Lysyl hydroxylase: Difference between revisions
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'''Lysyl hydroxylases''' (or '''procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenases''') are [[ | '''Lysyl hydroxylases''' (or '''procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenases''') are [[alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases]] [[enzyme]]<nowiki/>s that catalyze the [[hydroxylation]] of [[lysine]] to [[hydroxylysine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hausmann E | title = Cofactor requirements for the enzymatic hydroxylation of lysine in a polypeptide precursor of collagen | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 133 | issue = 3 | pages = 591–3 | date = Apr 1967 | pmid = 6033801 | doi = 10.1016/0005-2795(67)90566-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rhoads RE, Udenfriend S | title = Decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate coupled to collagen proline hydroxylase | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | pages = 1473–8 | date = Aug 1968 | pmid = 5244754 | pmc = 224943 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.60.4.1473 }}</ref> Lysyl hydroxylases require [[iron]] and [[vitamin C]] as [[cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactors]] for their oxidation activity. It takes place (as a [[post-translational modification]]) following collagen synthesis in the cisternae (lumen) of the [[rough endoplasmic reticulum|rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)]]. There are three lysyl hydroxylases (LH1-3) encoded in the human genome, namely: ''PLOD1'', ''PLOD2'' and ''PLOD3''. From ''PLOD2'' two splice variant can be expressed (LH2a and LH2b), where LH2b differs from LH2a by incorporating the small exon 13A. LH1 and LH3 hydroxylate lysyl residues in the collagen triple helix, whereas LH2b hydroxylates lysyl residues in the telopeptides of collagen. In addition to its hydroxylation activity, LH3 has glycosylation activity that produces either monosaccharide (Gal) or disaccharide (Glc-Gal) attached to collagen hydroxylysines. | ||
Collagen lysyl hydroxylation is the first step in collagen [[pyridinoline]] cross-linking, that is necessary for the stabilization of [[collagen]]. | Collagen lysyl hydroxylation is the first step in collagen [[pyridinoline]] cross-linking, that is necessary for the stabilization of [[collagen]]. | ||
==Pathology== | ==Pathology== | ||
Mutations in the ''PLOD1'' gene have been linked to [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]] (kEDS, in the past EDS VI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1462/|title=PLOD1-Related Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br> | |||
Mutations in the ''PLOD2'' gene have been linked to [[Bruck syndrome]] in humans. | Mutations in the ''PLOD2'' gene have been linked to [[Bruck syndrome]] in humans. | ||
Latest revision as of 01:16, 18 June 2018
| procollagen-lysine 1, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | PLOD1 |
| Alt. symbols | LLH, PLOD |
| Entrez | 5351 |
| HUGO | 9081 |
| OMIM | 153454 |
| RefSeq | NM_000302 |
| UniProt | Q02809 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 1.14.11.4 |
| Locus | Chr. 1 p36.3-36.2 |
| procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | PLOD2 |
| Entrez | 5352 |
| HUGO | 9082 |
| OMIM | 601865 |
| RefSeq | NM_000935 |
| UniProt | O00469 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 3 q24 |
Lysyl hydroxylases (or procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenases) are alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases enzymes that catalyze the hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine.[1][2] Lysyl hydroxylases require iron and vitamin C as cofactors for their oxidation activity. It takes place (as a post-translational modification) following collagen synthesis in the cisternae (lumen) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There are three lysyl hydroxylases (LH1-3) encoded in the human genome, namely: PLOD1, PLOD2 and PLOD3. From PLOD2 two splice variant can be expressed (LH2a and LH2b), where LH2b differs from LH2a by incorporating the small exon 13A. LH1 and LH3 hydroxylate lysyl residues in the collagen triple helix, whereas LH2b hydroxylates lysyl residues in the telopeptides of collagen. In addition to its hydroxylation activity, LH3 has glycosylation activity that produces either monosaccharide (Gal) or disaccharide (Glc-Gal) attached to collagen hydroxylysines.
Collagen lysyl hydroxylation is the first step in collagen pyridinoline cross-linking, that is necessary for the stabilization of collagen.
Pathology
Mutations in the PLOD1 gene have been linked to Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (kEDS, in the past EDS VI).[3]
Mutations in the PLOD2 gene have been linked to Bruck syndrome in humans.
A deficiency in its cofactor, vitamin C, is associated with scurvy.
References
- ↑ Hausmann E (Apr 1967). "Cofactor requirements for the enzymatic hydroxylation of lysine in a polypeptide precursor of collagen". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 133 (3): 591–3. doi:10.1016/0005-2795(67)90566-1. PMID 6033801.
- ↑ Rhoads RE, Udenfriend S (Aug 1968). "Decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate coupled to collagen proline hydroxylase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 60 (4): 1473–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.60.4.1473. PMC 224943. PMID 5244754.
- ↑ "PLOD1-Related Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome".
External links
- Lysyl+Hydroxylase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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