Nestin (protein): Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
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'''Nestin''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the NES [[gene]].
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
Nestin (acronym for neuroectodermal stem cell marker) is a type VI [[intermediate filament]] (IF) protein.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guérette D, Khan PA, Savard PE, Vincent M | title = Molecular evolution of type VI intermediate filament proteins | journal = BMC Evol. Biol. | volume = 7 | pages = 164 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17854500 | pmc = 2075511 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-164 }}</ref><ref name="Michalczyk_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Michalczyk K, Ziman M | title = Nestin structure and predicted function in cellular cytoskeletal organisation | journal = Histol. Histopathol. | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 665–71 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15736068 | url = http://www.hh.um.es/Abstracts/Vol_20/20_2/20_2_665.htm }}</ref> These intermediate filament proteins are expressed mostly in nerve cells where they are implicated in the radial growth of the axon. Seven genes encode for the heavy (NF-H), medium (NF-M) and light neurofilament (NF-L) proteins, nestin and α-internexin in nerve cells, synemin α and desmuslin/synemin β (two alternative transcripts of the DMN gene) in muscle cells, and syncoilin (also in muscle cells). Members of this group mostly preferentially coassemble as heteropolymers in tissues. Steinert et al. has shown that nestin forms homodimers and homotetramers but does not form IF by itself in vitro. In mixtures, nestin preferentially co-assembles with purified vimentin or the type IV IF protein internexin to form heterodimer coiled-coil molecules.<ref name="pmid10092680">{{cite journal | vauthors = Steinert PM, Chou YH, Prahlad V, Parry DA, Marekov LN, Wu KC, Jang SI, Goldman RD | title = A high molecular weight intermediate filament-associated protein in BHK-21 cells is nestin, a type VI intermediate filament protein. Limited co-assembly in vitro to form heteropolymers with type III vimentin and type IV alpha-internexin | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 274 | issue = 14 | pages = 9881–90 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10092680 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.14.9881 }}</ref>
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =  
| Name = Nestin
| HGNCid = 7756
| Symbol = NES
| AltSymbols =; FLJ21841; Nbla00170
| OMIM = 600915
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 31391
| MGIid = 101784
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_NES_218678_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005198 |text = structural molecule activity}}
  | Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005882 |text = intermediate filament}}
  | Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007417 |text = central nervous system development}}
  | Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 10763
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000132688
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_006608
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_006617
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 1
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 154905179
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 154913813
    | Hs_Uniprot = P48681
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 18008
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000004891
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_016701
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_057910
    | Mm_GenLoc_db =   
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 3
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 88057020
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 88066378
    | Mm_Uniprot = 
  }}
}}


'''Nestin''' is a type VI [[intermediate filament]] (IF) protein.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Guérette D, Khan PA, Savard PE, Vincent M |title=Molecular evolution of type VI intermediate filament proteins |journal=BMC Evol. Biol. |volume=7 |issue= |pages=164 |year=2007 |pmid=17854500 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-164}}</ref> These intermediate filament proteins are expressed mostly in nerve cells where they are implicated in the radial growth of the axon. Seven genes encode for the heavy (NF-H), medium (NF-M) and light neurofilament (NF-L) proteins, nestin and α-internexin in nerve cells, synemin α and desmuslin/synemin β (two alternative transcripts of the DMN gene) in muscle cells, and syncoilin (also in muscle cells). Members of this group mostly preferentially coassemble as heteropolymers in tissues.  Steinert et al. has shown that nestin forms homodimers and homotetramers but does not form IF by itself in vitro.  In mixtures, nestin preferentially co-assembles with purified vimentin or the type IV IF protein -internexin to form heterodimer coiled-coil molecules. <ref name="human intermediate filament database">{{cite book | chapterurl = http://www.interfil.org/proteinsTypeIV.php | chapter = | title = Human Intermediate Filament Database | edition = | author = | year = 2004 | publisher = | 2006}}</ref><br />
== Gene ==
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:GFP-Nestin-(30X)-3-Merge.jpg]] -->
 
Structurally, nestin has the shortest head domain ([[N-terminus]]) and the longest tail domain ([[C-terminus]]) of all the IF proteins.  Nestin is of high molecular weight (240kDa) with a terminus greater than 500 residues (compared to cytokeratins and lamins with termini less than 50 residues).<ref name="urlnew page">{{cite web | url = http://www.cytoskeleton.com/products/if/aboutif.html | title = About intermediate filaments | author = | authorlink = | work = | publisher = Cytoskeleton, Inc. | pages = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-08-16}}</ref>
 
After subcloning the human nestin gene into [[plasmid vector]]s, Dahlstrand et al.  determined the [[nucleotide]] sequence of all coding regions and parts of the [[intron]]s. In order to establish the boundaries of the introns, they used the [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) to amplify a fragment made from human fetal brain [[cDNA]] using two [[Primer (molecular biology)|primers]] located in the first and fourth [[exon]], respectively. The resulting 270 base pair (bp) long fragment was then sequenced directly in its entirety, and intron positions precisely located by comparison with the genomic sequence. Putative initiation and [[stop codon]]s for the human nestin gene were found at the same positions as in the rat gene, in regions where overall similarity was very high. Based on this assumption, the human nestin gene encodes a protein with 1618 [[amino acid]]s, i.e. 187 amino acids shorter than the rat protein.<ref name="pmid1478958">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dahlstrand J, Zimmerman LB, McKay RD, Lendahl U | title = Characterization of the human nestin gene reveals a close evolutionary relationship to neurofilaments | journal = J. Cell Sci. | volume = 103 ( Pt 2) | issue = 2 | pages = 589–97  | date = 1 October 1992 | pmid = 1478958 | url = http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/103/2/589 }}</ref>


== Gene Structure ==
<br />Structurally, nestin has the shortest head domain and the longest tail domain of all the IF proteins.  Nestin is of high molecular weight with a terminus greater than 500 residues (compared to cytokeratins and lamins with termini less than 50 residues).<ref name="About intermediate filaments">{{cite book | chapterurl = http://www.cytoskeleton.com/products/if/aboutif.html| chapter = | title = About intermediate filaments | edition = | author = | year = | publisher = | 2006}}</ref><br /><br />  After subcloning the human nestin gene into plasmid vectors, Dahlstrand et al.
determined the nucleotide sequence of all coding regions and parts of the introns.  In order to establish the boundaries of the introns, they used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a fragment made from human fetal brain cDNA using two primers located in the first and fourth exon, respectively. The resulting 270 base pair (bp) long fragment was then sequenced directly in its entirety, and intron positions precisely located by comparison with the genomic sequence. Putative initiation and stop codons for the human nestin gene were found at the same positions as in the rat gene, in regions where overall similarity was very high. Based on this assumption, the human nestin gene encodes a protein with 1618 amino acids, i.e. 187 amino acids shorter than the rat protein. <ref name="Dahlstrand">{{cite book Journal of Cell Science| chapterurl = | chapter = | title = Characterization of the human nestin gene reveals a close evolutionary relationship to neurofilaments | edition = 103| author = DAHLSTRAND,J., ZIMMERMAN, L., McKAY, R., LENDAHL, U. | year = 1992| publisher = | 2006}}</ref><br /><br />
== Expression ==
== Expression ==
<br />Nestin is expressed by many types of cells during development, although its expression is usually transient and does not persist into adulthood. One instance of nestin expression in adult organisms, and perhaps that for which nestin is best known, are the neuronal precursor cells of the [[subventricular zone]].  Nestin is an intermediate filament protein expressed in dividing cells during the early stages of development in the CNS, PNS and in myogenic and other tissues. Upon differentiation, nestin becomes downregulated and is replaced by tissue-specific intermediate filament proteins.  During neuro- and gliogenesis, nestin is replaced by cell type-specific intermediate filaments, e.g. [[neurofilaments]] and glial fibrillary acidic protein ([[GFAP]]).  Interestingly, nestin expression is reinduced in the adult during pathological situations, such as the formation of the glial scar after CNS injury and during regeneration of injured muscle tissue.<ref name="Michalczyk">{{cite book  Histol Histopathol | chapterurl = | chapter = | title = Nestin structure and predicted function in cellular cytoskeletal organisation.| edition = 20| author = Michalczyk, K., Ziman M.| year = 2005| publisher = | 2006}}</ref><br /> <br />
 
Nestin is expressed by many types of cells during development, although its expression is usually transient and does not persist into adulthood. One instance of nestin expression in adult organisms, and perhaps that for which nestin is best known, are the neuronal precursor cells of the [[subgranular zone]].  Nestin is an intermediate filament protein expressed in dividing cells during the early stages of development in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in myogenic and other tissues. Upon differentiation, nestin becomes downregulated and is replaced by tissue-specific intermediate filament proteins.  During neuro- and gliogenesis, nestin is replaced by cell type-specific intermediate filaments, e.g. [[neurofilaments]] and glial fibrillary acidic protein ([[glial fibrillary acidic protein|GFAP]]).  Interestingly, nestin expression is reinduced in the adult during pathological situations, such as the formation of the glial scar after CNS injury and during regeneration of injured muscle tissue.<ref name="Michalczyk_2005"/>
 
== Function ==
== Function ==
<br />Although it is utilized as a marker of proliferating and migrating cells very little is known about its functions or regulation. In depth studies on the distribution and expression of nestin in mitotically active cells indicate a complex role in regulation of the assembly and disassembly of intermediate filaments which together with other structural proteins, participate in remodeling of the cell. The role of nestin in dynamic cells, particularly structural organization of the cell, appears strictly regulated by phosphorylation, especially its integration into heterogeneous intermediate filaments together with vimentin or α -internexin.  Furthermore, nestin expression has been extensively used as a marker for central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells in different contexts, based on observations indicating a correlation between nestin expression and this cell type in vivo. <ref name="Michalczyk"><br /><br />
== Recent Findings ==<br />
Nestin, a protein marker for neural stem cells, is also expressed in follicle stem cells and their immediate, differentiated progeny.  The hair follicle bulge area is an abundant, easily accessible source of actively growing pluripotent adult stem cells.  Green fluorescent protein (GFP), whose expression is driven by the nestin regulatory element in transgenic mice, serves to mark hair follicle stem cells.  These cells can differentiate into neurons, glia, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells and melanocytes in vitro.  Thus, hair follicle stem cells provide an effective, accessible, autologous source of stem cells for treatment of peripheral nerve injury.  Good news for the future!<ref name="Hoffman">{{cite book  Expert Opin Biol Ther. | chapterurl = | chapter = | title = The potential of nestin-expressing hair follicle stem cells in regenerative medicine.| edition = 3| author = Hoffman, R.| year = 2007| publisher = | 2006}}</ref><br />


Distribution and expression of nestin in mitotically active cells suggests it plays a role in regulation of the assembly and disassembly of intermediate filaments, which, together with other structural proteins, participate in remodeling of the cell. The role of nestin in dynamic cells, particularly structural organization of the cell, appears strictly regulated by phosphorylation, especially its integration into heterogeneous intermediate filaments together with vimentin or α-internexin.  Furthermore, nestin expression has been extensively used as a marker for central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells in different contexts, based on observations indicating a correlation between nestin expression and this cell type in vivo.<ref name="Michalczyk_2005"/>


== Clinical significance ==


Nestin, a protein marker for [[neural stem cells]], is also expressed in follicle stem cells and their immediate, differentiated progeny. The hair follicle bulge area is an abundant, easily accessible source of actively growing pluripotent adult stem cells.  Green fluorescent protein (GFP), whose expression is driven by the nestin regulatory element in transgenic mice, serves to mark hair follicle stem cells.  These cells can differentiate into neurons, glia, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells and melanocytes in vitro.  Thus, hair follicle stem cells provide an effective, accessible, autologous source of stem cells for treatment of peripheral nerve injury.<ref name="pmid17309321">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman RM | title = The potential of nestin-expressing hair follicle stem cells in regenerative medicine | journal = Expert Opin Biol Ther | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 289–91  | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17309321 | doi = 10.1517/14712598.7.3.289 }}</ref>


Nestin has recently received attention as a marker for detecting newly formed endothelial cells. In a study, Teranishi et al. examined and came to the conclusion that nestin is a novel angiogenesis marker of proliferating endothelial cells in colorectal cancer tissue.<ref name="Teranishi">{{cite book  Int J Oncol. | chapterurl = | chapter = | title = Identification of neovasculature using nestin in colorectal cancer.| edition = 3| author = Teranishi, N., Naito, Z., Ishiwata, T., Tanaka, N., Furukawa, K., Seya, T., Shinji, S., Tajiri, T.| year = 2007| publisher = | 2006}}</ref><br /> <br />
Nestin has recently received attention as a marker for detecting newly formed endothelial cells. Nestin is an angiogenesis marker of proliferating endothelial cells in colorectal cancer tissue.<ref name="pmid17273760">{{cite journal | vauthors = Teranishi N, Naito Z, Ishiwata T, Tanaka N, Furukawa K, Seya T, Shinji S, Tajiri T | title = Identification of neovasculature using nestin in colorectal cancer | journal = Int. J. Oncol. | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 593–603  | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17273760 | doi = 10.3892/ijo.30.3.593 | url = http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijo/article.jsp?article_id=ijo_30_3_593 }}</ref>


== Interactions ==


Nestin (protein) has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[Cyclin-dependent kinase 5]].<ref name=pmid12832492>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sahlgren CM, Mikhailov A, Vaittinen S, Pallari HM, Kalimo H, Pant HC, Eriksson JE | title = Cdk5 regulates the organization of Nestin and its association with p35 | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 23 | issue = 14 | pages = 5090–106  | date = Jul 2003 | pmid = 12832492 | pmc = 162223 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.23.14.5090-5106.2003 }}</ref>


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{Refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wiese C, Rolletschek A, Kania G, Blyszczuk P, Tarasov KV, Tarasova Y, Wersto RP, Boheler KR, Wobus AM | title = Nestin expression--a property of multi-lineage progenitor cells? | journal = Cell. Mol. Life Sci. | volume = 61 | issue = 19-20 | pages = 2510–22 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15526158 | doi = 10.1007/s00018-004-4144-6 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tiede S, Kloepper JE, Ernst N, Poeggeler B, Kruse C, Paus R | title = Nestin in human skin: exclusive expression in intramesenchymal skin compartments and regulation by leptin | journal = J. Invest. Dermatol. | volume = 129 | issue = 11 | pages = 2711–20 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19554024 | doi = 10.1038/jid.2009.148 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wiese C, Rolletschek A, Kania G, ''et al.'' |title=Nestin expression--a property of multi-lineage progenitor cells? |journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci. |volume=61 |issue= 19-20 |pages= 2510-22 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15526158 |doi= 10.1007/s00018-004-4144-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dahlstrand J, Zimmerman LB, McKay RD, Lendahl U | title = Characterization of the human nestin gene reveals a close evolutionary relationship to neurofilaments | journal = J. Cell Sci. | volume = 103 ( Pt 2) | issue = 2 | pages = 589–97 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1478958 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Dahlstrand J, Zimmerman LB, McKay RD, Lendahl U |title=Characterization of the human nestin gene reveals a close evolutionary relationship to neurofilaments. |journal=J. Cell. Sci. |volume=103 ( Pt 2) |issue= |pages= 589-97 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1478958 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hockfield S, McKay RD | title = Identification of major cell classes in the developing mammalian nervous system | journal = J. Neurosci. | volume = 5 | issue = 12 | pages = 3310–28 | year = 1985 | pmid = 4078630 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hockfield S, McKay RD |title=Identification of major cell classes in the developing mammalian nervous system. |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=5 |issue= 12 |pages= 3310-28 |year= 1986 |pmid= 4078630 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lothian C, Lendahl U | title = An evolutionarily conserved region in the second intron of the human nestin gene directs gene expression to CNS progenitor cells and to early neural crest cells | journal = Eur. J. Neurosci. | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 452–62 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9104587 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01622.x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lothian C, Lendahl U |title=An evolutionarily conserved region in the second intron of the human nestin gene directs gene expression to CNS progenitor cells and to early neural crest cells. |journal=Eur. J. Neurosci. |volume=9 |issue= 3 |pages= 452-62 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9104587 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yaworsky PJ, Kappen C | title = Heterogeneity of neural progenitor cells revealed by enhancers in the nestin gene | journal = Dev. Biol. | volume = 205 | issue = 2 | pages = 309–21 | year = 1999 | pmid = 9917366 | doi = 10.1006/dbio.1998.9035 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Yaworsky PJ, Kappen C |title=Heterogeneity of neural progenitor cells revealed by enhancers in the nestin gene. |journal=Dev. Biol. |volume=205 |issue= 2 |pages= 309-21 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9917366 |doi= 10.1006/dbio.1998.9035 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cassiman D, van Pelt J, De Vos R, Van Lommel F, Desmet V, Yap SH, Roskams T | title = Synaptophysin: A novel marker for human and rat hepatic stellate cells | journal = Am. J. Pathol. | volume = 155 | issue = 6 | pages = 1831–9 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10595912 | pmc = 1866940 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65501-0 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Cassiman D, van Pelt J, De Vos R, ''et al.'' |title=Synaptophysin: A novel marker for human and rat hepatic stellate cells. |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=155 |issue= 6 |pages= 1831-9 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10595912 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Messam CA, Hou J, Major EO | title = Coexpression of nestin in neural and glial cells in the developing human CNS defined by a human-specific anti-nestin antibody | journal = Exp. Neurol. | volume = 161 | issue = 2 | pages = 585–96 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10686078 | doi = 10.1006/exnr.1999.7319 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Messam CA, Hou J, Major EO |title=Coexpression of nestin in neural and glial cells in the developing human CNS defined by a human-specific anti-nestin antibody. |journal=Exp. Neurol. |volume=161 |issue= 2 |pages= 585-96 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10686078 |doi= 10.1006/exnr.1999.7319 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = About I, Bottero MJ, de Denato P, Camps J, Franquin JC, Mitsiadis TA | title = Human dentin production in vitro | journal = Exp. Cell Res. | volume = 258 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–41 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10912785 | doi = 10.1006/excr.2000.4909 }}
*{{cite journal | author=About I, Bottero MJ, de Denato P, ''et al.'' |title=Human dentin production in vitro. |journal=Exp. Cell Res. |volume=258 |issue= 1 |pages= 33-41 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10912785 |doi= 10.1006/excr.2000.4909 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchez-Ramos J, Song S, Cardozo-Pelaez F, Hazzi C, Stedeford T, Willing A, Freeman TB, Saporta S, Janssen W, Patel N, Cooper DR, Sanberg PR | title = Adult bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neural cells in vitro | journal = Exp. Neurol. | volume = 164 | issue = 2 | pages = 247–56 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10915564 | doi = 10.1006/exnr.2000.7389 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sanchez-Ramos J, Song S, Cardozo-Pelaez F, ''et al.'' |title=Adult bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neural cells in vitro. |journal=Exp. Neurol. |volume=164 |issue= 2 |pages= 247-56 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10915564 |doi= 10.1006/exnr.2000.7389 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Woodbury D, Schwarz EJ, Prockop DJ, Black IB | title = Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons | journal = J. Neurosci. Res. | volume = 61 | issue = 4 | pages = 364–70 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10931522 | doi = 10.1002/1097-4547(20000815)61:4<364::AID-JNR2>3.0.CO;2-C }}
*{{cite journal | author=Woodbury D, Schwarz EJ, Prockop DJ, Black IB |title=Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons. |journal=J. Neurosci. Res. |volume=61 |issue= 4 |pages= 364-70 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10931522 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Akiyama Y, Honmou O, Kato T, Uede T, Hashi K, Kocsis JD | title = Transplantation of clonal neural precursor cells derived from adult human brain establishes functional peripheral myelin in the rat spinal cord | journal = Exp. Neurol. | volume = 167 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–39 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11161590 | doi = 10.1006/exnr.2000.7539 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Akiyama Y, Honmou O, Kato T, ''et al.'' |title=Transplantation of clonal neural precursor cells derived from adult human brain establishes functional peripheral myelin in the rat spinal cord. |journal=Exp. Neurol. |volume=167 |issue= 1 |pages= 27-39 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11161590 |doi= 10.1006/exnr.2000.7539 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sahlgren CM, Mikhailov A, Hellman J, Chou YH, Lendahl U, Goldman RD, Eriksson JE | title = Mitotic reorganization of the intermediate filament protein nestin involves phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 19 | pages = 16456–63 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11278541 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M009669200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sahlgren CM, Mikhailov A, Hellman J, ''et al.'' |title=Mitotic reorganization of the intermediate filament protein nestin involves phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 19 |pages= 16456-63 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11278541 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M009669200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Messam CA, Hou J, Berman JW, Major EO | title = Analysis of the temporal expression of nestin in human fetal brain derived neuronal and glial progenitor cells | journal = Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. | volume = 134 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 87–92 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11947939 | doi = 10.1016/S0165-3806(01)00325-X }}
*{{cite journal | author=Messam CA, Hou J, Berman JW, Major EO |title=Analysis of the temporal expression of nestin in human fetal brain derived neuronal and glial progenitor cells. |journal=Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. |volume=134 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 87-92 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11947939 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Safford KM, Hicok KC, Safford SD, Halvorsen YD, Wilkison WO, Gimble JM, Rice HE | title = Neurogenic differentiation of murine and human adipose-derived stromal cells | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 294 | issue = 2 | pages = 371–9 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12051722 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00469-2 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Safford KM, Hicok KC, Safford SD, ''et al.'' |title=Neurogenic differentiation of murine and human adipose-derived stromal cells. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=294 |issue= 2 |pages= 371-9 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12051722 |doi= 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00469-2 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gu H, Wang S, Messam CA, Yao Z | title = Distribution of nestin immunoreactivity in the normal adult human forebrain | journal = Brain Res. | volume = 943 | issue = 2 | pages = 174–80 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12101039 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-8993(02)02615-X }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gu H, Wang S, Messam CA, Yao Z |title=Distribution of nestin immunoreactivity in the normal adult human forebrain. |journal=Brain Res. |volume=943 |issue= 2 |pages= 174-80 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12101039 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Vanderwinden JM, Gillard K, De Laet MH, Messam CA, Schiffmann SN | title = Distribution of the intermediate filament nestin in the muscularis propria of the human gastrointestinal tract | journal = Cell Tissue Res. | volume = 309 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–8 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12172785 | doi = 10.1007/s00441-002-0590-3 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Vanderwinden JM, Gillard K, De Laet MH, ''et al.'' |title=Distribution of the intermediate filament nestin in the muscularis propria of the human gastrointestinal tract. |journal=Cell Tissue Res. |volume=309 |issue= 2 |pages= 261-8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12172785 |doi= 10.1007/s00441-002-0590-3 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Piper K, Ball SG, Turnpenny LW, Brickwood S, Wilson DI, Hanley NA | title = Beta-cell differentiation during human development does not rely on nestin-positive precursors: implications for stem cell-derived replacement therapy | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 45 | issue = 7 | pages = 1045–7 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12187925 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-002-0864-z }}
*{{cite journal | author=Piper K, Ball SG, Turnpenny LW, ''et al.'' |title=Beta-cell differentiation during human development does not rely on nestin-positive precursors: implications for stem cell-derived replacement therapy. |journal=Diabetologia |volume=45 |issue= 7 |pages= 1045-7 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12187925 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = About I, Mitsiadis TA | title = Molecular aspects of tooth pathogenesis and repair: in vivo and in vitro models | journal = Adv. Dent. Res. | volume = 15 | issue =  | pages = 59–62 | year = 2001 | pmid = 12640742 | doi = 10.1177/08959374010150011501 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
{{Refend}}
*{{cite journal | author=About I, Mitsiadis TA |title=Molecular aspects of tooth pathogenesis and repair: in vivo and in vitro models. |journal=Adv. Dent. Res. |volume=15 |issue=  |pages= 59-62 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12640742 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hao HN, Zhao J, Thomas RL, ''et al.'' |title=Fetal human hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate sequentially into neural stem cells and then astrocytes in vitro. |journal=J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. |volume=12 |issue= 1 |pages= 23-32 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12662433 |doi= 10.1089/152581603321210109 }}
}}
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== External links ==
==External links==
* {{MeshName|Nestin}}
* {{MeshName|Nestin}}


{{Cytoskeletal Proteins}}
{{Cytoskeletal Proteins}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 
[[Category:Proteins]]

Revision as of 20:28, 8 November 2017

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SpeciesHumanMouse
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View/Edit Human

Nestin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NES gene.

Nestin (acronym for neuroectodermal stem cell marker) is a type VI intermediate filament (IF) protein.[1][2] These intermediate filament proteins are expressed mostly in nerve cells where they are implicated in the radial growth of the axon. Seven genes encode for the heavy (NF-H), medium (NF-M) and light neurofilament (NF-L) proteins, nestin and α-internexin in nerve cells, synemin α and desmuslin/synemin β (two alternative transcripts of the DMN gene) in muscle cells, and syncoilin (also in muscle cells). Members of this group mostly preferentially coassemble as heteropolymers in tissues. Steinert et al. has shown that nestin forms homodimers and homotetramers but does not form IF by itself in vitro. In mixtures, nestin preferentially co-assembles with purified vimentin or the type IV IF protein internexin to form heterodimer coiled-coil molecules.[3]

Gene

Structurally, nestin has the shortest head domain (N-terminus) and the longest tail domain (C-terminus) of all the IF proteins. Nestin is of high molecular weight (240kDa) with a terminus greater than 500 residues (compared to cytokeratins and lamins with termini less than 50 residues).[4]

After subcloning the human nestin gene into plasmid vectors, Dahlstrand et al. determined the nucleotide sequence of all coding regions and parts of the introns. In order to establish the boundaries of the introns, they used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a fragment made from human fetal brain cDNA using two primers located in the first and fourth exon, respectively. The resulting 270 base pair (bp) long fragment was then sequenced directly in its entirety, and intron positions precisely located by comparison with the genomic sequence. Putative initiation and stop codons for the human nestin gene were found at the same positions as in the rat gene, in regions where overall similarity was very high. Based on this assumption, the human nestin gene encodes a protein with 1618 amino acids, i.e. 187 amino acids shorter than the rat protein.[5]

Expression

Nestin is expressed by many types of cells during development, although its expression is usually transient and does not persist into adulthood. One instance of nestin expression in adult organisms, and perhaps that for which nestin is best known, are the neuronal precursor cells of the subgranular zone. Nestin is an intermediate filament protein expressed in dividing cells during the early stages of development in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in myogenic and other tissues. Upon differentiation, nestin becomes downregulated and is replaced by tissue-specific intermediate filament proteins. During neuro- and gliogenesis, nestin is replaced by cell type-specific intermediate filaments, e.g. neurofilaments and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Interestingly, nestin expression is reinduced in the adult during pathological situations, such as the formation of the glial scar after CNS injury and during regeneration of injured muscle tissue.[2]

Function

Distribution and expression of nestin in mitotically active cells suggests it plays a role in regulation of the assembly and disassembly of intermediate filaments, which, together with other structural proteins, participate in remodeling of the cell. The role of nestin in dynamic cells, particularly structural organization of the cell, appears strictly regulated by phosphorylation, especially its integration into heterogeneous intermediate filaments together with vimentin or α-internexin. Furthermore, nestin expression has been extensively used as a marker for central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells in different contexts, based on observations indicating a correlation between nestin expression and this cell type in vivo.[2]

Clinical significance

Nestin, a protein marker for neural stem cells, is also expressed in follicle stem cells and their immediate, differentiated progeny. The hair follicle bulge area is an abundant, easily accessible source of actively growing pluripotent adult stem cells. Green fluorescent protein (GFP), whose expression is driven by the nestin regulatory element in transgenic mice, serves to mark hair follicle stem cells. These cells can differentiate into neurons, glia, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells and melanocytes in vitro. Thus, hair follicle stem cells provide an effective, accessible, autologous source of stem cells for treatment of peripheral nerve injury.[6]

Nestin has recently received attention as a marker for detecting newly formed endothelial cells. Nestin is an angiogenesis marker of proliferating endothelial cells in colorectal cancer tissue.[7]

Interactions

Nestin (protein) has been shown to interact with Cyclin-dependent kinase 5.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Guérette D, Khan PA, Savard PE, Vincent M (2007). "Molecular evolution of type VI intermediate filament proteins". BMC Evol. Biol. 7: 164. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-164. PMC 2075511. PMID 17854500.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Michalczyk K, Ziman M (April 2005). "Nestin structure and predicted function in cellular cytoskeletal organisation". Histol. Histopathol. 20 (2): 665–71. PMID 15736068.
  3. ↑ Steinert PM, Chou YH, Prahlad V, Parry DA, Marekov LN, Wu KC, Jang SI, Goldman RD (April 1999). "A high molecular weight intermediate filament-associated protein in BHK-21 cells is nestin, a type VI intermediate filament protein. Limited co-assembly in vitro to form heteropolymers with type III vimentin and type IV alpha-internexin". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (14): 9881–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.14.9881. PMID 10092680.
  4. ↑ "About intermediate filaments". Cytoskeleton, Inc. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
  5. ↑ Dahlstrand J, Zimmerman LB, McKay RD, Lendahl U (1 October 1992). "Characterization of the human nestin gene reveals a close evolutionary relationship to neurofilaments". J. Cell Sci. 103 ( Pt 2) (2): 589–97. PMID 1478958.
  6. ↑ Hoffman RM (March 2007). "The potential of nestin-expressing hair follicle stem cells in regenerative medicine". Expert Opin Biol Ther. 7 (3): 289–91. doi:10.1517/14712598.7.3.289. PMID 17309321.
  7. ↑ Teranishi N, Naito Z, Ishiwata T, Tanaka N, Furukawa K, Seya T, Shinji S, Tajiri T (March 2007). "Identification of neovasculature using nestin in colorectal cancer". Int. J. Oncol. 30 (3): 593–603. doi:10.3892/ijo.30.3.593. PMID 17273760.
  8. ↑ Sahlgren CM, Mikhailov A, Vaittinen S, Pallari HM, Kalimo H, Pant HC, Eriksson JE (Jul 2003). "Cdk5 regulates the organization of Nestin and its association with p35". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (14): 5090–106. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.14.5090-5106.2003. PMC 162223. PMID 12832492.

Further reading

  • Wiese C, Rolletschek A, Kania G, Blyszczuk P, Tarasov KV, Tarasova Y, Wersto RP, Boheler KR, Wobus AM (2004). "Nestin expression--a property of multi-lineage progenitor cells?". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (19–20): 2510–22. doi:10.1007/s00018-004-4144-6. PMID 15526158.
  • Tiede S, Kloepper JE, Ernst N, Poeggeler B, Kruse C, Paus R (2009). "Nestin in human skin: exclusive expression in intramesenchymal skin compartments and regulation by leptin". J. Invest. Dermatol. 129 (11): 2711–20. doi:10.1038/jid.2009.148. PMID 19554024.
  • Dahlstrand J, Zimmerman LB, McKay RD, Lendahl U (1992). "Characterization of the human nestin gene reveals a close evolutionary relationship to neurofilaments". J. Cell Sci. 103 ( Pt 2) (2): 589–97. PMID 1478958.
  • Hockfield S, McKay RD (1985). "Identification of major cell classes in the developing mammalian nervous system". J. Neurosci. 5 (12): 3310–28. PMID 4078630.
  • Lothian C, Lendahl U (1997). "An evolutionarily conserved region in the second intron of the human nestin gene directs gene expression to CNS progenitor cells and to early neural crest cells". Eur. J. Neurosci. 9 (3): 452–62. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01622.x. PMID 9104587.
  • Yaworsky PJ, Kappen C (1999). "Heterogeneity of neural progenitor cells revealed by enhancers in the nestin gene". Dev. Biol. 205 (2): 309–21. doi:10.1006/dbio.1998.9035. PMID 9917366.
  • Cassiman D, van Pelt J, De Vos R, Van Lommel F, Desmet V, Yap SH, Roskams T (1999). "Synaptophysin: A novel marker for human and rat hepatic stellate cells". Am. J. Pathol. 155 (6): 1831–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65501-0. PMC 1866940. PMID 10595912.
  • Messam CA, Hou J, Major EO (2000). "Coexpression of nestin in neural and glial cells in the developing human CNS defined by a human-specific anti-nestin antibody". Exp. Neurol. 161 (2): 585–96. doi:10.1006/exnr.1999.7319. PMID 10686078.
  • About I, Bottero MJ, de Denato P, Camps J, Franquin JC, Mitsiadis TA (2000). "Human dentin production in vitro". Exp. Cell Res. 258 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.4909. PMID 10912785.
  • Sanchez-Ramos J, Song S, Cardozo-Pelaez F, Hazzi C, Stedeford T, Willing A, Freeman TB, Saporta S, Janssen W, Patel N, Cooper DR, Sanberg PR (2000). "Adult bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neural cells in vitro". Exp. Neurol. 164 (2): 247–56. doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7389. PMID 10915564.
  • Woodbury D, Schwarz EJ, Prockop DJ, Black IB (2000). "Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons". J. Neurosci. Res. 61 (4): 364–70. doi:10.1002/1097-4547(20000815)61:4<364::AID-JNR2>3.0.CO;2-C. PMID 10931522.
  • Akiyama Y, Honmou O, Kato T, Uede T, Hashi K, Kocsis JD (2001). "Transplantation of clonal neural precursor cells derived from adult human brain establishes functional peripheral myelin in the rat spinal cord". Exp. Neurol. 167 (1): 27–39. doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7539. PMID 11161590.
  • Sahlgren CM, Mikhailov A, Hellman J, Chou YH, Lendahl U, Goldman RD, Eriksson JE (2001). "Mitotic reorganization of the intermediate filament protein nestin involves phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (19): 16456–63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M009669200. PMID 11278541.
  • Messam CA, Hou J, Berman JW, Major EO (2002). "Analysis of the temporal expression of nestin in human fetal brain derived neuronal and glial progenitor cells". Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 134 (1–2): 87–92. doi:10.1016/S0165-3806(01)00325-X. PMID 11947939.
  • Safford KM, Hicok KC, Safford SD, Halvorsen YD, Wilkison WO, Gimble JM, Rice HE (2002). "Neurogenic differentiation of murine and human adipose-derived stromal cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294 (2): 371–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00469-2. PMID 12051722.
  • Gu H, Wang S, Messam CA, Yao Z (2002). "Distribution of nestin immunoreactivity in the normal adult human forebrain". Brain Res. 943 (2): 174–80. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(02)02615-X. PMID 12101039.
  • Vanderwinden JM, Gillard K, De Laet MH, Messam CA, Schiffmann SN (2002). "Distribution of the intermediate filament nestin in the muscularis propria of the human gastrointestinal tract". Cell Tissue Res. 309 (2): 261–8. doi:10.1007/s00441-002-0590-3. PMID 12172785.
  • Piper K, Ball SG, Turnpenny LW, Brickwood S, Wilson DI, Hanley NA (2002). "Beta-cell differentiation during human development does not rely on nestin-positive precursors: implications for stem cell-derived replacement therapy". Diabetologia. 45 (7): 1045–7. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0864-z. PMID 12187925.
  • About I, Mitsiadis TA (2001). "Molecular aspects of tooth pathogenesis and repair: in vivo and in vitro models". Adv. Dent. Res. 15: 59–62. doi:10.1177/08959374010150011501. PMID 12640742.

External links

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