Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia}}
{{Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia}}
{{CMG}} ; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[Mandana Chitsazan, M.D.]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MC}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Several different Chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with acral erythema<ref name="pmid2061446">{{cite journal| author=Baack BR, Burgdorf WH| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1991 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 457-61 | pmid=2061446 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2061446  }}</ref>
Several different [[chemotherapeutic agents]] have been associated with palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE). Most frequently associated drugs include [[cytarabine]], [[docetaxel]], [[doxorubicin]], [[liposomal]]-encapsulated [[doxorubicin]], [[5-fluorouracil]], and [[capecitabine]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
Chemotherapy drugs that can cause this syndrome include:
[[Chemotherapy agent|Chemotherapy drugs]] that can cause this [[syndrome]] include: <ref name="pmid2061446">{{cite journal| author=Baack BR, Burgdorf WH| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1991 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 457-61 | pmid=2061446 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2061446  }}</ref>


'''Most frequently associated:'''  
'''Most Frequently Associated:'''


* Cytarabine (Cytosar-U) <ref name="pmid3977204">{{cite journal| author=Baer MR, King LE, Wolff SN| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia and cytarabine. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 102 | issue= 4 | pages= 556 | pmid=3977204 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-556_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3977204  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12460237">{{cite journal| author=Crawford JH, Eikelboom JW, McQuillan A| title=Recurrent palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia following high-dose cytarabine treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | journal=Eur J Haematol | year= 2002 | volume= 69 | issue= 5-6 | pages= 315-7 | pmid=12460237 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12460237  }} </ref>
*[[Cytarabine]] ([[Cytosar-U]]) <ref name="pmid3977204">{{cite journal| author=Baer MR, King LE, Wolff SN| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia and cytarabine. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 102 | issue= 4 | pages= 556 | pmid=3977204 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-556_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3977204  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12460237">{{cite journal| author=Crawford JH, Eikelboom JW, McQuillan A| title=Recurrent palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia following high-dose cytarabine treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | journal=Eur J Haematol | year= 2002 | volume= 69 | issue= 5-6 | pages= 315-7 | pmid=12460237 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12460237  }} </ref>
* Docetaxel(Docefrez, Taxotere) <ref name="pmid7857119">{{cite journal| author=Zimmerman GC, Keeling JH, Burris HA, Cook G, Irvin R, Kuhn J et al.| title=Acute cutaneous reactions to docetaxel, a new chemotherapeutic agent. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1995 | volume= 131 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-6 | pmid=7857119 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7857119  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15187308">{{cite journal| author=Katoh M, Kadota M, Nishimura Y| title=A case of docetaxel-induced erythrodysesthesia. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2004 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 403-6 | pmid=15187308 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15187308  }} </ref>
*[[Docetaxel]] (Docefrez, [[Taxotere]]) <ref name="pmid7857119">{{cite journal| author=Zimmerman GC, Keeling JH, Burris HA, Cook G, Irvin R, Kuhn J et al.| title=Acute cutaneous reactions to docetaxel, a new chemotherapeutic agent. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1995 | volume= 131 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-6 | pmid=7857119 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7857119  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15187308">{{cite journal| author=Katoh M, Kadota M, Nishimura Y| title=A case of docetaxel-induced erythrodysesthesia. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2004 | volume= 31 | issue= 5 | pages= 403-6 | pmid=15187308 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15187308  }} </ref>
* Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) <ref name="pmid10025364">{{cite journal| author=Amantea M, Newman MS, Sullivan TM, Forrest A, Working PK| title=Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs. | journal=Hum Exp Toxicol | year= 1999 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-26 | pmid=10025364 | doi=10.1177/096032719901800103 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10025364  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12808004">{{cite journal| author=Charrois GJ, Allen TM| title=Multiple injections of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic activity. | journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther | year= 2003 | volume= 306 | issue= 3 | pages= 1058-67 | pmid=12808004 | doi=10.1124/jpet.103.053413 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12808004  }} </ref> and liposomal-encapsulated doxorubicin(Doxil) <ref name="pmid14520442">{{cite journal| author=D'Agostino G, Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Testa A, Lorusso D, Gbaguidi N et al.| title=Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the salvage treatment of ovarian cancer. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 89 | issue= 7 | pages= 1180-4 | pmid=14520442 | doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6601284 | pmc=2394291 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14520442  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3160276">{{cite journal| author=Vogelzang NJ, Ratain MJ| title=Cancer chemotherapy and skin changes. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 103 | issue= 2 | pages= 303-4 | pmid=3160276 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-303_3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3160276  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9074848">{{cite journal| author=Coukell AJ, Spencer CM| title=Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. | journal=Drugs | year= 1997 | volume= 53 | issue= 3 | pages= 520-38 | pmid=9074848 | doi=10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9074848  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11401188">{{cite journal| author=Goram AL, Richmond PL| title=Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: tolerability and toxicity. | journal=Pharmacotherapy | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 751-63 | pmid=11401188 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11401188  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14998859">{{cite journal| author=Matsumura Y, Gotoh M, Muro K, Yamada Y, Shirao K, Shimada Y et al.| title=Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of MCC-465, a doxorubicin (DXR) encapsulated in PEG immunoliposome, in patients with metastatic stomach cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 517-25 | pmid=14998859 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdh092 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14998859  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15099971">{{cite journal| author=Molpus KL, Anderson LB, Craig CL, Puleo JG| title=The effect of regional cooling on toxicity associated with intravenous infusion of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent ovarian carcinoma. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 93 | issue= 2 | pages= 513-6 | pmid=15099971 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.02.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15099971  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9626479">{{cite journal| author=Vail DM, Chun R, Thamm DH, Garrett LD, Cooley AJ, Obradovich JE| title=Efficacy of pyridoxine to ameliorate the cutaneous toxicity associated with doxorubicin containing pegylated (Stealth) liposomes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial using a canine model. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 1998 | volume= 4 | issue= 6 | pages= 1567-71 | pmid=9626479 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9626479  }} </ref>
*[[Doxorubicin]] ([[Adriamycin]]) and [[liposomal]]-encapsulated [[doxorubicin]] (Doxil) <ref name="pmid10025364">{{cite journal| author=Amantea M, Newman MS, Sullivan TM, Forrest A, Working PK| title=Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs. | journal=Hum Exp Toxicol | year= 1999 | volume= 18 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-26 | pmid=10025364 | doi=10.1177/096032719901800103 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10025364  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12808004">{{cite journal| author=Charrois GJ, Allen TM| title=Multiple injections of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic activity. | journal=J Pharmacol Exp Ther | year= 2003 | volume= 306 | issue= 3 | pages= 1058-67 | pmid=12808004 | doi=10.1124/jpet.103.053413 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12808004  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14520442">{{cite journal| author=D'Agostino G, Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Testa A, Lorusso D, Gbaguidi N et al.| title=Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the salvage treatment of ovarian cancer. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 89 | issue= 7 | pages= 1180-4 | pmid=14520442 | doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6601284 | pmc=2394291 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14520442  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3160276">{{cite journal| author=Vogelzang NJ, Ratain MJ| title=Cancer chemotherapy and skin changes. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1985 | volume= 103 | issue= 2 | pages= 303-4 | pmid=3160276 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-303_3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3160276  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9074848">{{cite journal| author=Coukell AJ, Spencer CM| title=Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. | journal=Drugs | year= 1997 | volume= 53 | issue= 3 | pages= 520-38 | pmid=9074848 | doi=10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9074848  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11401188">{{cite journal| author=Goram AL, Richmond PL| title=Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: tolerability and toxicity. | journal=Pharmacotherapy | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 751-63 | pmid=11401188 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11401188  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid14998859">{{cite journal| author=Matsumura Y, Gotoh M, Muro K, Yamada Y, Shirao K, Shimada Y et al.| title=Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of MCC-465, a doxorubicin (DXR) encapsulated in PEG immunoliposome, in patients with metastatic stomach cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 517-25 | pmid=14998859 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdh092 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14998859  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15099971">{{cite journal| author=Molpus KL, Anderson LB, Craig CL, Puleo JG| title=The effect of regional cooling on toxicity associated with intravenous infusion of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent ovarian carcinoma. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2004 | volume= 93 | issue= 2 | pages= 513-6 | pmid=15099971 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.02.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15099971  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9626479">{{cite journal| author=Vail DM, Chun R, Thamm DH, Garrett LD, Cooley AJ, Obradovich JE| title=Efficacy of pyridoxine to ameliorate the cutaneous toxicity associated with doxorubicin containing pegylated (Stealth) liposomes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial using a canine model. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 1998 | volume= 4 | issue= 6 | pages= 1567-71 | pmid=9626479 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9626479  }} </ref>
* 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU, Adrucil) <ref name="pmid2926468">{{cite journal| author=Lokich JJ, Ahlgren JD, Gullo JJ, Philips JA, Fryer JG| title=A prospective randomized comparison of continuous infusion fluorouracil with a conventional bolus schedule in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program Study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1989 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 425-32 | pmid=2926468 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1989.7.4.425 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2926468  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2345070">{{cite journal| author=Fabian CJ, Molina R, Slavik M, Dahlberg S, Giri S, Stephens R| title=Pyridoxine therapy for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Invest New Drugs | year= 1990 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-63 | pmid=2345070 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2345070  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2066758">{{cite journal| author=Ardalan B, Chua L, Tian EM, Reddy R, Sridhar K, Benedetto P et al.| title=A phase II study of weekly 24-hour infusion with high-dose fluorouracil with leucovorin in colorectal carcinoma. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1991 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=2066758 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1991.9.4.625 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2066758  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7629773">{{cite journal| author=Banfield GK, Crate ID, Griffiths CL| title=Long-term sequelae of Palmar-Plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1995 | volume= 88 | issue= 6 | pages= 356P-357P | pmid=7629773 | doi= | pmc=1295248 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7629773  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3400123">{{cite journal| author=Bellmunt J, Navarro M, Hidalgo R, Solé LA| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with short-term continuous infusion (5 days) of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Tumori | year= 1988 | volume= 74 | issue= 3 | pages= 329-31 | pmid=3400123 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3400123  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9291822">{{cite journal| author=Chiara S, Nobile MT, Barzacchi C, Sanguineti O, Vincenti M, Di Somma C et al.| title=Hand-foot syndrome induced by high-dose, short-term, continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1997 | volume= 33 | issue= 6 | pages= 967-9 | pmid=9291822 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9291822  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8267382">{{cite journal| author=Comandone A, Bretti S, La Grotta G, Manzoni S, Bonardi G, Berardo R et al.| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysestasia syndrome associated with 5-fluorouracil treatment. | journal=Anticancer Res | year= 1993 | volume= 13 | issue= 5C | pages= 1781-3 | pmid=8267382 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8267382  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2817635">{{cite journal| author=Curran CF, Luce JK| title=Fluorouracil and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 111 | issue= 10 | pages= 858 | pmid=2817635 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-858_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2817635  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11304782">{{cite journal| author=Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, Cox J, Kocha W, Kuperminc M et al.| title=Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 8 | pages= 2282-92 | pmid=11304782 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.8.2282 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11304782  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9408159">{{cite journal| author=Iurlo A, Fornier M, Caldiera S, Bertoni F, Foa P| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome due to 5-fluorouracil therapy--an underestimated toxic event? | journal=Acta Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 653-4 | pmid=9408159 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9408159  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7699432">{{cite journal| author=Leo S, Tatulli C, Taveri R, Campanella GA, Carrieri G, Colucci G| title=Dermatological toxicity from chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil. | journal=J Chemother | year= 1994 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 423-6 | pmid=7699432 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7699432  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9817272">{{cite journal| author=Meta-Analysis Group In Cancer. Lévy E, Piedbois P, Buyse M, Pignon JP, Rougier P et al.| title=Toxicity of fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: effect of administration schedule and prognostic factors. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1998 | volume= 16 | issue= 11 | pages= 3537-41 | pmid=9817272 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1998.16.11.3537 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9817272  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10442356">{{cite journal| author=Macdonald JS| title=Toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Oncology (Williston Park) | year= 1999 | volume= 13 | issue= 7 Suppl 3 | pages= 33-4 | pmid=10442356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10442356  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2225317">{{cite journal| author=Mortimer JE, Anderson I| title=Weekly fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin: efficacy and treatment of cutaneous toxicity. | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 1990 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 449-52 | pmid=2225317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2225317  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11896096">{{cite journal| author=Sloan JA, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Vargas-Chanes D, Nair S, Cha SS et al.| title=Women experience greater toxicity with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 6 | pages= 1491-8 | pmid=11896096 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1491 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11896096  }} </ref>
*[[5-Fluorouracil]] ([[5-FU]], [[Adrucil]]) <ref name="pmid2926468">{{cite journal| author=Lokich JJ, Ahlgren JD, Gullo JJ, Philips JA, Fryer JG| title=A prospective randomized comparison of continuous infusion fluorouracil with a conventional bolus schedule in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program Study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1989 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 425-32 | pmid=2926468 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1989.7.4.425 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2926468  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2345070">{{cite journal| author=Fabian CJ, Molina R, Slavik M, Dahlberg S, Giri S, Stephens R| title=Pyridoxine therapy for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Invest New Drugs | year= 1990 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-63 | pmid=2345070 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2345070  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2066758">{{cite journal| author=Ardalan B, Chua L, Tian EM, Reddy R, Sridhar K, Benedetto P et al.| title=A phase II study of weekly 24-hour infusion with high-dose fluorouracil with leucovorin in colorectal carcinoma. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1991 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 625-30 | pmid=2066758 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1991.9.4.625 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2066758  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7629773">{{cite journal| author=Banfield GK, Crate ID, Griffiths CL| title=Long-term sequelae of Palmar-Plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome secondary to 5-fluorouracil therapy. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1995 | volume= 88 | issue= 6 | pages= 356P-357P | pmid=7629773 | doi= | pmc=1295248 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7629773  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3400123">{{cite journal| author=Bellmunt J, Navarro M, Hidalgo R, Solé LA| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with short-term continuous infusion (5 days) of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Tumori | year= 1988 | volume= 74 | issue= 3 | pages= 329-31 | pmid=3400123 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3400123  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9291822">{{cite journal| author=Chiara S, Nobile MT, Barzacchi C, Sanguineti O, Vincenti M, Di Somma C et al.| title=Hand-foot syndrome induced by high-dose, short-term, continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1997 | volume= 33 | issue= 6 | pages= 967-9 | pmid=9291822 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9291822  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8267382">{{cite journal| author=Comandone A, Bretti S, La Grotta G, Manzoni S, Bonardi G, Berardo R et al.| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysestasia syndrome associated with 5-fluorouracil treatment. | journal=Anticancer Res | year= 1993 | volume= 13 | issue= 5C | pages= 1781-3 | pmid=8267382 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8267382  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2817635">{{cite journal| author=Curran CF, Luce JK| title=Fluorouracil and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 111 | issue= 10 | pages= 858 | pmid=2817635 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-858_1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2817635  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11304782">{{cite journal| author=Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, Cox J, Kocha W, Kuperminc M et al.| title=Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 8 | pages= 2282-92 | pmid=11304782 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.8.2282 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11304782  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9408159">{{cite journal| author=Iurlo A, Fornier M, Caldiera S, Bertoni F, Foa P| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome due to 5-fluorouracil therapy--an underestimated toxic event? | journal=Acta Oncol | year= 1997 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 653-4 | pmid=9408159 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9408159  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7699432">{{cite journal| author=Leo S, Tatulli C, Taveri R, Campanella GA, Carrieri G, Colucci G| title=Dermatological toxicity from chemotherapy containing 5-fluorouracil. | journal=J Chemother | year= 1994 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 423-6 | pmid=7699432 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7699432  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9817272">{{cite journal| author=Meta-Analysis Group In Cancer. Lévy E, Piedbois P, Buyse M, Pignon JP, Rougier P et al.| title=Toxicity of fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: effect of administration schedule and prognostic factors. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1998 | volume= 16 | issue= 11 | pages= 3537-41 | pmid=9817272 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1998.16.11.3537 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9817272  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10442356">{{cite journal| author=Macdonald JS| title=Toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. | journal=Oncology (Williston Park) | year= 1999 | volume= 13 | issue= 7 Suppl 3 | pages= 33-4 | pmid=10442356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10442356  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2225317">{{cite journal| author=Mortimer JE, Anderson I| title=Weekly fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin: efficacy and treatment of cutaneous toxicity. | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 1990 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 449-52 | pmid=2225317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2225317  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11896096">{{cite journal| author=Sloan JA, Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Vargas-Chanes D, Nair S, Cha SS et al.| title=Women experience greater toxicity with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 6 | pages= 1491-8 | pmid=11896096 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2002.20.6.1491 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11896096  }} </ref>
* Capecitabine (Xeloda) <ref name="pmid15341880">{{cite journal| author=Lassere Y, Hoff P| title=Management of hand-foot syndrome in patients treated with capecitabine (Xeloda). | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 8 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S31-40 | pmid=15341880 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15341880  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11697835">{{cite journal| author=Oshaughnessy JA, Blum J, Moiseyenko V, Jones SE, Miles D, Bell D et al.| title=Randomized, open-label, phase II trial of oral capecitabine (Xeloda) vs. a reference arm of intravenous CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) as first-line therapy for advanced/metastatic breast cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 9 | pages= 1247-54 | pmid=11697835 | doi=10.1023/a:1012281104865 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11697835  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11853000">{{cite journal| author=Abushullaih S, Saad ED, Munsell M, Hoff PM| title=Incidence and severity of hand-foot syndrome in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine: a single-institution experience. | journal=Cancer Invest | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-10 | pmid=11853000 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11853000  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10080589">{{cite journal| author=Blum JL, Jones SE, Buzdar AU, LoRusso PM, Kuter I, Vogel C et al.| title=Multicenter phase II study of capecitabine in paclitaxel-refractory metastatic breast cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1999 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 485-93 | pmid=10080589 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1999.17.2.485 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10080589  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12056707">{{cite journal| author=Cassidy J, Twelves C, Van Cutsem E, Hoff P, Bajetta E, Boyer M et al.| title=First-line oral capecitabine therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a favorable safety profile compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 13 | issue= 4 | pages= 566-75 | pmid=12056707 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdf089 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12056707  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15341878">{{cite journal| author=Sternberg CN, Reichardt P, Holland M| title=Development of and clinical experience with capecitabine (Xeloda) in the treatment of solid tumours. | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 8 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S4-15 | pmid=15341878 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15341878  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11689577">{{cite journal| author=Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Cassidy J, Allman D, Bajetta E, Boyer M et al.| title=Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 21 | pages= 4097-106 | pmid=11689577 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.21.4097 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11689577  }} </ref>
*[[Capecitabine]] ([[Xeloda]]) <ref name="pmid15341880">{{cite journal| author=Lassere Y, Hoff P| title=Management of hand-foot syndrome in patients treated with capecitabine (Xeloda). | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 8 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S31-40 | pmid=15341880 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15341880  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11697835">{{cite journal| author=Oshaughnessy JA, Blum J, Moiseyenko V, Jones SE, Miles D, Bell D et al.| title=Randomized, open-label, phase II trial of oral capecitabine (Xeloda) vs. a reference arm of intravenous CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) as first-line therapy for advanced/metastatic breast cancer. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 9 | pages= 1247-54 | pmid=11697835 | doi=10.1023/a:1012281104865 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11697835  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11853000">{{cite journal| author=Abushullaih S, Saad ED, Munsell M, Hoff PM| title=Incidence and severity of hand-foot syndrome in colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine: a single-institution experience. | journal=Cancer Invest | year= 2002 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-10 | pmid=11853000 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11853000  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10080589">{{cite journal| author=Blum JL, Jones SE, Buzdar AU, LoRusso PM, Kuter I, Vogel C et al.| title=Multicenter phase II study of capecitabine in paclitaxel-refractory metastatic breast cancer. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 1999 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 485-93 | pmid=10080589 | doi=10.1200/JCO.1999.17.2.485 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10080589  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12056707">{{cite journal| author=Cassidy J, Twelves C, Van Cutsem E, Hoff P, Bajetta E, Boyer M et al.| title=First-line oral capecitabine therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a favorable safety profile compared with intravenous 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 13 | issue= 4 | pages= 566-75 | pmid=12056707 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdf089 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12056707  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15341878">{{cite journal| author=Sternberg CN, Reichardt P, Holland M| title=Development of and clinical experience with capecitabine (Xeloda) in the treatment of solid tumours. | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2004 | volume= 8 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S4-15 | pmid=15341878 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15341878  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11689577">{{cite journal| author=Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Cassidy J, Allman D, Bajetta E, Boyer M et al.| title=Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large phase III study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 19 | issue= 21 | pages= 4097-106 | pmid=11689577 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2001.19.21.4097 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11689577  }} </ref>


'''Less Frequently Associated:'''


'''Less frequently associated:'''
*[[Cisplatin]] <ref name="pmid9892931">{{cite journal| author=Vakalis D, Ioannides D, Lazaridou E, Mattheou-Vakali G, Teknetzis A| title=Acral erythema induced by chemotherapy with cisplatin. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 1998 | volume= 139 | issue= 4 | pages= 750-1 | pmid=9892931 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9892931  }} </ref>
 
*[[Cyclophosphamide]] <ref name="pmid2025579">{{cite journal| author=Morgan M, Dodds A, Atkinson K, Szer J, Downs K, Biggs J| title=The toxicity of busulphan and cyclophosphamide as the preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 1991 | volume= 77 | issue= 4 | pages= 529-34 | pmid=2025579 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2025579  }} </ref>
* Cisplatin <ref name="pmid9892931">{{cite journal| author=Vakalis D, Ioannides D, Lazaridou E, Mattheou-Vakali G, Teknetzis A| title=Acral erythema induced by chemotherapy with cisplatin. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 1998 | volume= 139 | issue= 4 | pages= 750-1 | pmid=9892931 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9892931  }} </ref>
*[[Daunorubicin]] and [[liposomal]] [[daunorubicin]] <ref name="pmid11034047">{{cite journal| author=Hui YF, Cortes JE| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with liposomal daunorubicin. | journal=Pharmacotherapy | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 10 | pages= 1221-3 | pmid=11034047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11034047  }} </ref>
* Cyclophosphamide <ref name="pmid2025579">{{cite journal| author=Morgan M, Dodds A, Atkinson K, Szer J, Downs K, Biggs J| title=The toxicity of busulphan and cyclophosphamide as the preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 1991 | volume= 77 | issue= 4 | pages= 529-34 | pmid=2025579 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2025579  }} </ref>
* Daunorubicin and liposomal daunorubicin <ref name="pmid11034047">{{cite journal| author=Hui YF, Cortes JE| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome associated with liposomal daunorubicin. | journal=Pharmacotherapy | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 10 | pages= 1221-3 | pmid=11034047 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11034047  }} </ref>
* Doxifluridine
* Doxifluridine
* Etoposide <ref name="pmid15526203">{{cite journal| author=Marigny K, Aubin F, Burgot G, Le Gall E, Gandemer V| title=Particular cutaneous side effects with etoposide-containing courses: is VP16 or etoposide phosphate responsible? | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 2005 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 244-50 | pmid=15526203 | doi=10.1007/s00280-004-0858-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15526203  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8490845">{{cite journal| author=Murphy CP, Harden EA, Herzig RH| title=Dose-related cutaneous toxicities with etoposide. | journal=Cancer | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 10 | pages= 3153-5 | pmid=8490845 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<3153::aid-cncr2820711042>3.0.co;2-# | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/ eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8490845  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8194170">{{cite journal| author=Portal I, Cardenal F, Garcia-del-Muro X| title=Etoposide-related acral erythema. | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 1994 | volume= 34 | issue= 2 | pages= 181 | pmid=8194170 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8194170  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid1547875">{{cite journal| author=Schey SA, Cooper J, Summerhayes M| title=The "handfoot syndrome" occurring with chronic administration of etoposide. | journal=Eur J Haematol | year= 1992 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 118-9 | pmid=1547875 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1547875  }} </ref>
*[[Etoposide]] <ref name="pmid15526203">{{cite journal| author=Marigny K, Aubin F, Burgot G, Le Gall E, Gandemer V| title=Particular cutaneous side effects with etoposide-containing courses: is VP16 or etoposide phosphate responsible? | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 2005 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 244-50 | pmid=15526203 | doi=10.1007/s00280-004-0858-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15526203  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8490845">{{cite journal| author=Murphy CP, Harden EA, Herzig RH| title=Dose-related cutaneous toxicities with etoposide. | journal=Cancer | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 10 | pages= 3153-5 | pmid=8490845 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19930515)71:10<3153::aid-cncr2820711042>3.0.co;2-# | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/ eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8490845  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8194170">{{cite journal| author=Portal I, Cardenal F, Garcia-del-Muro X| title=Etoposide-related acral erythema. | journal=Cancer Chemother Pharmacol | year= 1994 | volume= 34 | issue= 2 | pages= 181 | pmid=8194170 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8194170  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid1547875">{{cite journal| author=Schey SA, Cooper J, Summerhayes M| title=The "handfoot syndrome" occurring with chronic administration of etoposide. | journal=Eur J Haematol | year= 1992 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 118-9 | pmid=1547875 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1547875  }} </ref>
* Floxuridine (FUDF) <ref name="pmid2956430">{{cite journal| author=Neuss MN, Akwari OE, Stevenson DF, Goodwin BJ| title=Painful palmar and plantar erythema associated with hepatic artery infusion of 5-fluoro-2'deoxyuridine. | journal=J Natl Med Assoc | year= 1987 | volume= 79 | issue= 6 | pages= 669-71 | pmid=2956430 | doi= | pmc=2625536 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2956430  }} </ref>
*[[Floxuridine]] (FUDF) <ref name="pmid2956430">{{cite journal| author=Neuss MN, Akwari OE, Stevenson DF, Goodwin BJ| title=Painful palmar and plantar erythema associated with hepatic artery infusion of 5-fluoro-2'deoxyuridine. | journal=J Natl Med Assoc | year= 1987 | volume= 79 | issue= 6 | pages= 669-71 | pmid=2956430 | doi= | pmc=2625536 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2956430  }} </ref>
* Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) <ref name="pmid11298103">{{cite journal| author=Vassallo C, Passamonti F, Merante S, Ardigò M, Nolli G, Mangiacavalli S et al.| title=Muco-cutaneous changes during long-term therapy with hydroxyurea in chronic myeloid leukaemia. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2001 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 141-8 | pmid=11298103 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11298103  }} </ref>
*[[Hydroxyurea]] ([[hydroxycarbamide]]) <ref name="pmid11298103">{{cite journal| author=Vassallo C, Passamonti F, Merante S, Ardigò M, Nolli G, Mangiacavalli S et al.| title=Muco-cutaneous changes during long-term therapy with hydroxyurea in chronic myeloid leukaemia. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2001 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 141-8 | pmid=11298103 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11298103  }} </ref>
* 6-Mercaptopurine <ref name="pmid2947543">{{cite journal| author=Cox GJ, Robertson DB| title=Toxic erythema of palms and soles associated with high-dose mercaptopurine chemotherapy. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1986 | volume= 122 | issue= 12 | pages= 1413-4 | pmid=2947543 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2947543  }} </ref>
*[[Mercaptopurine|6-Mercaptopurine]] <ref name="pmid2947543">{{cite journal| author=Cox GJ, Robertson DB| title=Toxic erythema of palms and soles associated with high-dose mercaptopurine chemotherapy. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1986 | volume= 122 | issue= 12 | pages= 1413-4 | pmid=2947543 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2947543  }} </ref>
* Methotrexate <ref name="pmid10233654">{{cite journal| author=Azurdia RM, Clark RE, Friedmann PS| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema (CIAE) with bullous reaction. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 64-6 | pmid=10233654 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10233654  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3496002">{{cite journal| author=Hansen RM, Quebbeman EJ, Ritch PS, Frick J, Anderson T| title=Continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion and pulse methotrexate/leucovorin for colorectal adenocarcinoma. A report of excessive toxicity. | journal=Am J Clin Oncol | year= 1987 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-8 | pmid=3496002 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3496002  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8624164">{{cite journal| author=Hellier I, Bessis D, Sotto A, Margueritte G, Guilhou JJ| title=High-dose methotrexate-induced bullous variant of acral erythema. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1996 | volume= 132 | issue= 5 | pages= 590-1 | pmid=8624164 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8624164  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10369634">{{cite journal| author=Ikeda H, Kawano H, Kitaura T, Kimura A, Kihira K| title=Acral erythema associated with high-dose methotrexate infusion. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 1999 | volume= 33 | issue= 5 | pages= 646 | pmid=10369634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10369634  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11990316">{{cite journal| author=Morrell DS, Challgren E, Eapen M, Esterly NB| title=Bullous acral erythema secondary to high-dose methotrexate. | journal=J Pediatr Hematol Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 240 | pmid=11990316 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11990316  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15805003">{{cite journal| author=Postovsky S, Ben Arush MW| title=Acral erythema caused by high-dose methotrexate therapy in patients with osteogenic sarcoma. | journal=Pediatr Hematol Oncol | year= 2005 | volume= 22 | issue= 2 | pages= 167-73 | pmid=15805003 | doi=10.1080/08880010590907320 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15805003  }} </ref>
*[[Methotrexate]] <ref name="pmid10233654">{{cite journal| author=Azurdia RM, Clark RE, Friedmann PS| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema (CIAE) with bullous reaction. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 64-6 | pmid=10233654 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10233654  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid3496002">{{cite journal| author=Hansen RM, Quebbeman EJ, Ritch PS, Frick J, Anderson T| title=Continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion and pulse methotrexate/leucovorin for colorectal adenocarcinoma. A report of excessive toxicity. | journal=Am J Clin Oncol | year= 1987 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-8 | pmid=3496002 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3496002  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid8624164">{{cite journal| author=Hellier I, Bessis D, Sotto A, Margueritte G, Guilhou JJ| title=High-dose methotrexate-induced bullous variant of acral erythema. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1996 | volume= 132 | issue= 5 | pages= 590-1 | pmid=8624164 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8624164  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid10369634">{{cite journal| author=Ikeda H, Kawano H, Kitaura T, Kimura A, Kihira K| title=Acral erythema associated with high-dose methotrexate infusion. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 1999 | volume= 33 | issue= 5 | pages= 646 | pmid=10369634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10369634  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11990316">{{cite journal| author=Morrell DS, Challgren E, Eapen M, Esterly NB| title=Bullous acral erythema secondary to high-dose methotrexate. | journal=J Pediatr Hematol Oncol | year= 2002 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 240 | pmid=11990316 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11990316  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15805003">{{cite journal| author=Postovsky S, Ben Arush MW| title=Acral erythema caused by high-dose methotrexate therapy in patients with osteogenic sarcoma. | journal=Pediatr Hematol Oncol | year= 2005 | volume= 22 | issue= 2 | pages= 167-73 | pmid=15805003 | doi=10.1080/08880010590907320 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15805003  }} </ref>
* Mitotane <ref name="pmid4276191">{{cite journal| author=Zuehlke RL| title=Erythematous eruption of the palms and soles associated with mitotane therapy. | journal=Dermatologica | year= 1974 | volume= 148 | issue= 2 | pages= 90-2 | pmid=4276191 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4276191  }} </ref>
*[[Mitotane]] <ref name="pmid4276191">{{cite journal| author=Zuehlke RL| title=Erythematous eruption of the palms and soles associated with mitotane therapy. | journal=Dermatologica | year= 1974 | volume= 148 | issue= 2 | pages= 90-2 | pmid=4276191 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4276191  }} </ref>
* Paclitaxel(Taxol) <ref name="pmid12582404">{{cite journal| author=Kupfer I, Balguerie X, Courville P, Chinet P, Joly P| title=Scleroderma-like cutaneous lesions induced by paclitaxel: a case study. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 279-81 | pmid=12582404 | doi=10.1067/mjd.2003.30 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12582404  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12065868">{{cite journal| author=Mavroudis D, Kouroussis Ch, Kakolyris S, Agelaki S, Kalbakis K, Androulakis N et al.| title=Phase I study of paclitaxel (taxol) and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (caelyx) administered every 2 weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors. | journal=Oncology | year= 2002 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-22 | pmid=12065868 | doi=10.1159/000059568 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12065868  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11895894">{{cite journal| author=Toppmeyer D, Seidman AD, Pollak M, Russell C, Tkaczuk K, Verma S et al.| title=Safety and efficacy of the multidrug resistance inhibitor Incel (biricodar; VX-710) in combination with paclitaxel for advanced breast cancer refractory to paclitaxel. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2002 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 670-8 | pmid=11895894 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11895894  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11432617">{{cite journal| author=Villalona-Calero MA, Blum JL, Jones SE, Diab S, Elledge R, Khoury P et al.| title=A phase I and pharmacologic study of capecitabine and paclitaxel in breast cancer patients. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 605-14 | pmid=11432617 | doi=10.1023/a:1011181010669 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11432617  }} </ref>
*[[Paclitaxel]] ([[Taxol]]) <ref name="pmid12582404">{{cite journal| author=Kupfer I, Balguerie X, Courville P, Chinet P, Joly P| title=Scleroderma-like cutaneous lesions induced by paclitaxel: a case study. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 279-81 | pmid=12582404 | doi=10.1067/mjd.2003.30 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12582404  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12065868">{{cite journal| author=Mavroudis D, Kouroussis Ch, Kakolyris S, Agelaki S, Kalbakis K, Androulakis N et al.| title=Phase I study of paclitaxel (taxol) and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (caelyx) administered every 2 weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors. | journal=Oncology | year= 2002 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 216-22 | pmid=12065868 | doi=10.1159/000059568 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12065868  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11895894">{{cite journal| author=Toppmeyer D, Seidman AD, Pollak M, Russell C, Tkaczuk K, Verma S et al.| title=Safety and efficacy of the multidrug resistance inhibitor Incel (biricodar; VX-710) in combination with paclitaxel for advanced breast cancer refractory to paclitaxel. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2002 | volume= 8 | issue= 3 | pages= 670-8 | pmid=11895894 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11895894  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11432617">{{cite journal| author=Villalona-Calero MA, Blum JL, Jones SE, Diab S, Elledge R, Khoury P et al.| title=A phase I and pharmacologic study of capecitabine and paclitaxel in breast cancer patients. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 605-14 | pmid=11432617 | doi=10.1023/a:1011181010669 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11432617  }} </ref>
* Tegafur <ref name="pmid9059686">{{cite journal| author=Bastida J, Díaz-Cascajo C, Borghi S| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema due to Tegafur. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1997 | volume= 77 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-3 | pmid=9059686 | doi=10.2340/00015555777273 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9059686  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7887678">{{cite journal| author=Jucglà A, Sais G, Navarro M, Peyri J| title=Palmoplantar keratoderma secondary to chronic acral erythema due to tegafur. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1995 | volume= 131 | issue= 3 | pages= 364-5 | pmid=7887678 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7887678  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9059693">{{cite journal| author=Rios-Buceta L, Buezo GF, Peñas PF, Dauden E, Fernandez-Herrera J, Garcia-Diez A| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome and other cutaneous side-effects after treatment with Tegafur. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1997 | volume= 77 | issue= 1 | pages= 80-1 | pmid=9059693 | doi=10.2340/00015555778081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9059693  }} </ref>
*[[Tegafur]] <ref name="pmid9059686">{{cite journal| author=Bastida J, Díaz-Cascajo C, Borghi S| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema due to Tegafur. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1997 | volume= 77 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-3 | pmid=9059686 | doi=10.2340/00015555777273 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9059686  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7887678">{{cite journal| author=Jucglà A, Sais G, Navarro M, Peyri J| title=Palmoplantar keratoderma secondary to chronic acral erythema due to tegafur. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1995 | volume= 131 | issue= 3 | pages= 364-5 | pmid=7887678 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7887678  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9059693">{{cite journal| author=Rios-Buceta L, Buezo GF, Peñas PF, Dauden E, Fernandez-Herrera J, Garcia-Diez A| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome and other cutaneous side-effects after treatment with Tegafur. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1997 | volume= 77 | issue= 1 | pages= 80-1 | pmid=9059693 | doi=10.2340/00015555778081 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9059693  }} </ref>
* Vinorelbine <ref name="pmid9486588">{{cite journal| author=Hoff PM, Valero V, Ibrahim N, Willey J, Hortobagyi GN| title=Hand-foot syndrome following prolonged infusion of high doses of vinorelbine. | journal=Cancer | year= 1998 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= 965-9 | pmid=9486588 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980301)82:5<965::aid-cncr23>3.0.co;2-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9486588  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11843256">{{cite journal| author=Laack E, Mende T, Knuffmann C, Hossfeld DK| title=Hand-foot syndrome associated with short infusions of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and vinorelbine. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 12 | pages= 1761-3 | pmid=11843256 | doi=10.1023/a:1013575816870 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11843256  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12864942">{{cite journal| author=Lorusso V, Crucitta E, Silvestris N, Guida M, Misino A, Latorre A et al.| title=A phase I study of capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine in advanced breast cancer. | journal=Clin Breast Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 138-41 | pmid=12864942 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12864942  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9731914">{{cite journal| author=Rosner F| title=Hand-foot syndrome following prolonged infusion of high doses of vinorelbine. | journal=Cancer | year= 1998 | volume= 83 | issue= 5 | pages= 1054-5 | pmid=9731914 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<1054::aid-cncr40>3.0.co;2-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9731914  }} </ref>
*[[Vinorelbine]] <ref name="pmid9486588">{{cite journal| author=Hoff PM, Valero V, Ibrahim N, Willey J, Hortobagyi GN| title=Hand-foot syndrome following prolonged infusion of high doses of vinorelbine. | journal=Cancer | year= 1998 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= 965-9 | pmid=9486588 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980301)82:5<965::aid-cncr23>3.0.co;2-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9486588  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid11843256">{{cite journal| author=Laack E, Mende T, Knuffmann C, Hossfeld DK| title=Hand-foot syndrome associated with short infusions of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and vinorelbine. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 12 | issue= 12 | pages= 1761-3 | pmid=11843256 | doi=10.1023/a:1013575816870 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11843256  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12864942">{{cite journal| author=Lorusso V, Crucitta E, Silvestris N, Guida M, Misino A, Latorre A et al.| title=A phase I study of capecitabine in combination with vinorelbine in advanced breast cancer. | journal=Clin Breast Cancer | year= 2003 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 138-41 | pmid=12864942 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12864942  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid9731914">{{cite journal| author=Rosner F| title=Hand-foot syndrome following prolonged infusion of high doses of vinorelbine. | journal=Cancer | year= 1998 | volume= 83 | issue= 5 | pages= 1054-5 | pmid=9731914 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<1054::aid-cncr40>3.0.co;2-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9731914  }} </ref>
* Idarubicin (Idamycin)
*[[Idarubicin]] ([[Idamycin]])
* Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) <ref name="pmid23457002">{{cite journal| author=Lacouture ME, Duvic M, Hauschild A, Prieto VG, Robert C, Schadendorf D et al.| title=Analysis of dermatologic events in vemurafenib-treated patients with melanoma. | journal=Oncologist | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 3 | pages= 314-22 | pmid=23457002 | doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0333 | pmc=3607529 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23457002  }} </ref>
*[[Vemurafenib]] (Zelboraf) <ref name="pmid23457002">{{cite journal| author=Lacouture ME, Duvic M, Hauschild A, Prieto VG, Robert C, Schadendorf D et al.| title=Analysis of dermatologic events in vemurafenib-treated patients with melanoma. | journal=Oncologist | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue= 3 | pages= 314-22 | pmid=23457002 | doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0333 | pmc=3607529 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23457002  }} </ref>
* 6-thioguanine <ref name="pmid7769838">{{cite journal| author=Powell BL, Lyerly ES, Motsinger CP, Cruz JM, Chorley HM, Hurd DD et al.| title=Phase I study of continuous infusion 6-thioguanine in patients with acute leukemia. | journal=Leukemia | year= 1995 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 770-3 | pmid=7769838 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7769838  }} </ref>
*[[Thioguanine|6-thioguanine]] <ref name="pmid7769838">{{cite journal| author=Powell BL, Lyerly ES, Motsinger CP, Cruz JM, Chorley HM, Hurd DD et al.| title=Phase I study of continuous infusion 6-thioguanine in patients with acute leukemia. | journal=Leukemia | year= 1995 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 770-3 | pmid=7769838 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7769838  }} </ref>
 


Targeted therapy drugs can also cause PPE; however, the clinical and histologic patterns differ from the classic PPE caused by conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. These include:
'''[[Targeted therapy|Targeted Therapy]] Drugs Causing PPE:'''


* Axitinib (Inlyta) <ref name="pmid23345001">{{cite journal| author=Fischer A, Wu S, Ho AL, Lacouture ME| title=The risk of hand-foot skin reaction to axitinib, a novel VEGF inhibitor: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. | journal=Invest New Drugs | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 787-97 | pmid=23345001 | doi=10.1007/s10637-013-9927-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23345001  }} </ref>
*[[Axitinib]] (Inlyta) <ref name="pmid23345001">{{cite journal| author=Fischer A, Wu S, Ho AL, Lacouture ME| title=The risk of hand-foot skin reaction to axitinib, a novel VEGF inhibitor: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. | journal=Invest New Drugs | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 787-97 | pmid=23345001 | doi=10.1007/s10637-013-9927-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23345001  }} </ref>


* Cabozantinib (Cabometyx, Cometriq) <ref name="pmid26009777">{{cite journal| author=Belum VR, Serna-Tamayo C, Wu S, Lacouture ME| title=Incidence and risk of hand-foot skin reaction with cabozantinib, a novel multikinase inhibitor: a meta-analysis. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-15 | pmid=26009777 | doi=10.1111/ced.12694 | pmc=5066302 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26009777  }} </ref>
*[[Cabozantinib]] (Cabometyx, Cometriq) <ref name="pmid26009777">{{cite journal| author=Belum VR, Serna-Tamayo C, Wu S, Lacouture ME| title=Incidence and risk of hand-foot skin reaction with cabozantinib, a novel multikinase inhibitor: a meta-analysis. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-15 | pmid=26009777 | doi=10.1111/ced.12694 | pmc=5066302 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26009777  }} </ref>


* Regorafenib (Stivarga)<ref name="pmid30763946">{{cite journal| author=Kobayashi K, Kawakami K, Yokokawa T, Aoyama T, Suzuki K, Wakatsuki T et al.| title=Association of Hand-Foot Skin Reaction with Regorafenib Efficacy in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. | journal=Oncology | year= 2019 | volume= 96 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-206 | pmid=30763946 | doi=10.1159/000495989 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30763946  }} </ref>
*[[Regorafenib]] (Stivarga)<ref name="pmid30763946">{{cite journal| author=Kobayashi K, Kawakami K, Yokokawa T, Aoyama T, Suzuki K, Wakatsuki T et al.| title=Association of Hand-Foot Skin Reaction with Regorafenib Efficacy in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. | journal=Oncology | year= 2019 | volume= 96 | issue= 4 | pages= 200-206 | pmid=30763946 | doi=10.1159/000495989 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30763946  }} </ref>


* Sorafenib (Nexavar)<ref name="pmid24641872">{{cite journal| author=Velandia-Carrillo C, Wandurraga-Sánchez E, Gómez-Abreo D| title=Hand-foot syndrome associated with use of sorafenib in a patient with papillary thyroid cancer: a case report. | journal=BMC Endocr Disord | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 26 | pmid=24641872 | doi=10.1186/1472-6823-14-26 | pmc=3994654 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24641872  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19558553">{{cite journal| author=Lee WJ, Lee JL, Chang SE, Lee MW, Kang YK, Choi JH et al.| title=Cutaneous adverse effects in patients treated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 161 | issue= 5 | pages= 1045-51 | pmid=19558553 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09290.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19558553  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18550575">{{cite journal| author=Lacouture ME, Reilly LM, Gerami P, Guitart J| title=Hand foot skin reaction in cancer patients treated with the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 11 | pages= 1955-61 | pmid=18550575 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdn389 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18550575  }} </ref>
*[[Sorafenib]] ([[Nexavar]])<ref name="pmid24641872">{{cite journal| author=Velandia-Carrillo C, Wandurraga-Sánchez E, Gómez-Abreo D| title=Hand-foot syndrome associated with use of sorafenib in a patient with papillary thyroid cancer: a case report. | journal=BMC Endocr Disord | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 26 | pmid=24641872 | doi=10.1186/1472-6823-14-26 | pmc=3994654 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24641872  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19558553">{{cite journal| author=Lee WJ, Lee JL, Chang SE, Lee MW, Kang YK, Choi JH et al.| title=Cutaneous adverse effects in patients treated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 161 | issue= 5 | pages= 1045-51 | pmid=19558553 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09290.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19558553  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18550575">{{cite journal| author=Lacouture ME, Reilly LM, Gerami P, Guitart J| title=Hand foot skin reaction in cancer patients treated with the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 11 | pages= 1955-61 | pmid=18550575 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdn389 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18550575  }} </ref>


* Sunitinib(Sutent) <ref name="pmid24641872">{{cite journal| author=Velandia-Carrillo C, Wandurraga-Sánchez E, Gómez-Abreo D| title=Hand-foot syndrome associated with use of sorafenib in a patient with papillary thyroid cancer: a case report. | journal=BMC Endocr Disord | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 26 | pmid=24641872 | doi=10.1186/1472-6823-14-26 | pmc=3994654 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24641872  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19558553">{{cite journal| author=Lee WJ, Lee JL, Chang SE, Lee MW, Kang YK, Choi JH et al.| title=Cutaneous adverse effects in patients treated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 161 | issue= 5 | pages= 1045-51 | pmid=19558553 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09290.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19558553  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18550575">{{cite journal| author=Lacouture ME, Reilly LM, Gerami P, Guitart J| title=Hand foot skin reaction in cancer patients treated with the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 11 | pages= 1955-61 | pmid=18550575 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdn389 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18550575  }} </ref>
*[[Sunitinib]] ([[Sutent]]) <ref name="pmid24641872">{{cite journal| author=Velandia-Carrillo C, Wandurraga-Sánchez E, Gómez-Abreo D| title=Hand-foot syndrome associated with use of sorafenib in a patient with papillary thyroid cancer: a case report. | journal=BMC Endocr Disord | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 26 | pmid=24641872 | doi=10.1186/1472-6823-14-26 | pmc=3994654 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24641872  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19558553">{{cite journal| author=Lee WJ, Lee JL, Chang SE, Lee MW, Kang YK, Choi JH et al.| title=Cutaneous adverse effects in patients treated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 161 | issue= 5 | pages= 1045-51 | pmid=19558553 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09290.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19558553  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18550575">{{cite journal| author=Lacouture ME, Reilly LM, Gerami P, Guitart J| title=Hand foot skin reaction in cancer patients treated with the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 11 | pages= 1955-61 | pmid=18550575 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdn389 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18550575  }} </ref>


* Pazopanibv(Votrient)<ref name="pmid25988081">{{cite journal| author=Sundriyal D, Kumar N| title=Pazopanib induced hand-foot syndrome. | journal=Oxf Med Case Reports | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= 2 | pages= 206-7 | pmid=25988081 | doi=10.1093/omcr/omv013 | pmc=4370017 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25988081  }} </ref>
*[[Pazopanib]] (Votrient)<ref name="pmid25988081">{{cite journal| author=Sundriyal D, Kumar N| title=Pazopanib induced hand-foot syndrome. | journal=Oxf Med Case Reports | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= 2 | pages= 206-7 | pmid=25988081 | doi=10.1093/omcr/omv013 | pmc=4370017 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25988081  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:08, 5 August 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mandana Chitsazan, M.D. [2]

Overview

Several different chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE). Most frequently associated drugs include cytarabine, docetaxel, doxorubicin, liposomal-encapsulated doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and capecitabine.

Causes

Chemotherapy drugs that can cause this syndrome include: [1]

Most Frequently Associated:

Less Frequently Associated:

Targeted Therapy Drugs Causing PPE:

References

  1. Baack BR, Burgdorf WH (1991). "Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema". J Am Acad Dermatol. 24 (3): 457–61. PMID 2061446.
  2. Baer MR, King LE, Wolff SN (1985). "Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia and cytarabine". Ann Intern Med. 102 (4): 556. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-556_1. PMID 3977204.
  3. Crawford JH, Eikelboom JW, McQuillan A (2002). "Recurrent palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia following high-dose cytarabine treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Eur J Haematol. 69 (5–6): 315–7. PMID 12460237.
  4. Zimmerman GC, Keeling JH, Burris HA, Cook G, Irvin R, Kuhn J; et al. (1995). "Acute cutaneous reactions to docetaxel, a new chemotherapeutic agent". Arch Dermatol. 131 (2): 202–6. PMID 7857119.
  5. Katoh M, Kadota M, Nishimura Y (2004). "A case of docetaxel-induced erythrodysesthesia". J Dermatol. 31 (5): 403–6. PMID 15187308.
  6. Amantea M, Newman MS, Sullivan TM, Forrest A, Working PK (1999). "Relationship of dose intensity to the induction of palmar-plantar erythrodysesthia by pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in dogs". Hum Exp Toxicol. 18 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1177/096032719901800103. PMID 10025364.
  7. Charrois GJ, Allen TM (2003). "Multiple injections of pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic activity". J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 306 (3): 1058–67. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.053413. PMID 12808004.
  8. D'Agostino G, Ferrandina G, Ludovisi M, Testa A, Lorusso D, Gbaguidi N; et al. (2003). "Phase II study of liposomal doxorubicin and gemcitabine in the salvage treatment of ovarian cancer". Br J Cancer. 89 (7): 1180–4. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601284. PMC 2394291. PMID 14520442.
  9. Vogelzang NJ, Ratain MJ (1985). "Cancer chemotherapy and skin changes". Ann Intern Med. 103 (2): 303–4. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-303_3. PMID 3160276.
  10. Coukell AJ, Spencer CM (1997). "Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma". Drugs. 53 (3): 520–38. doi:10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011. PMID 9074848.
  11. Goram AL, Richmond PL (2001). "Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: tolerability and toxicity". Pharmacotherapy. 21 (6): 751–63. PMID 11401188.
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