Normochromic anemia: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 16:58, 16 October 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Normocytic anemia is a common issue that occurs for men and women typically over 85 years old. Its prevalence increases with age, reaching 44 percent in men older than 85 years.^[1] Normocytic anemia is the most frequently encountered type of anemia.^[1]

Causes

The issue is thought of as representing any of the following:

a decreased production of normal-sized red blood cells (e.g., anemia of chronic disease, aplastic anemia);
an increased destruction or loss of red blood cells (e.g., hemolysis, posthemorrhagic anemia);
an uncompensated increase in plasma volume (e.g., pregnancy, fluid overload);
or a mixture of conditions producing microcytic and macrocytic anemia.^[1]

Differentiating Normochromic Anemia from Other Diseases

To review the differential diagnosis of anemia, click here.

Disease	Genetics	Clinical manifestation					Lab findings
		History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Iron studies					Specific finding on blood smear
		History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	Transferrin or TIBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Iron deficiency anemia (early phase)^[2]	−	Pica Glossitis Cheilosis	Fatigue Headache	Koilonychia Conjunctival pallor Dry skin	−	−	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↓	↑	↑	↓	↓	Pencil cells Elliptocytosis Hypochromasia
G6pd deficiency^[3]	Defect in G6PD enzyme X-Linked recessive	History of using Sulfa drugs Antimalarials Fava Beans Infections	Back pain Hemoglobinuria	Back pain	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑ but usually causes resolution within 4-7 days	↓	↓	Nl to ↑	Nl	↑	↑	↑	RBC with Heinz bodies Bite cells Blister cells
Pyruvate kinase deficiency^[4]	Mutation in the PKLR and PKM gene Autosomal recessive	Gallstones	Hydrops fetalis Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia Iron overload Perinatal complications	Skin ulcers Splenomegaly	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↑	Nl	Nl	↑	−	Prickle cells Polychromatophilic erythrocytes
Disease	Genetics	History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	IBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Sickle cell anemia^[5]	Hbs point mutation causes a single amino acid replacement in β chain	High altitude Low Oxygen Acidosis African-American race Parvovirus B19 infection	Painful crisis Dactylitis Priapism Acute chest syndrome Avascular Necrosis Stroke Autosplenectomy Salmonella osteomyelitis	Dactylitis Priapism	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl or moderately ↑	Nl	Nl	Nl or moderately ↑	↓	Nl	Increased erythropoiesis Howell-Jolly bodies Anisocytosis
HbC disease^[6]	Glutamic acid–to-lysine mutation in β-globin	Gallstone	Joint pains Increased risk of infections	Splenomegaly Cholelithiasis Avascular necrosis of the femoral head	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	↓	−	Hemoglobin crystals inside RBCs Target cells
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria^[7]^[8]	PIGA gene mutations Impaired synthesis of GPI anchor for decay-accelerating factor	Associated with aplastic anemia Thrombosis	Fatigue Chest pain Dyspnea on exertion Headache	Chronic hemolysis Hepatomegaly Ascites Papilledema Skin nodules	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	↑	↓	−	NA
Hereditary spherocytosis^[9]	Mutations in Ankyrin, Band 3, Protein 4.2, and spectrin	Associated with parvovirus B19 Cholelithiasis Megaloblastic crisis	Aplastic crisis	Splenomegaly	+	Intrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	↑	Nl	−	Small, round RBCs with less surface area and no central pallor
Disease	Genetics	History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	IBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia^[10]^[11]	−	Associated with DIC TTP HUS SLE HELLP syndrome Hypertensive emergency	Purpura Confusion Aphasia Diplopia	Numbness of an arm or hand Jaundice Pale conjunctiva	+	Extrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	−	↑	−	Helmet cells
Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia^[12]	Autoimmune	Associated with Prosthetic heart valves Aortic stenosis	Pallor Fatigue	Signs of anemia Complications of hemolysis Decreased vascular volume	+	Extrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	−	−	−	Spherocytes or schistocytes
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia^[13]	−	Associated with: SLE CLL Mycoplasma pneumonia	Painful blue fingers and toes on exposure to cold temperature Chest pain Chills Dizziness Tachycardia Headache Fatigue	Painful, blue fingers and toes with cold weather	+	Extrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	↓	Nl	−	−	−	RBC agglutination
Disease	Genetics	History	Symptoms	Signs	Hemolysis	Intrinsic/Extrinsic	Hb concentration	MCV	RDW	Reticulocytosis	Haptoglobin levels	Hepcidin	Serum iron	Serum Tfr level	IBC	Ferritin	Transferrin saturation	Specific finding on blood smear
Aplastic anemia^[14]	Constitutive expression of Tbet Mutations in the perforin gene Mutations in SAP gene	Exposure to Radiation Drugs like Benzene, chloramphenicol, alkylating agents Viral infections like EBV, HIV, Hepatitis Fanconi anemia Idiopathic like Immune mediated, primary stem cell defect	Symptoms based on underlying condition	Short stature Cafe-au-lait spots Thumb defects Radial defects	−	−	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	↓	↓	Nl	↑	↓	Pancytopenia Fatty infiltration
Infections^[15]	−	Associated with Malaria Babesia	Fever	Fever Signs of shock Headache	+	Extrinsic	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	↑	↓	Nl	Nl	Nl	−	−	−	Trophozoite Maltese crosses
Chronic kidney disease^[16]	−	Pericarditis Encephalopathy Rectal incontinence Decreased libido Restless leg syndrome	Polyuria Hematuria Edema	Hypertension	−	−	Normochromic	Normocytic	↑	Nl/↑	Nl	↑	↓	−	↓	↑	↓	Nl

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001115/2255.html
↑ De Andrade Cairo RC, Rodrigues Silva L, Carneiro Bustani N, Ferreira Marques CD (June 2014). "Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review". Nutr Hosp. 29 (6): 1240–9. doi:10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7245. PMID 24972460.
↑ Luzzatto L, Seneca E (February 2014). "G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on-going clinical implications". Br. J. Haematol. 164 (4): 469–80. doi:10.1111/bjh.12665. PMC 4153881. PMID 24372186.
↑ Grace RF, Zanella A, Neufeld EJ, Morton DH, Eber S, Yaish H, Glader B (September 2015). "Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: 2015 status report". Am. J. Hematol. 90 (9): 825–30. doi:10.1002/ajh.24088. PMC 5053227. PMID 26087744.
↑ Singh PC, Ballas SK (March 2015). "Emerging drugs for sickle cell anemia". Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 20 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1517/14728214.2015.985587. PMID 25431087.
↑ Lemonne N, Billaud M, Waltz X, Romana M, Hierso R, Etienne-Julan M, Connes P (2016). "Rheology of red blood cells in patients with HbC disease". Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 61 (4): 571–7. doi:10.3233/CH-141906. PMID 25335812.
↑ Bunyaratvej A, Butthep P (January 1992). "Cytometric analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes". J Med Assoc Thai. 75 Suppl 1: 237–42. PMID 1402472.
↑ Kahng J, Kim Y, Kim JO, Koh K, Lee JW, Han K (January 2015). "A novel marker for screening paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using routine complete blood count and cell population data". Ann Lab Med. 35 (1): 35–40. doi:10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.35. PMC 4272963. PMID 25553278.
↑ Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N (July 2013). "Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders". Blood Rev. 27 (4): 167–78. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.003. PMID 23664421.
↑ Morishita E (July 2015). "[Diagnosis and treatment of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 56 (7): 795–806. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.56.795. PMID 26251142.
↑ George JN, Charania RS (March 2013). "Evaluation of patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia". Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 39 (2): 153–60. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1333538. PMID 23390027.
↑ Westphal RG, Azen EA (May 1971). "Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to congenital cardiovascular anomalies". JAMA. 216 (9): 1477–8. PMID 5108522.
↑ Hill QA (October 2015). "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia". Hematology. 20 (9): 553–4. doi:10.1179/1024533215Z.000000000401. PMID 26447931.
↑ Dolberg OJ, Levy Y (2014). "Idiopathic aplastic anemia: diagnosis and classification". Autoimmun Rev. 13 (4–5): 569–73. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.014. PMID 24424170.
↑ Bustinduy AL, Parraga IM, Thomas CL, Mungai PL, Mutuku F, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH (March 2013). "Impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among Kenyan children living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88 (3): 433–40. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0552. PMC 3592521. PMID 23324217.
↑ Drawz P, Rahman M (June 2015). "Chronic kidney disease". Ann. Intern. Med. 162 (11): ITC1–16. doi:10.7326/AITC201506020. PMID 26030647.

[AAFP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001115/2255.html

[pmid24972460-2] De Andrade Cairo RC, Rodrigues Silva L, Carneiro Bustani N, Ferreira Marques CD (June 2014). "Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review". Nutr Hosp. 29 (6): 1240–9. doi:10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7245. PMID 24972460.

[pmid24372186-3] Luzzatto L, Seneca E (February 2014). "G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on-going clinical implications". Br. J. Haematol. 164 (4): 469–80. doi:10.1111/bjh.12665. PMC 4153881. PMID 24372186.

[pmid26087744-4] Grace RF, Zanella A, Neufeld EJ, Morton DH, Eber S, Yaish H, Glader B (September 2015). "Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: 2015 status report". Am. J. Hematol. 90 (9): 825–30. doi:10.1002/ajh.24088. PMC 5053227. PMID 26087744.

[pmid25431087-5] Singh PC, Ballas SK (March 2015). "Emerging drugs for sickle cell anemia". Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 20 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1517/14728214.2015.985587. PMID 25431087.

[pmid25335812-6] Lemonne N, Billaud M, Waltz X, Romana M, Hierso R, Etienne-Julan M, Connes P (2016). "Rheology of red blood cells in patients with HbC disease". Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 61 (4): 571–7. doi:10.3233/CH-141906. PMID 25335812.

[pmid1402472-7] Bunyaratvej A, Butthep P (January 1992). "Cytometric analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes". J Med Assoc Thai. 75 Suppl 1: 237–42. PMID 1402472.

[pmid25553278-8] Kahng J, Kim Y, Kim JO, Koh K, Lee JW, Han K (January 2015). "A novel marker for screening paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using routine complete blood count and cell population data". Ann Lab Med. 35 (1): 35–40. doi:10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.35. PMC 4272963. PMID 25553278.

[pmid23664421-9] Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N (July 2013). "Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders". Blood Rev. 27 (4): 167–78. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.003. PMID 23664421.

[pmid26251142-10] Morishita E (July 2015). "[Diagnosis and treatment of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 56 (7): 795–806. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.56.795. PMID 26251142.

[pmid23390027-11] George JN, Charania RS (March 2013). "Evaluation of patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia". Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 39 (2): 153–60. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1333538. PMID 23390027.

[pmid5108522-12] Westphal RG, Azen EA (May 1971). "Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to congenital cardiovascular anomalies". JAMA. 216 (9): 1477–8. PMID 5108522.

[pmid26447931-13] Hill QA (October 2015). "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia". Hematology. 20 (9): 553–4. doi:10.1179/1024533215Z.000000000401. PMID 26447931.

[pmid24424170-14] Dolberg OJ, Levy Y (2014). "Idiopathic aplastic anemia: diagnosis and classification". Autoimmun Rev. 13 (4–5): 569–73. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.014. PMID 24424170.

[pmid23324217-15] Bustinduy AL, Parraga IM, Thomas CL, Mungai PL, Mutuku F, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH (March 2013). "Impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among Kenyan children living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88 (3): 433–40. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0552. PMC 3592521. PMID 23324217.

[pmid26030647-16] Drawz P, Rahman M (June 2015). "Chronic kidney disease". Ann. Intern. Med. 162 (11): ITC1–16. doi:10.7326/AITC201506020. PMID 26030647.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+__NOTOC__
 {{SI}}
 {{CMG}}
-{{EH}}
 ==Overview==
-'''Normocytic anemia''' is a common issue that occurs for men and women typically over 85 years old. Its prevalence increases with age, reaching 44 percent in men older than 85 years.<ref name=AAFP> http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001115/2255.html</ref> Normocytic anemia is the most frequently encountered type of anemia.<ref name=AAFP/>
+Normocytic anemia is a common issue that occurs for men and women typically over 85 years old. Its prevalence increases with age, reaching 44 percent in men older than 85 years.<ref name="AAFP">http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001115/2255.html</ref> Normocytic anemia is the most frequently encountered type of anemia.<ref name="AAFP" />
 ==Causes==
@@ Line 12: / Line 11: @@
 * an increased destruction or loss of red blood cells (e.g., hemolysis, posthemorrhagic anemia);
 * an uncompensated increase in [[plasma]] volume (e.g., [[pregnancy]], fluid overload);
-* or a mixture of conditions producing [[microcytic anemia|microcytic]] and [[macrocytic anemia]].<ref name=AAFP/>
+* or a mixture of conditions producing [[microcytic anemia|microcytic]] and [[macrocytic anemia]].<ref name="AAFP" />
+==Differentiating Normochromic Anemia from Other Diseases==
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of anemia, click [[Anemia#Differentiating Anemia from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
-== References ==
+{|
-{{reflist}}
+! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
+! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
+! colspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Clinical manifestation
+! colspan="12" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab findings
+|-
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
+! colspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Iron studies
+! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
+|-
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin or TIBC
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | Transferrin saturation
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Iron deficiency anemia]] (early phase)<ref name="pmid24972460">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Andrade Cairo RC, Rodrigues Silva L, Carneiro Bustani N, Ferreira Marques CD |title=Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review |journal=Nutr Hosp |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1240–9 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24972460 |doi=10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7245 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Pica]]
+* [[Glossitis]]
+* [[Angular cheilitis|Cheilosis]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Fatigue]]
+* [[Headache]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Koilonychia]]
+* Conjunctival [[pallor]]
+* [[Xeroderma|Dry skin]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Pencil [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
+* [[Hereditary elliptocytosis|Elliptocytosis]]
+* Hypochromasia
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|G6pd deficiency]]<ref name="pmid24372186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Luzzatto L, Seneca E |title=G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on-going clinical implications |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=469–80 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24372186 |pmc=4153881 |doi=10.1111/bjh.12665 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Defect in [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|G6PD]] enzyme
+* X-Linked [[recessive]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* History of using
-[[Category:Diseases]]
+** [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfa drugs]]
+** [[Antimalarial drug|Antimalarials]]
+** [[Fava bean|Fava Beans]]
+* [[Infection|Infections]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Back pain]]
+* [[Hemoglobinuria]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Back pain]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Intrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑ but usually causes resolution within 4-7 days
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl to ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Red blood cell|RBC]] with [[Heinz bodies]]
+* Bite [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
+* Blister [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
+*
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]]<ref name="pmid26087744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grace RF, Zanella A, Neufeld EJ, Morton DH, Eber S, Yaish H, Glader B |title=Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: 2015 status report |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=825–30 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26087744 |pmc=5053227 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24088 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Mutation]] in the ''[[PKLR]]'' and ''[[PKM2|PKM]]'' gene
+* [[Autosomal recessive]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Gallstones]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Hydrops fetalis]]
+* [[Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia]]
+* [[Iron overload]]
+* [[Perinatal]] complications
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Skin [[ulcers]]
+* [[Splenomegaly]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Prickle [[cells]]
+* Polychromatophilic [[erythrocytes]]
+|-
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell anemia]]<ref name="pmid25431087">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh PC, Ballas SK |title=Emerging drugs for sickle cell anemia |journal=Expert Opin Emerg Drugs |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=47–61 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25431087 |doi=10.1517/14728214.2015.985587 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Hbs [[point mutation]] causes a single [[Amino acid|amino acid]] replacement in β chain
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[High altitude]]
+* Low [[Oxygen]]
+* [[Acidosis]]
+* African-American race
+* [[Parvovirus B19]] infection
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Painful crisis
+** [[Dactylitis]]
+** [[Priapism]]
+** [[Acute chest syndrome]]
+** [[Avascular necrosis|Avascular Necrosis]]
+** [[Stroke]]
+* [[Autosplenectomy]]
+* [[Salmonella|Salmonella osteomyelitis]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Dactylitis]]
+* [[Priapism]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or moderately ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or moderately ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Increased [[erythropoiesis]]
+* [[Howell-Jolly bodies]]
+* [[Anisocytosis]]
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |HbC disease<ref name="pmid25335812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lemonne N, Billaud M, Waltz X, Romana M, Hierso R, Etienne-Julan M, Connes P |title=Rheology of red blood cells in patients with HbC disease |journal=Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=571–7 |date=2016 |pmid=25335812 |doi=10.3233/CH-141906 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Glutamic acid–to-lysine [[mutation]] in β-globin
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Gallstone]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Joint pains]]
+* Increased risk of [[Infection|infections]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Splenomegaly]]
+* [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
+* [[Avascular necrosis|Avascular necrosis of the femoral head]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Hemoglobin crystals inside [[RBCs]]
+* [[Target cell|Target cells]]
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]<ref name="pmid1402472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bunyaratvej A, Butthep P |title=Cytometric analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=75 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=237–42 |date=January 1992 |pmid=1402472 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25553278">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahng J, Kim Y, Kim JO, Koh K, Lee JW, Han K |title=A novel marker for screening paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using routine complete blood count and cell population data |journal=Ann Lab Med |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=35–40 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25553278 |pmc=4272963 |doi=10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.35 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[PIGA]] gene mutations
+* Impaired  synthesis of [[GPI anchor]] for [[decay-accelerating  factor]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Associated with [[aplastic anemia]]
+* [[Thrombosis]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Fatigue]]
+* [[Chest pain]]
+* [[Dyspnea]] on exertion
+* [[Headache]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Hemolysis|Chronic hemolysis]]
+* [[Hepatomegaly]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+* [[Papilledema]]
+* Skin nodules
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hereditary spherocytosis]]<ref name="pmid23664421">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N |title=Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders |journal=Blood Rev. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=167–78 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23664421 |doi=10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.003 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Mutations]] in [[Ankyrin]], [[Band 3]], [[Protein 4.2]], and [[spectrin]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Associated with [[parvovirus B19]]
+* [[Cholelithiasis]]
+* Megaloblastic crisis
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Aplastic crisis]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Splenomegaly]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Small, round [[Red blood cell|RBC]]s with less surface area and no central pallor
+|-
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]<ref name="pmid26251142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morishita E |title=[Diagnosis and treatment of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Ketsueki |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=795–806 |date=July 2015 |pmid=26251142 |doi=10.11406/rinketsu.56.795 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23390027">{{cite journal |vauthors=George JN, Charania RS |title=Evaluation of patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia |journal=Semin. Thromb. Hemost. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=153–60 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23390027 |doi=10.1055/s-0032-1333538 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with
+* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|DIC]]
+* [[TTP]]
+* [[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|HUS]]
+* [[SLE]]
+* [[HELLP syndrome]]
+* [[Hypertensive crisis|Hypertensive emergency]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Purpura]]
+* [[Confusion]]
+* [[Aphasia]]
+* [[Diplopia]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Paresthesia|Numbness]] of an arm or hand
+* [[Jaundice]]
+* [[Pallor|Pale conjunctiva]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Helmet cells
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia<ref name="pmid5108522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Westphal RG, Azen EA |title=Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to congenital cardiovascular anomalies |journal=JAMA |volume=216 |issue=9 |pages=1477–8 |date=May 1971 |pmid=5108522 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with
+* [[Artificial heart valve|Prosthetic heart valves]]
+* [[Aortic stenosis]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Pallor]]
+* [[Fatigue]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Signs of [[anemia]]
+* Complications of [[hemolysis]]
+* Decreased vascular volume
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Spherocytosis|Spherocytes]] or [[Red blood cell|schistocytes]]
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Autoimmune  hemolytic anemia]]<ref name="pmid26447931">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hill QA |title=Autoimmune hemolytic anemia |journal=Hematology |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=553–4 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26447931 |doi=10.1179/1024533215Z.000000000401 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with:
+* [[SLE]]
+* [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia|CLL]]
+* [[Mycoplasma pneumonia]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Painful blue fingers and toes on exposure to cold temperature
+* [[Chest pain]]
+* [[Rigor|Chills]]
+* [[Dizziness]]
+* [[Tachycardia]]
+* [[Headache]]
+* [[Fatigue]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Painful, blue fingers and toes with cold weather
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Red blood cell|RBC]] agglutination
+|-
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/Extrinsic
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Aplastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid24424170">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dolberg OJ, Levy Y |title=Idiopathic aplastic anemia: diagnosis and classification |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=13 |issue=4-5 |pages=569–73 |date=2014 |pmid=24424170 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.014 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Constitutive expression of Tbet
+* [[Mutation|Mutations]] in the [[perforin]] gene
+* Mutations in ''SAP'' gene
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Exposure to [[Radiation]]
+* Drugs like [[Benzene]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[Alkylating agent|alkylating agents]]
+* Viral infections like [[EBV]], [[HIV]], [[Hepatitis]]
+* [[Fanconi anemia]]
+* Idiopathic like [[Immune]] mediated, primary stem cell defect
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Symptoms based on underlying condition
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* Short stature
+* [[Cafe-au-lait spots]]
+* Thumb defects
+* [[Radius (bone)|Radial]] defects
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Pancytopenia]]
+* Fatty [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]]
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infection|Infections]]<ref name="pmid23324217">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bustinduy AL, Parraga IM, Thomas CL, Mungai PL, Mutuku F, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH |title=Impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among Kenyan children living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=433–40 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23324217 |pmc=3592521 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.12-0552 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with
+* [[Malaria]]
+* [[Babesia]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Fever]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Fever]]
+* Signs of [[shock]]
+* [[Headache]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Trophozoite]]
+* Maltese crosses
+|-
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Chronic renal failure|Chronic kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid26030647">{{cite journal |vauthors=Drawz P, Rahman M |title=Chronic kidney disease |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=11 |pages=ITC1–16 |date=June 2015 |pmid=26030647 |doi=10.7326/AITC201506020 |url=}}</ref>
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Pericarditis]]
+* [[Encephalopathy]]
+* [[Incontinence|Rectal incontinence]]
+* Decreased [[libido]]
+* [[Restless legs syndrome|Restless leg syndrome]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Polyuria]]
+* [[Hematuria]]
+* [[Edema]]
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+* [[Hypertension]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl/↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
+|}
-{{Myeloid hematologic disease}}
+==References==
-{{SIB}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}