Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (differentiating types of NHL): Difference between revisions

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** Deletion 7q21-32
** Deletion 7q21-32
** Translocations of the CDK6 gene located on 7q21  
** Translocations of the CDK6 gene located on 7q21  
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*[[Fever]]
*[[Fever]]
*[[Weight loss]]
*[[Weight loss]]
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |–
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*Painless swelling in the neck, [[axilla]], [[groin]], [[thorax]], and [[abdomen]].
*Painless swelling in the neck, [[axilla]], [[groin]], [[thorax]], and [[abdomen]].
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*Chest pain
*Chest pain
*[[Bone pain]]
*[[Bone pain]]
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*Epithelial histocytes
*Epithelial histocytes
*Plasmacytic differentiation of neoplastic cells
*Plasmacytic differentiation of neoplastic cells
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*[[Hepatitis C]] infection
*[[Hepatitis C]] infection
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*Stimulation of antigen receptor by autoantigen and co-stimulatory molecule CD40
*Stimulation of antigen receptor by autoantigen and co-stimulatory molecule CD40
*[[Mutation|Mutations]] in [[KMT2D]], PTTPRD, [[NOTCH2]], [[KLF2]]
*[[Mutation|Mutations]] in [[KMT2D]], PTTPRD, [[NOTCH2]], [[KLF2]]
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*[[Fever]]
*[[Fever]]
*[[Weight loss]]
*[[Weight loss]]
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* Mutation of the [[MYD88|MYD88 gene]] (L265P)  
* Mutation of the [[MYD88|MYD88 gene]] (L265P)  
* [[Nonsense mutation|Nonsense]] or [[Frameshift mutation|frameshift mutations]] in the CXR4 gene
* [[Nonsense mutation|Nonsense]] or [[Frameshift mutation|frameshift mutations]] in the CXR4 gene
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*[[Weakness]]
*[[Weakness]]
*[[Anorexia]]
*[[Anorexia]]
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* Generalized and local [[lymphadenopathy]]
* Generalized and local [[lymphadenopathy]]
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*Retinal [[hemorrhage]] with [[Blurred vision|blurring of vision]]
*Retinal [[hemorrhage]] with [[Blurred vision|blurring of vision]]
*[[Vertigo]]
*[[Vertigo]]
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*[[Ataxia]]
*[[Ataxia]]
*[[Bleeding]]
*[[Bleeding]]
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* Express pan B-cell antigens ([[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD22]], [[CD79A]]) and [[CD5]]
* Express pan B-cell antigens ([[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD22]], [[CD79A]]) and [[CD5]]
* Variable expression of [[CD11c]], [[CD43]], and [[CD25]]
* Variable expression of [[CD11c]], [[CD43]], and [[CD25]]
* Most express [[IgM]] surface immunoglobulin, while fewer express [[IgG]] or [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] and lack [[Immunoglobulin D|IgD]]
* Most express [[IgM]] surface immunoglobulin, while fewer express [[IgG]] or [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] and lack [[Immunoglobulin D|IgD]]
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* Russell bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusions) and Dutcher bodies (intranuclear inclusions)
* Russell bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusions) and Dutcher bodies (intranuclear inclusions)
* Prominent epithelioid histiocytes
* Prominent epithelioid histiocytes

Revision as of 16:09, 21 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Preeti Singh, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (differentiating types of NHL)

Differentiating different types of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Gold standard for differentiation different types of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is Biopsy.

Category Disease Etiology Clinical manifestations Paraclinical findings Associated findings
Lab findings
Symptoms Signs Immunochemistry Histopathology
Constitutional symptoms Rash Abdominal pain Diarrhea Mass Other
Hodgkin's Lymphoma[1][2][3][4][5]
  • Activation of (NF-kB)
  • Mutations in JAK-STAT pathway
  • NF-kB leads to activation of many genes like:
- ± -
  • Painless lymphadenopathy with a rubbery consistency.
  • Mostly above the diaphram
  • Effacement of the lymph node architecture by Reed-Sternberg cells .
  • Reed-Sternberg cell is a large often bi-nucleated cells with prominent nucleoli and an unusual immuno phenotype.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
B Cell Lymphoma Diffuse large B cell lymphoma[6][7][8][9][10][11].
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • 8q24/MYC translocations
  • Hypermutated immunoglobulin genes
  • Mutation of BCL6, MYC, PAX5, PIM1, RhoH /TTFn, TP53 genes
  • Translocations involving c-MYC, BCL6, and IgH gene.
  • Fever
  • Night sweats
  • weight loss
 - + +
  • Extranodal involvement of GI tract, lungs, and CNS
  • CD20
  • CD3
  • CD5
  • CD45
  • CD10
  • BCL-2
  • BCl-6
  • MYC
  • IRF-4/ MUM-1
  • Ki-67

Centroblastic

Immunoblastic

  • > 90% immunoblasts
  • Trapezoid shaped large lymphoid cells with significant basophilic cytoplasm

Anaplastic

  • Very large cells with a round, oval, or polygonal shape that may resemble Reed-Sternberg cells
 _
Mantle cell lymphoma[12][13][14][15][16]
  • Fatigue
  • Night sweats
  • Weight Loss
 – Abdominal distention +
  • Palpable masses in skin, breast, and salivary glands
  • Generalized lymphadenopathy
  • Extranodal involvement of GI tract, lungs, and CNS
  • Mental Retardation
  • CD5+
  • B-cell antigen positive
  • Overexpression of Cyclin D1
  • Germinal centers filled by small-to-medium atypical lymphocytes
  • Nodular appearance
 _
B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma[17][18][19]
  • Precursor B-cell Lymphoma
  • Unknown
  • Inherited mutations of PAX5, ETV6, and TP53
 + – – –
  • Painless mass at extranodal sites mainly of the skin, bone and lymphnode.
  • CD20+
  • CD10+
  • Consists of small to medium-sized lymphoid cells with blastic nuclear chromatin and a high mitotic rate.
  • Down syndrome
Follicular lymphoma[20][21][22][23][24]
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • Reciprocal translocation t(14;18)
  • Overexpression of BCL2
 20% of patients present with: + + ±
  • Painless peripheral adenopathy in the cervical, axillary, inguinal, and/or femoral regions
  • Asymptomatic large abdominal mass
  • CD21
  • CD23
  • Nodular growth pattern
  • Most common clinically indolent NHL
  • Peripheral nerve compression
Burkitt's lymphoma[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • Translocation of chromosome 8 myc locus such as:
    • t(8;14)
    • t(2;8)
    • t(8;22)
 – –
  • Round and small nucleoli
  • basophilic cytoplasm
  • "Starry-sky pattern"
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma[33]
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • Ch 13 abnormalties

33% of patients present with:

– – –
  • Painless lymphadenopathy
  • May be asymptomatic
  • Fatigue
  • Recurrent infections
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • CD5
  • CD38
  • Monoclonal small well differentiated B cells.
  • Significant number of smudge cells or basket cells..
Marginal zone lymphoma Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • Recurrent translocation of s such as:
    • t(1;14)(p22;q32)
    • t(11;18)(q21;q21)
    • t(14;18)(q32;q21)
    • t(3;14)(p14.1;q32)
  • B symptoms may or may not be present
 ± + +
  • Presence of dense diffuse lymphoid infiltrate of marginal‐zone cells in lamina propria
  • prominent lymphoepithelial lesions and consisting of small atypical cells with monocytoid features.
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma[44][45][46][47][48][49][50]
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • Clonal rearrangements of the immunoglobulin genes (heavy and light chains)
    • Deletion 7q21-32
    • Translocations of the CDK6 gene located on 7q21
 + + –
  • Small lymphocytes
  • Transformed blasts
  • Epithelial histocytes
  • Plasmacytic differentiation of neoplastic cells
Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma[51][52]
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • Stimulation of antigen receptor by autoantigen and co-stimulatory molecule CD40
  • Mutations in KMT2D, PTTPRD, NOTCH2, KLF2
 + – –
  • Hemorrhage
  • Dyspepsia
  • Follicular cells in reactive zone
  • Centrocyte like cells in marginal zone lymphoma
  • Chronic infectious conditions or autoimmune processes, such as:
    • H pylori gastritis
    • Hashimoto thyroiditis
    • Sjögren syndrome
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)[53][54][55]:

[56][57]

– – +
  • Russell bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusions) and Dutcher bodies (intranuclear inclusions)
  • Prominent epithelioid histiocytes
Hairy cell leukemia[58][59][60][61][62]
  • Production of cytokines, such as TNF alpha and IL-2R, provide important stimuli for malignant B cells proliferation in hairy cell leukemia.
    • The p38-MAPK-JNK cascade
    • The MEK-ERK cascade
    • The Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT cascade
 – –
  • Small cells with "fried egg"-like appearance
  • Well-demarcated thread-like cytoplasmic extensions
  • Clear cytoplasm
  • Central round nucleus
  • Peri-nuclear clearing ("water-clear rim" appearance)
 –
Category Disease Etiology Constitutional symptoms Rash Abdominal pain Diarrhea Mass Other Immunochemistry Histopathology Associated findings
T cell lymphoma Precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
  • Precursor T-cell Lymphomas
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
  • Mature T-cell Lymphoma
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
  • Mature T-cell Lymphoma
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Mycosis fungoides / Sézary syndrome
  • Cutaneous manifestations
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma
  • Mature T-cell Lymphoma
Hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma
  • Mature T-cell Lymphoma
Enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma
  • Mature T-cell Lymphoma
Extranodal T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
  • Mature T-cell Lymphoma
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
  • Mature T-cell Lymphoma
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified
  • Mature T-cell Lymphoma

References

  1. ↑ Mauch PM, Kalish LA, Kadin M, Coleman CN, Osteen R, Hellman S (March 1993). "Patterns of presentation of Hodgkin disease. Implications for etiology and pathogenesis". Cancer. 71 (6): 2062–71. PMID 8443755.
  2. ↑ Gobbi PG, Cavalli C, Gendarini A, Crema A, Ricevuti G, Federico M, Di Prisco U, Ascari E (December 1985). "Reevaluation of prognostic significance of symptoms in Hodgkin's disease". Cancer. 56 (12): 2874–80. PMID 4052959.
  3. ↑ Buri C, Körner M, Schärli P, Cefai D, Uguccioni M, Mueller C, Laissue JA, Mazzucchelli L (March 2001). "CC chemokines and the receptors CCR3 and CCR5 are differentially expressed in the nonneoplastic leukocytic infiltrates of Hodgkin disease". Blood. 97 (6): 1543–8. PMID 11238088.
  4. ↑ Peh SC, Looi LM, Pallesen G (March 1997). "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Hodgkin's disease in a multi-ethnic population in Malaysia". Histopathology. 30 (3): 227–33. PMID 9088951.
  5. ↑ Andriko JA, Aguilera NS, Nandedkar MA, Abbondanzo SL (April 1997). "Childhood Hodgkin's disease in the United States: an analysis of histologic subtypes and association with Epstein-Barr virus". Mod. Pathol. 10 (4): 366–71. PMID 9110300.
  6. ↑ Colomo, L.; López-Guillermo, A; Perales, M; Rives, S; Martínez, A; Bosch, F; Colomer, D; Falini, B; Montserrat, E; Campo, E (2002). "Clinical impact of the differentiation profile assessed by immunophenotyping in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma". Blood. 101 (1): 78–84. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-04-1286. PMID 12393466.
  7. ↑ Hans, C. P.; Weisenburger, D. D.; Greiner, T. C.; Gascoyne, R. D.; Delabie, J; Ott, G; Müller-Hermelink, H. K.; Campo, E; Braziel, R. M.; Jaffe, E. S.; Pan, Z; Farinha, P; Smith, L. M.; Falini, B; Banham, A. H.; Rosenwald, A; Staudt, L. M.; Connors, J. M.; Armitage, J. O.; Chan, W. C. (2004). "Confirmation of the molecular classification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray". Blood. 103 (1): 275–82. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-05-1545. PMID 14504078.
  8. ↑ Muris, JJF; Meijer, Cjlm; Vos, W; Van Krieken, Jhjm; Jiwa, NM; Ossenkoppele, GJ; Oudejans, JJ (2006). "Immunohistochemical profiling based on Bcl-2, CD10 and MUM1 expression improves risk stratification in patients with primary nodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma". The Journal of Pathology. 208 (5): 714–23. doi:10.1002/path.1924. PMID 16400625.
  9. ↑ Korkolopoulou P, Vassilakopoulos T, Milionis V, Ioannou M (2016). "Recent Advances in Aggressive Large B-cell Lymphomas: A Comprehensive Review". Adv Anat Pathol. 23 (4): 202–43. doi:10.1097/PAP.0000000000000117. PMID 27271843.
  10. ↑ Swerdlow SH, et al (editors). WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th edition. 2008. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, Franc
  11. ↑ Tilly H, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2015; 26: v116-v125
  12. ↑ Itziar Salaverria, Cristina Royo, Alejandra Carvajal-Cuenca, Guillem Clot, Alba Navarro, Alejandra Valera, Joo Y. Song, Renata Woroniecka, Grzegorz Rymkiewicz, Wolfram Klapper, Elena M. Hartmann, Pierre Sujobert, Iwona Wlodarska, Judith A. Ferry, Philippe Gaulard, German Ott, Andreas Rosenwald, Armando Lopez-Guillermo, Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez, Nancy L. Harris, Elaine S. Jaffe, Reiner Siebert, Elias Campo & Silvia Bea (2013). "CCND2 rearrangements are the most frequent genetic events in cyclin D1(-) mantle cell lymphoma". Blood. 121 (8): 1394–1402. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-08-452284. PMID 23255553. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Markus Tiemann, Carsten Schrader, Wolfram Klapper, Martin H. Dreyling, Elias Campo, Andrew Norton, Francoise Berger, Philip Kluin, German Ott, Stephano Pileri, Ennio Pedrinis, Alfred C. Feller, Hartmut Merz, Dirk Janssen, Martin L. Hansmann, Han Krieken, Peter Moller, Harald Stein, Michael Unterhalt, Wolfgang Hiddemann & Reza Parwaresch (2005). "Histopathology, cell proliferation indices and clinical outcome in 304 patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): a clinicopathological study from the European MCL Network". British journal of haematology. 131 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05716.x. PMID 16173960. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ L. H. Argatoff, J. M. Connors, R. J. Klasa, D. E. Horsman & R. D. Gascoyne (1997). "Mantle cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 80 cases". Blood. 89 (6): 2067–2078. PMID 9058729. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Markus Tiemann, Carsten Schrader, Wolfram Klapper, Martin H. Dreyling, Elias Campo, Andrew Norton, Francoise Berger, Philip Kluin, German Ott, Stephano Pileri, Ennio Pedrinis, Alfred C. Feller, Hartmut Merz, Dirk Janssen, Martin L. Hansmann, Han Krieken, Peter Moller, Harald Stein, Michael Unterhalt, Wolfgang Hiddemann & Reza Parwaresch (2005). "Histopathology, cell proliferation indices and clinical outcome in 304 patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): a clinicopathological study from the European MCL Network". British journal of haematology. 131 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05716.x. PMID 16173960. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Julie M. Vose (2017). "Mantle cell lymphoma: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and clinical management". American journal of hematology. 92 (8): 806–813. doi:10.1002/ajh.24797. PMID 28699667. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Lin P, Jones D, Dorfman DM, Medeiros LJ (November 2000). "Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma: a predominantly extranodal tumor with low propensity for leukemic involvement". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 24 (11): 1480–90. PMID 11075849.
  18. ↑ Javed Z, Hanif F (August 2018). "A Rare Presentation of Precursor B-cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in a Child". Cureus. 10 (8): e3238. doi:10.7759/cureus.3238. PMC 6209516. PMID 30410844.
  19. ↑ Kim JY, Om SY, Shin SJ, Kim JE, Yoon DH, Suh C (December 2014). "Case series of precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma". Blood Res. 49 (4): 270–4. doi:10.5045/br.2014.49.4.270. PMC 4278010. PMID 25548762.
  20. ↑ Ganapathi KA, Pittaluga S, Odejide OO, Freedman AS, Jaffe ES (2014). "Early lymphoid lesions: conceptual, diagnostic and clinical challenges". Haematologica. 99 (9): 1421–32. doi:10.3324/haematol.2014.107938. PMC 4562530. PMID 25176983.
  21. ↑ Lorsbach RB, Shay-Seymore D, Moore J, Banks PM, Hasserjian RP, Sandlund JT; et al. (2002). "Clinicopathologic analysis of follicular lymphoma occurring in children". Blood. 99 (6): 1959–64. PMID 11877266.
  22. ↑ Overview at UMDNJ
  23. ↑ Bosga-Bouwer AG, Haralambieva E, Booman M; et al. (November 2005). "BCL6 alternative translocation breakpoint cluster region associated with follicular lymphoma grade 3B". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 44 (3): 301–4. doi:10.1002/gcc.20246. PMID 16075463.
  24. ↑ Winberg CD, Nathwani BN, Bearman RM, Rappaport H (1981). "Follicular (nodular) lymphoma during the first two decades of life: a clinicopathologic study of 12 patients". Cancer. 48 (10): 2223–35. PMID 7028244.
  25. ↑ Burkitt's Lymphoma. Wikibooks. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Radiation_Oncology/NHL/Burkitt_lymphoma#Pathology Accessed on October,5 2015
  26. ↑ Bellan C, Lazzi S, De Falco G, Nyongo A, Giordano A, Leoncini L (2003). "Burkitt's lymphoma: new insights into molecular pathogenesis". J. Clin. Pathol. 56 (3): 188–92. PMC 1769902. PMID 12610094. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Chuang, Shih-Sung; Ye, Hongtao; Du, Ming-Qing; Lu, Chin-Li; Dogan, Ahmet; Hsieh, Pin-Pen; Huang, Wan-Ting; Jung, Yun-Chih (2007). "Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry in Distinguishing Burkitt Lymphoma From Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma With Very High Proliferation Index and With or Without a Starry-Sky Pattern". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 128 (4): 558–564. doi:10.1309/EQJR3D3V0CCQGP04. ISSN 0002-9173.
  28. ↑ Magrath IT, Simon RM (1976). "Immunosuppression in Burkitt's lymphoma. II. Peripheral blood lymphocyte populations related to clinical status". Int J Cancer. 18 (4): 399–408. PMID 977186.
  29. ↑ Basavaraj A, Shinde A, Kulkarni R, Kadam DB, Chugh A (2014). "HIV associated Burkitt's lymphoma". J Assoc Physicians India. 62 (8): 723–7. PMID 25856946.
  30. ↑ Rowe, Martin; Fitzsimmons, Leah; Bell, Andrew I (2014). "Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt lymphoma". Chinese Journal of Cancer. doi:10.5732/cjc.014.10190. ISSN 1000-467X.
  31. ↑ Ekemen S, Uzay A, Bassullu N, Dikicioglu-Cetin E, Matsuda K, Ince U; et al. (2018). "Does it take three to tango? An unsuspected multimorbidity of CD8+ T cell lymphoproliferative disorder, malaria, and EBV infection". Malar J. 17 (1): 349. doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2497-9. PMC 6173833. PMID 30290813.
  32. ↑ Kretzmer H, Bernhart SH, Wang W, Haake A, Weniger MA, Bergmann AK; et al. (2015). "DNA methylome analysis in Burkitt and follicular lymphomas identifies differentially methylated regions linked to somatic mutation and transcriptional control". Nat Genet. 47 (11): 1316–1325. doi:10.1038/ng.3413. PMC 5444523. PMID 26437030.
  33. ↑ Klein, Ulf; Tu, Yuhai; Stolovitzky, Gustavo A.; Mattioli, Michela; Cattoretti, Giorgio; Husson, Hervé; Freedman, Arnold; Inghirami, Giorgio; Cro, Lilla; Baldini, Luca; Neri, Antonino; Califano, Andrea; Dalla-Favera, Riccardo (2001). "Gene Expression Profiling of B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Reveals a Homogeneous Phenotype Related to Memory B Cells". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 194 (11): 1625–1638. doi:10.1084/jem.194.11.1625. ISSN 0022-1007.
  34. ↑ Non-gastric lymphomas – causes, symptoms and treatments. Lymphoma association 2016. https://www.lymphomas.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdfs/Non-Gastric-malt-lymphoma.pdf. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  35. ↑ Risks of Extranodal marginal zone of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). Canadian Cancer Society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/malt-lymphoma/?region=on. Accessed on January 25, 2016
  36. ↑ Kinkade, Zoe; Esan, Olukemi A.; Rosado, Flavia G.; Craig, Michael; Vos, Jeffrey A. (2015). "Ileal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma presenting with small bowel obstruction: a case report". Diagnostic Pathology. 10 (1). doi:10.1186/s13000-015-0353-6. ISSN 1746-1596.
  37. ↑ Symptoms of MALT lymphoma. Cancer research UK 2016. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/about/types/mucosaassociated-lymphoid-tissue-lymphoma. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  38. ↑ Symptoms of MALT lymphoma. Cancer research UK 2016. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/about/types/mucosaassociated-lymphoid-tissue-lymphoma. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  39. ↑ Signs and symptoms of gastric lymphoma. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_lymphoma. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  40. ↑ Clinical presentation of orbital lymphoma. Dr Craig Hacking and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/orbital-lymphoma. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  41. ↑ Non-gastric lymphomas – causes, symptoms and treatments. Lymphoma association 2016. https://www.lymphomas.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdfs/Non-Gastric-malt-lymphoma.pdf. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  42. ↑ Taal, B G; Boot, H; van Heerde, P; de Jong, D; Hart, A A; Burgers, J M (1 October 1996). "Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the stomach: endoscopic pattern and prognosis in low versus high grade malignancy in relation to the MALT concept". Gut. 39 (4): 556–561. doi:10.1136/gut.39.4.556.
  43. ↑ Bacon CM, Du MQ, Dogan A (2007). "Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma: a practical guide for pathologists". J Clin Pathol. 60 (4): 361–72. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.031146. PMC 2001121. PMID 16950858.
  44. ↑ Hernández JM, García JL, Gutiérrez NC, Mollejo M, Martínez-Climent JA, Flores T, González MB, Piris MA, San Miguel JF (May 2001). "Novel genomic imbalances in B-cell splenic marginal zone lymphomas revealed by comparative genomic hybridization and cytogenetics". Am. J. Pathol. 158 (5): 1843–50. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64140-5. PMC 1891967. PMID 11337382.
  45. ↑ Andersen CL, Gruszka-Westwood A, Atkinson S, Matutes E, Catovsky D, Pedersen RK, Pedersen BB, Pulczynski S, Hokland P, Jacobsen E, Koch J (January 2005). "Recurrent genomic imbalances in B-cell splenic marginal-zone lymphoma revealed by comparative genomic hybridization". Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 156 (2): 122–8. doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.04.026. PMID 15642391.
  46. ↑ Salido M, Baró C, Oscier D, Stamatopoulos K, Dierlamm J, Matutes E, Traverse-Glehen A, Berger F, Felman P, Thieblemont C, Gesk S, Athanasiadou A, Davis Z, Gardiner A, Milla F, Ferrer A, Mollejo M, Calasanz MJ, Florensa L, Espinet B, Luño E, Wlodarska I, Verhoef G, García-Granero M, Salar A, Papadaki T, Serrano S, Piris MA, Solé F (September 2010). "Cytogenetic aberrations and their prognostic value in a series of 330 splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphomas: a multicenter study of the Splenic B-Cell Lymphoma Group". Blood. 116 (9): 1479–88. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-267476. PMID 20479288.
  47. ↑ Splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. http://seer.cancer.gov/seertools/hemelymph/51f6cf57e3e27c3994bd5327/. Accessed on December 22, 2015
  48. ↑ Weng WK, Levy S (July 2003). "Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and lymphomagenesis". Leuk. Lymphoma. 44 (7): 1113–20. doi:10.1080/1042819031000076972. PMID 12916862.
  49. ↑ Quinn ER, Chan CH, Hadlock KG, Foung SK, Flint M, Levy S (December 2001). "The B-cell receptor of a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma binds the viral E2 envelope protein, implicating HCV in lymphomagenesis". Blood. 98 (13): 3745–9. PMID 11739181.
  50. ↑ Chuang SS, Liao YL, Chang ST, Hsieh YC, Kuo SY, Lu CL, Hwang WS, Lin IH, Tsao CJ, Huang WT (July 2010). "Hepatitis C virus infection is significantly associated with malignant lymphoma in Taiwan, particularly with nodal and splenic marginal zone lymphomas". J. Clin. Pathol. 63 (7): 595–8. doi:10.1136/jcp.2010.076810. PMID 20530156.
  51. ↑ Spina, V.; Khiabanian, H.; Messina, M.; Monti, S.; Cascione, L.; Bruscaggin, A.; Spaccarotella, E.; Holmes, A. B.; Arcaini, L.; Lucioni, M.; Tabbo, F.; Zairis, S.; Diop, F.; Cerri, M.; Chiaretti, S.; Marasca, R.; Ponzoni, M.; Deaglio, S.; Ramponi, A.; Tiacci, E.; Pasqualucci, L.; Paulli, M.; Falini, B.; Inghirami, G.; Bertoni, F.; Foa, R.; Rabadan, R.; Gaidano, G.; Rossi, D. (2016). "The genetics of nodal marginal zone lymphoma". Blood. 128 (10): 1362–1373. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-02-696757. ISSN 0006-4971.
  52. ↑ Nodal marginal zone lymphoma . Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma/?region=nb Accessed on March 4, 2016
  53. ↑ Steven P. Treon, Lian Xu, Guang Yang, Yangsheng Zhou, Xia Liu, Yang Cao, Patricia Sheehy, Robert J. Manning, Christopher J. Patterson, Christina Tripsas, Luca Arcaini, Geraldine S. Pinkus, Scott J. Rodig, Aliyah R. Sohani, Nancy Lee Harris, Jason M. Laramie, Donald A. Skifter, Stephen E. Lincoln & Zachary R. Hunter (2012). "MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". The New England journal of medicine. 367 (9): 826–833. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200710. PMID 22931316. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  54. ↑ Chi PJ, Pei SN, Huang TL, Huang SC, Ng HY, Lee CT (2014). "Renal MALT lymphoma associated with Waldenström macroglobulinemia". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 113 (4): 255–7. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2011.02.007. PMID 24685302.
  55. ↑ Chi PJ, Pei SN, Huang TL, Huang SC, Ng HY, Lee CT (2014). "Renal MALT lymphoma associated with Waldenström macroglobulinemia". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 113 (4): 255–7. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2011.02.007. PMID 24685302.
  56. ↑ García-Sanz R, Montoto S, Torrequebrada A, de Coca AG, Petit J, Sureda A; et al. (2001). "Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: presenting features and outcome in a series with 217 cases". Br J Haematol. 115 (3): 575–82. PMID 11736938.
  57. ↑ Merlini G, Baldini L, Broglia C, Comelli M, Goldaniga M, Palladini G; et al. (2003). "Prognostic factors in symptomatic Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Semin Oncol. 30 (2): 211–5. doi:10.1053/sonc.2003.50064. PMID 12720138.
  58. ↑ Matutes E (October 2006). "Immunophenotyping and differential diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia". Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 20 (5): 1051–63. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2006.06.012. PMID 16990106.
  59. ↑ Matutes E (October 2006). "Immunophenotyping and differential diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia". Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 20 (5): 1051–63. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2006.06.012. PMID 16990106.
  60. ↑ Xi L, Arons E, Navarro W, Calvo KR, Stetler-Stevenson M, Raffeld M, Kreitman RJ (April 2012). "Both variant and IGHV4-34-expressing hairy cell leukemia lack the BRAF V600E mutation". Blood. 119 (14): 3330–2. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-09-379339. PMC 3321859. PMID 22210875.
  61. ↑ Boyd EM, Bench AJ, van 't Veer MB, Wright P, Bloxham DM, Follows GA, Scott MA (December 2011). "High resolution melting analysis for detection of BRAF exon 15 mutations in hairy cell leukaemia and other lymphoid malignancies". Br. J. Haematol. 155 (5): 609–12. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08868.x. PMID 21910720.
  62. ↑ Forconi F, Raspadori D, Lenoci M, Lauria F (February 2005). "Absence of surface CD27 distinguishes hairy cell leukemia from other leukemic B-cell malignancies". Haematologica. 90 (2): 266–8. PMID 15710587.
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