In males: 30.3 per 100,000
** In females: 18.2 per 100,000


===Gender===
===Gender===
* Gastric cancer is more common in men than in women, in both developed and developing countries
* [[Gastric cancer]] is more common in men than in women, in both developed and developing countries.
* Intestinal gastric cancer is more common in males and older age groups.
* [[Intestinal]] [[gastric cancer]] is more common in males and older age groups.
* The diffuse or infiltrative type, is equally frequent in both sexes, is more common in younger age groups, and has a worse prognosis than the intestinal type.
* The [[diffuse]] or infiltrative type, is equally frequent in both sexes, is more common in younger age groups, and has a worse [[prognosis]] than the [[intestinal]] type.
 
* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of stomach cancer by gender in 2011 is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** In males: 30.3 per 100,000
** In females: 18.2 per 100,000


* In the United States, the delay-adjusted [[incidence]] of stomach cancer by gender in 2011 is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* In the United States, the delay-adjusted [[incidence]] of stomach cancer by gender in 2011 was:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** In males: 9.95 per 100,000 persons
** In males: 9.95 per 100,000 persons
** In females: 5.14 per 100,000 persons
** In females: 5.14 per 100,000 persons


* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of stomach cancer by gender on 2011 is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of [[stomach cancer]] by gender on 2011 was:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** In males: 9.82 per 100,000 persons
** In males: 9.82 per 100,000 persons
** In females: 5.06 per 100,000 persons
** In females: 5.06 per 100,000 persons.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
* Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted [[incidence]] and observed [[incidence]] of stomach cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.  These graphs are adapted from [[SEER]]: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
<figure-inline class="mw-default-size">[[Image:Incidence of gastric cancer in USA by age and race.PNG|712x712px]]</figure-inline>


===Race===
===Race===


* Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of stomach cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of [[stomach cancer]] by race in 2011 in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
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| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''All Races''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Hispanic'''  
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''All Races''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Hispanic'''  
|-
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Age-adjusted [[prevalence]]'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |23.5 per 100,000|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |18.9 per 100,000|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |28.8 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 47.5 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |33.2 per 100,000
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''Age-adjusted [[prevalence]]'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |23.5 per 100,000|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |18.9 per 100,000|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |28.8 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | 47.5 per 100,000 || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |
|}
|}


* Shown below is an image depicting the [[incidence]] of stomach cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
===Developed countries===
 
* The [[incidence]] of [[Stomach cancer|gastric cancer]] is particularly high in Korea, Japan, Mongolia, central Asia, Eastern Europe, and parts of Central and South America.<ref name="pmid19107449">{{cite journal| author=Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V| title=Epidemiology of stomach cancer. | journal=Methods Mol Biol | year= 2009 | volume= 472 | issue=  | pages= 467-77 | pmid=19107449 | doi=10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_23 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19107449  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22076217">{{cite journal| author=Shin A, Kim J, Park S| title=Gastric cancer epidemiology in Korea. | journal=J Gastric Cancer | year= 2011 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 135-40 | pmid=22076217 | doi=10.5230/jgc.2011.11.3.135 | pmc=PMC3204471 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22076217  }} </ref>
<figure-inline class="mw-default-size">[[Image:Incidence of gastric cancer in USA by race.PNG|414x414px]]</figure-inline>
* [[Stomach cancer]] is the most common type of cancer in Korea. It is suspected that several [[risk factors]] are involved including [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[gastritis]], [[intestinal]] [[metaplasia]] and [[Helicobacter pylori|''Helicobacter pylori'']] [[infection]].  
 
* A Korean diet, high in salted, stewed and broiled foods, is thought to be a contributing factor.
<small> API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native</small>
* Ten percent of cases show a [[genetic]] component.<ref>AHyuk-Joon Lee, Han-Kwang Yang, Yoon-Ok Ahn, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/apxldeevperhlapj/ Gastric cancer in Korea] Gastric Cancer, Volume 5, Number 3 / September, 2002. DOI:10.1007/s101200200031]</ref>
 
* In Japan and other countries [[bracken]] consumption and spores are correlated to [[stomach cancer]] incidence.<ref>Alonso-Amelot ME, Avendano M., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11945131&query_hl=4&itool=pubmed_docsum Human Carcinogenesis and Bracken Fern: A Review of the Evidence], Curr Med Chem. 2002 Mar;9(6):675-86</ref><ref name="pmid21509157">{{cite journal| author=Jung KW, Park S, Kong HJ, Won YJ, Lee JY, Park EC et al.| title=Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2008. | journal=Cancer Res Treat | year= 2011 | volume= 43 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-11 | pmid=21509157 | doi=10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.1 | pmc=PMC3072529 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21509157  }} </ref>  
===Developed Countries===
* The incidence of gastric cancer is particularly high in Korea, Japan, Mongolia, central Asia, Eastern Europe, and parts of Central and South America.<ref name="pmid19107449">{{cite journal| author=Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V| title=Epidemiology of stomach cancer. | journal=Methods Mol Biol | year= 2009 | volume= 472 | issue=  | pages= 467-77 | pmid=19107449 | doi=10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_23 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19107449  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22076217">{{cite journal| author=Shin A, Kim J, Park S| title=Gastric cancer epidemiology in Korea. | journal=J Gastric Cancer | year= 2011 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 135-40 | pmid=22076217 | doi=10.5230/jgc.2011.11.3.135 | pmc=PMC3204471 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22076217  }} </ref>
* Stomach cancer is the most common type of cancer in Korea.<ref name="pmid21509157">{{cite journal| author=Jung KW, Park S, Kong HJ, Won YJ, Lee JY, Park EC et al.| title=Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2008. | journal=Cancer Res Treat | year= 2011 | volume= 43 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-11 | pmid=21509157 | doi=10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.1 | pmc=PMC3072529 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21509157  }} </ref> It is suspected several risk factors are involved including diet, [[gastritis]], intestinal metaplasia and [[Helicobacter pylori]] infection.  It is suspected several risk factors are involved including diet, [[gastritis]], intestinal metaplasia and [[Helicobacter pylori]] infection. A Korean diet, high in salted, stewed and broiled foods, is thought to be a contributing factor. Ten percent of cases show a genetic component.<ref>AHyuk-Joon Lee, Han-Kwang Yang, Yoon-Ok Ahn, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/apxldeevperhlapj/ Gastric cancer in Korea] Gastric Cancer, Volume 5, Number 3 / September, 2002. DOI:10.1007/s101200200031]</ref> In Japan and other countries [[bracken]] consumption and spores are correlated to stomach cancer incidence.<ref>Alonso-Amelot ME, Avendano M., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11945131&query_hl=4&itool=pubmed_docsum Human Carcinogenesis and Bracken Fern: A Review of the Evidence], Curr Med Chem. 2002 Mar;9(6):675-86</ref>  


=== '''GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION''' ===
=== '''Developing countries'''===
*Rates are highest in Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America, while the lowest rates are in North America and parts of Africa [1].   Over 70 percent of gastric cancers occur in developing countries [1].   Studies of Japanese migrants to the Unites States have confirmed that early exposure to environmental rather than genetic factors have a greater influence on mortality and incidence rates [25,26].  
*Rates are highest in Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America, while the lowest rates are in North America and parts of Africa.<ref name="pmid212968552">{{cite journal| author=Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D| title=Global cancer statistics. | journal=CA Cancer J Clin | year= 2011 | volume= 61 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-90 | pmid=21296855 | doi=10.3322/caac.20107 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21296855 }}</ref>
*Over 70 percent of [[Gastric cancer|gastric cancers]] occur in developing countries.
*Studies of Japanese migrants to the Unites States have confirmed that early exposure to environmental rather than [[genetic]] factors have a greater influence on mortality and incidence rates.<ref name="pmid5635018">{{cite journal| author=Haenszel W, Kurihara M| title=Studies of Japanese migrants. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 1968 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-68 | pmid=5635018 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5635018  }}</ref>


=== Mortality ===
=== Mortality ===
* demonstrated an annual percent change (APC) in gastric mortality rate around -3 to -4 percent for the major European countries.  The APC rates were similar for the Republic of Korea (-4.3 percent), Japan (-3.5 percent), Australia (-3.7 percent), and the United States (-3.6 percent). In Latin America, the decline was less marked, but constant (-1.6 to -2.6 percent) [33].
*In the past decades, [[gastric cancer]] [[survival rates]] have increased in most areas of the world.<ref name="pmid19382179">{{cite journal| author=Bertuccio P, Chatenoud L, Levi F, Praud D, Ferlay J, Negri E et al.| title=Recent patterns in gastric cancer: a global overview. | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2009 | volume= 125 | issue= 3 | pages= 666-73 | pmid=19382179 | doi=10.1002/ijc.24290 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19382179  }}</ref>
*For the past few decades, gastric cancer mortality has decreased markedly in most areas of the world[29,30]. However, gastric cancer remains a disease of poor prognosis and high mortality, second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In general, countries with higher incidence rates of gastric cancer show better survival rates than countries with lower incidence[31]. This association is largely due to a difference in survival rates based on tumor location within the stomach. Tumors located in the gastric cardia have a much poorer prognosis compared to those in the pyloric antrum, with lower 5-year survival and higher operative mortality[32].  In addition, the availability of screening for early detection in high-risk areas has led to a decrease in mortality. In Japan where mass screening programs are in place, mortality rates for gastric cancer in men have more than halved since the early 1970s[33]. When disease is confined to the inner lining of the stomach wall, 5-year survival is on the order of 95%. In contrast, few gastric cancers are discovered at an early stage in US, leading to 5-year relative survival rates of less than 20%[34]. Similarly in European countries, the 5-year relative survival rates for gastric cancer vary from 10% to 20%[35,36]. Host-related factors may also affect prognosis, as a US study demonstrated that gastric cancers in persons of Asian descent had a better prognosis compared to non-Asians[37].
*[[Screening (medicine)|Screening]] for early detection in high-risk areas has led to a decrease in [[Mortality rate|mortality]]. In Japan, [[Mortality rate|mortality rates]] for [[gastric cancer]] in men have dereased to half due to mass [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] programs.
*[[Cardia|Gastric cardia]] tumors have a much poorer [[prognosis]] compared to the [[pyloric antrum]] [[tumors]].<ref name="pmid6693012">{{cite journal| author=Kalish RJ, Clancy PE, Orringer MB, Appelman HD| title=Clinical, epidemiologic, and morphologic comparison between adenocarcinomas arising in Barrett's esophageal mucosa and in the gastric cardia. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1984 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 461-7 | pmid=6693012 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6693012  }}</ref>
*The five-year relative [[survival rates]] in USA is less than 20% due to late discovery and vary from 10% to 20% in European countries.  


===Percent Distribution of stomach cancer by Histology===
===Percent Distribution of stomach cancer by Histology<ref name="SEER" />===
Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of stomach cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between YEAR and YEAR in the United States are:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* [[Epidermoid carcinoma]]: 0.9%
* [[Epidermoid carcinoma]]: 0.9%
** [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]: 0.8%
** [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]: 0.8%
* [[Adenocarcinoma]]: 83.7%
* [[Adenocarcinoma]]: 83.7%
** [[Adenocarcinoma]] not otherwise specified: 48.3%
** [[Adenocarcinoma]] not otherwise specified: 48.3%
** [[Adenocarcinoma]], intestinal type: 8.4%
** [[Adenocarcinoma]], [[intestinal]] type: 8.4%
** [[Adenocarcinoma]], diffuse type: 3.5%
** [[Adenocarcinoma]], [[diffuse]] type: 3.5%
** [[Linitis plastica]]: 0.6%
** [[Linitis plastica]]: 0.6%
** Mucinous [[adenocarcinoma]]: 1.4%
** [[Mucinous]] [[adenocarcinoma]]: 1.4%
** Mucin producing adenocarcinoma: 0.5%
** [[Mucin]] producing [[adenocarcinoma]]: 0.5%
** [[Signet ring adenocarcinoma]]: 16.8%
** [[Signet ring adenocarcinoma]]: 16.8%
** Other [[adenocarcinoma]]: 4.1%
** Other [[adenocarcinoma]]: 4.1%
* Other specific [[carcinoma]]: 6.3%
* Other specific [[carcinoma]]: 6.3%
* Unspecified [[carcinoma]]: 2.5%
* Unspecified [[carcinoma]]: 2.5%
* [[Sarcoma]] and other soft tissue tumors: 0.3%
* [[Sarcoma]] and other [[soft tissue]] [[tumors]]: 0.3%
* Other specific type: 6%
* Other specific type: 6%
* Unspecified: 0.5%
* Unspecified: 0.5%
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
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[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 11:50, 5 April 2019


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omer Kamal, M.D.[2], Rim Halaby, M.D. [3], Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[4]

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Overview

Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. In the United States, stomach cancer represents roughly 1.3% of all new cancer cases yearly. In 2011, the age-adjusted prevalence of stomach cancer was estimated to be 23.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States. Stomach cancer is two times more common in men than in women, and the incidence increases with age. Incidence of gastric cancer under 65 years is 2.9 per 100,000.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

Incidence

  • In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer was 7.17 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[2]
  • Part of the decline may be due to the recognition of certain risk factors such as H. pylori and other dietary and environmental risks.
  • The decline first took place in countries with low gastric cancer incidence such as the United States while the decline in countries with high incidence like Japan was slower.[4]
  • The absolute number of new cases per year is increasing, mainly due to aging in the world population.[5]

Age

  • While the overall age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 was 7.5 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer by age category was:[2][6]
    • Under 65 years: 2.9 per 100,000
    • 65 and over: 38.8 per 100,000
  • In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of stomach cancer by gender in 2011 was:[2]
    • In males: 30.3 per 100,000
    • In females: 18.2 per 100,000

Gender

  • Gastric cancer is more common in men than in women, in both developed and developing countries.
  • Intestinal gastric cancer is more common in males and older age groups.
  • The diffuse or infiltrative type, is equally frequent in both sexes, is more common in younger age groups, and has a worse prognosis than the intestinal type.
  • In the United States, the delay-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer by gender in 2011 was:[2]
    • In males: 9.95 per 100,000 persons
    • In females: 5.14 per 100,000 persons
  • In the United States, the age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer by gender on 2011 was:[2]
    • In males: 9.82 per 100,000 persons
    • In females: 5.06 per 100,000 persons.[2]

Race

All Races White Black Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic
Age-adjusted prevalence 23.5 per 100,000 18.9 per 100,000 28.8 per 100,000 47.5 per 100,000

Developed countries

Developing countries

  • Rates are highest in Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America, while the lowest rates are in North America and parts of Africa.[12]
  • Over 70 percent of gastric cancers occur in developing countries.
  • Studies of Japanese migrants to the Unites States have confirmed that early exposure to environmental rather than genetic factors have a greater influence on mortality and incidence rates.[13]

Mortality

Percent Distribution of stomach cancer by Histology[2]

References

  1. ↑ SEER stat fact sheets: stomach cancer
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
  3. ↑ Hirayama T (1975). "Epidemiology of cancer of the stomach with special reference to its recent decrease in Japan". Cancer Res. 35 (11 Pt. 2): 3460–3. PMID 1192411.
  4. ↑ Fitzsimmons D, Osmond C, George S, Johnson CD (2007). "Trends in stomach and pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality in England and Wales, 1951-2000". Br J Surg. 94 (9): 1162–71. doi:10.1002/bjs.5751. PMID 17520709.
  5. ↑ Correa P (2011). "Gastric cancer: two epidemics?". Dig Dis Sci. 56 (5): 1585–6, author reply 1586. doi:10.1007/s10620-011-1642-x. PMID 21394461.
  6. ↑ Stomach cancer incidence statistics. Cancer research UK
  7. ↑ Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V (2009). "Epidemiology of stomach cancer". Methods Mol Biol. 472: 467–77. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_23. PMID 19107449.
  8. ↑ Shin A, Kim J, Park S (2011). "Gastric cancer epidemiology in Korea". J Gastric Cancer. 11 (3): 135–40. doi:10.5230/jgc.2011.11.3.135. PMC 3204471. PMID 22076217.
  9. ↑ AHyuk-Joon Lee, Han-Kwang Yang, Yoon-Ok Ahn, Gastric cancer in Korea Gastric Cancer, Volume 5, Number 3 / September, 2002. DOI:10.1007/s101200200031]
  10. ↑ Alonso-Amelot ME, Avendano M., Human Carcinogenesis and Bracken Fern: A Review of the Evidence, Curr Med Chem. 2002 Mar;9(6):675-86
  11. ↑ Jung KW, Park S, Kong HJ, Won YJ, Lee JY, Park EC; et al. (2011). "Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2008". Cancer Res Treat. 43 (1): 1–11. doi:10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.1. PMC 3072529. PMID 21509157.
  12. ↑ Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (2011). "Global cancer statistics". CA Cancer J Clin. 61 (2): 69–90. doi:10.3322/caac.20107. PMID 21296855.
  13. ↑ Haenszel W, Kurihara M (1968). "Studies of Japanese migrants. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States". J Natl Cancer Inst. 40 (1): 43–68. PMID 5635018.
  14. ↑ Bertuccio P, Chatenoud L, Levi F, Praud D, Ferlay J, Negri E; et al. (2009). "Recent patterns in gastric cancer: a global overview". Int J Cancer. 125 (3): 666–73. doi:10.1002/ijc.24290. PMID 19382179.
  15. ↑ Kalish RJ, Clancy PE, Orringer MB, Appelman HD (1984). "Clinical, epidemiologic, and morphologic comparison between adenocarcinomas arising in Barrett's esophageal mucosa and in the gastric cardia". Gastroenterology. 86 (3): 461–7. PMID 6693012.

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