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{{Paraneoplastic syndrome (patient information)}} | {{Paraneoplastic syndrome (patient information)}} | ||
'''For the Wikipage for this topic, click [[Paraneoplastic syndrome|here]]'''<br> | |||
{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{G.D.}} | {{CMG}};{{AE}} {{G.D.}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
A '''paraneoplastic syndrome''' is a [[disease]] or [[symptom]] that is the consequence of the presence of [[cancer]] in the body, but is not due to the local presence of [[cancer]] cells. These phenomena are mediated by [[humoral]] factors (by [[Hormone|hormones]] or [[Cytokine|cytokines]]) excreted by [[tumor]] cells or by an [[immune response]] against the [[tumor]]. Sometimes the [[symptoms]] of paraneoplastic syndromes show even before the [[diagnosis]] of a [[Malignant|malignancy]]. A paraneoplastic syndrome is a set of [[symptoms]] that are caused by a [[cancer]]. The symptoms happen in a different area of | A '''paraneoplastic syndrome''' is a [[disease]] or [[symptom]] that is the consequence of the presence of [[cancer]] in the body, but is not due to the local presence of [[cancer]] cells. These phenomena are mediated by [[humoral]] factors (by [[Hormone|hormones]] or [[Cytokine|cytokines]]) excreted by [[tumor]] cells or by an [[immune response]] against the [[tumor]]. Sometimes the [[symptoms]] of paraneoplastic syndromes show even before the [[diagnosis]] of a [[Malignant|malignancy]]. A paraneoplastic syndrome is a set of [[symptoms]] that are caused by a [[cancer]]. The symptoms happen in a different area of the [[body]] from the [[cancer]]. | ||
==What are the Symptoms of Paraneoplastic syndrome?== | |||
== | |||
*Paraneoplastic syndromes cause different [[symptoms]] depending on the [[tissues]] and [[organs]] they are involved. | *Paraneoplastic syndromes cause different [[symptoms]] depending on the [[tissues]] and [[organs]] they are involved. | ||
*About 20% of people with [[cancer]] get a paraneoplastic syndrome and the most common [[cancers]] are [[lung]], [[Hepatocellular carcinoma|hepatocellular]], [[ovarian]], [[breast]], [[gastric]] , [[pancreatic]] and other [[cancers]]. | *About 20% of people with [[cancer]] get a paraneoplastic syndrome and the most common [[cancers]] are [[lung]], [[Hepatocellular carcinoma|hepatocellular]], [[ovarian]], [[breast]], [[gastric]] , [[pancreatic]] and other [[cancers]]. | ||
===General symptoms=== | ===General symptoms=== | ||
*[[Fever]] | *General [[symptoms]] of paraneoplastic syndrome include: | ||
**[[Fever]] | |||
*[[Night sweats]] | **[[Night sweats]] | ||
**[[Loss of appetite]] | |||
*[[Loss of appetite]] | **[[Weight loss]] | ||
*[[Weight loss]] | |||
===Skin symptoms=== | ===Skin symptoms=== | ||
*[[Itching]] | *[[Itching]] | ||
*[[Skin]] flushing or blushing, causing the [[face]], [[neck]], or upper [[chest]] to become warm and red | |||
*[[Skin]] flushing or blushing, causing | |||
===Neurologic (brain, spinal cord, and nerve) symptoms=== | ===Neurologic (brain, spinal cord, and nerve) symptoms=== | ||
*[[Weakness]] or loss of strength | *[[Weakness]] or loss of strength | ||
*[[Numbness|Loss of feeling]] | *[[Numbness|Loss of feeling]] | ||
*Slower reflexes | *Slower reflexes | ||
*Trouble using different parts of the body, such as the arms or legs | |||
*Trouble using different parts of | |||
*[[Trouble|Trouble speaking]] | *[[Trouble|Trouble speaking]] | ||
*[[Dizziness]] | *[[Dizziness]] | ||
*[[Double vision]] or being unable to control [[eye]] movements | |||
*[[Double vision]] | *The [[cancer]] can cause these [[symptoms]] without pushing on the [[nerves]] or [[spinal cord]]. | ||
The [[cancer]] can cause these [[symptoms]] without pushing on | |||
===Endocrine (hormone system) symptoms=== | ===Endocrine (hormone system) symptoms=== | ||
*Weakness | *[[Weakness]] | ||
*[[Weight gain]] | |||
*Weight gain | *[[High blood pressure]] | ||
*[[Confusion]] | |||
*High blood pressure | *[[Kidney|Kidney problems]] | ||
*Red, warm [[skin]] | |||
*Confusion | *[[Wheezing]] | ||
*[[Diarrhea]] | |||
*Kidney problems | |||
*Red, warm skin | |||
*Wheezing | |||
*Diarrhea | |||
===Other symptoms=== | ===Other symptoms=== | ||
*Muscle swelling that causes weakness and soreness | *[[Muscle|Muscle swelling]] that causes weakness and soreness | ||
*Painful swelling of | *Painful [[swelling]] of the [[joints]] that may change the shape of the [[fingers]] and [[toes]] | ||
*Changes to | *Changes to the blood cells ([[red blood cells]], [[white blood cells]], and [[platelets]]) | ||
== | ==What Causes Paraneoplastic syndrome?== | ||
* | *Paraneoplastic syndromes may be caused by two different mechanisms: | ||
==Treatment== | **The [[cancer]] making [[hormones]] | ||
*The tumor and cancer are treated first, followed by efforts to decrease the autoimmune response, either through steroids | **The [[immune]] system making [[antibodies]] (substances that protect the body against certain [[infection]]) that flow through the [[blood]] | ||
*Plasmapheresis, a process that | ==Who is at Highest Risk?== | ||
*Speech and physical therapy may help individuals regain some functions. | *[[Patients]] with the following type of [[cancers]] will be at risk of developing paraneoplastic syndrome: | ||
**[[Lung tumors]] | |||
**[[Breast cancer]] | |||
**[[Kidney cancer]] | |||
**[[Liver cancer]] | |||
**[[Lymphoma|Cancers of blood]] | |||
**[[Gynaecological]] [[tumors]] | |||
**[[Gastrointestinal]] [[tumors]] | |||
**[[Skin cancers]] | |||
**[[Thymic tumors]] | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
*[[Diagnosis]] can be made before, or concurrently, or after the [[diagnosis]] of the original [[cancer]] depending on the [[clinical]] manifestations. | |||
==When to Seek Urgent Medical Care?== | |||
*[[Patients]] with the [[signs]] and [[symptoms]] suggesting paraneoplastic syndrome should seek medical care. | |||
==Treatment Options== | |||
*The [[tumor]] and/or [[cancer]] are treated first, followed by efforts to decrease the [[autoimmune]] response, either through [[steroids]] or high-dose intravenous [[immunoglobulin]], or [[irradiation]]. | |||
*[[Plasmapheresis]], a process that exchanges antibodies of the blood, may ease [[symptoms]] in people with paraneoplastic disorders that affected the peripheral nervous system. | |||
*[[Speech]] and [[physical therapy]] may help individuals regain some functions. | |||
==Where to find Medical Care for Paraneoplastic syndrome?== | |||
* Medical care for (disease name) can be found [https://www.google.com/maps/search/hospitals/ here]. | |||
==Prevention== | |||
* Preventive measures for cancer may also reduce the risk of paraneoplastic syndrome. | |||
==What to Expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?== | |||
*There are no cures for paraneoplastic syndromes. | |||
*The type and stage of the original [[cancer]] determines the [[prognosis]]. | |||
==Possible Complications== | |||
* They may result in different [[complications]] according to the involved organs. | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
*https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-cancer/overview-of-cancer/paraneoplastic-syndromes | *https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-cancer/overview-of-cancer/paraneoplastic-syndromes | ||
*https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Paraneoplastic-Syndromes-Information-Page | *https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Paraneoplastic-Syndromes-Information-Page | ||
Latest revision as of 15:17, 14 October 2019
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For the Wikipage for this topic, click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2]
Overview
A paraneoplastic syndrome is a disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer cells. These phenomena are mediated by humoral factors (by hormones or cytokines) excreted by tumor cells or by an immune response against the tumor. Sometimes the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes show even before the diagnosis of a malignancy. A paraneoplastic syndrome is a set of symptoms that are caused by a cancer. The symptoms happen in a different area of the body from the cancer.
What are the Symptoms of Paraneoplastic syndrome?
- Paraneoplastic syndromes cause different symptoms depending on the tissues and organs they are involved.
- About 20% of people with cancer get a paraneoplastic syndrome and the most common cancers are lung, hepatocellular, ovarian, breast, gastric , pancreatic and other cancers.
General symptoms
- General symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome include:
Skin symptoms
Neurologic (brain, spinal cord, and nerve) symptoms
- Weakness or loss of strength
- Loss of feeling
- Slower reflexes
- Trouble using different parts of the body, such as the arms or legs
- Trouble speaking
- Dizziness
- Double vision or being unable to control eye movements
- The cancer can cause these symptoms without pushing on the nerves or spinal cord.
Endocrine (hormone system) symptoms
Other symptoms
- Muscle swelling that causes weakness and soreness
- Painful swelling of the joints that may change the shape of the fingers and toes
- Changes to the blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)
What Causes Paraneoplastic syndrome?
- Paraneoplastic syndromes may be caused by two different mechanisms:
Who is at Highest Risk?
Diagnosis
- Diagnosis can be made before, or concurrently, or after the diagnosis of the original cancer depending on the clinical manifestations.
When to Seek Urgent Medical Care?
Treatment Options
- The tumor and/or cancer are treated first, followed by efforts to decrease the autoimmune response, either through steroids or high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, or irradiation.
- Plasmapheresis, a process that exchanges antibodies of the blood, may ease symptoms in people with paraneoplastic disorders that affected the peripheral nervous system.
- Speech and physical therapy may help individuals regain some functions.
Where to find Medical Care for Paraneoplastic syndrome?
- Medical care for (disease name) can be found here.
Prevention
- Preventive measures for cancer may also reduce the risk of paraneoplastic syndrome.
What to Expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
- There are no cures for paraneoplastic syndromes.
- The type and stage of the original cancer determines the prognosis.
Possible Complications
- They may result in different complications according to the involved organs.