IRF7: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Interferon regulatory factor 7''', also known as '''IRF7''', is a member of the [[interferon regulatory factor]] family of [[transcription factor]]s.
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| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Interferon regulatory factor 7
| HGNCid = 6122
| Symbol = IRF7
| AltSymbols =; IRF-7H; IRF7A
| OMIM = 605047
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 1209
| MGIid = 1859212
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_IRF7_208436_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003704 |text = specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005622 |text = intracellular}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000122 |text = negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006350 |text = transcription}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006367 |text = transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006954 |text = inflammatory response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006955 |text = immune response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006974 |text = response to DNA damage stimulus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0009615 |text = response to virus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046731 |text = passive induction of host immune response by virus}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 3665
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000185507
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001563
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001572
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 11
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 602583
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 605936
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q92985
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 54123
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000025498
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_016850
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_058546
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 7
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 141114504
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 141117743
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q542T3
  }}
}}
'''Interferon regulatory factor 7''', also known as '''IRF7''', is a member of the [[Interferon Regulatory Factor]] [[transcription factor]] family.


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
IRF7 encodes interferon regulatory factor 7, a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. IRF7 has been shown to play a role in the transcriptional activation of [[virus-inducible cellular gene]]s, including the [[type I interferon]] genes. In particular, IRF7 regulates many [[interferon-alpha]] genes.<ref name=pmid9822609>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marié I, Durbin JE, Levy DE | title = Differential viral induction of distinct interferon-alpha genes by positive feedback through interferon regulatory factor-7 | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 17 | issue = 22 | pages = 6660–9 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 9822609 | pmc = 1171011 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/17.22.6660 }}</ref> Constitutive expression of IRF7 is largely restricted to [[lymphoid tissue]], largely plasmacytoid dendritic cells, whereas IRF7 is inducible in many tissues. Multiple IRF7 transcript variants have been identified, although the functional consequences of these have not yet been established.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: IRF7 interferon regulatory factor 7| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3665| accessdate = }}</ref>
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = IRF7 encodes interferon regulatory factor 7, a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. IRF7 has been shown to play a role in the transcriptional activation of virus-inducible cellular genes, including interferon beta chain genes. Inducible expression of IRF7 is largely restricted to lymphoid tissue. Multiple IRF7 transcript variants have been identified, although the functional consequences of these have not yet been established.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: IRF7 interferon regulatory factor 7| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3665| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==See also==
The IRF7 pathway was shown to be silenced in some metastatic breast cancer cell lines, which may help the cells avoid the host immune response.<ref>{{cite web|title=Silencing of Irf7 pathways in breast cancer cells promotes bone metastasis through immune escape|url=http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nm.2830.html|publisher=Nature Medicine|accessdate=23 July 2012|author=Bidwell|year=2012}}</ref> Restoring IRF7 to these cell lines reduced metastases and increased host survival time in animal models.
 
The IRF7 gene and product were shown to be defective in a patient with severe susceptibility to H1N1 [[influenza]], while susceptibility to other viral diseases such as CMV, RSV, and [[Human parainfluenza viruses|parainfluenza]] was unaffected.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciancanelli MJ, Huang SX, Luthra P, Garner H, Itan Y, Volpi S, Lafaille FG, Trouillet C, Schmolke M, Albrecht RA, Israelsson E, Lim HK, Casadio M, Hermesh T, Lorenzo L, Leung LW, Pedergnana V, Boisson B, Okada S, Picard C, Ringuier B, Troussier F, Chaussabel D, Abel L, Pellier I, Notarangelo LD, Garcia-Sastre A, Basler CF, Geissmann F, Zhang SY, Snoeck HW, Casanova JL|title=Life-threatening influenza and impaired interferon amplification in human IRF7 deficiency | journal = Science | date = 26 March 2015 | doi = 10.1126/science.aaa1578 | volume=348 | pages=448–453 | pmid=25814066 | pmc=4431581}}</ref>
 
== Interactions ==
 
IRF7 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[IRF3]].<ref name=pmid11162841>{{cite journal | vauthors = Au WC, Yeow WS, Pitha PM | title = Analysis of functional domains of interferon regulatory factor 7 and its association with IRF-3 | journal = Virology | volume = 280 | issue = 2 | pages = 273–82 | date = Feb 2001 | pmid = 11162841 | doi = 10.1006/viro.2000.0782 }}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Interferon regulatory factors]]
* [[Interferon regulatory factors]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ning S, Pagano JS, Barber GN | title = IRF7: activation, regulation, modification and function | journal = Genes Immun. | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 399–414 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21490621 | doi = 10.1038/gene.2011.21 | url = }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pitha PM, Au WC, Lowther W, Juang YT, Schafer SL, Burysek L, Hiscott J, Moore PA | title = Role of the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) in virus-mediated signaling and regulation of cell growth | journal = Biochimie | volume = 80 | issue = 8–9 | pages = 651–8 | year = 1999 | pmid = 9865487 | doi = 10.1016/S0300-9084(99)80018-2 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pitha PM, Au WC, Lowther W, ''et al.'' |title=Role of the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) in virus-mediated signaling and regulation of cell growth. |journal=Biochimie |volume=80 |issue= 8-9 |pages= 651-8 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9865487 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang L, Pagano JS | title = Structure and function of IRF-7 | journal = J. Interferon Cytokine Res. | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–101 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11846980 | doi = 10.1089/107999002753452700 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhang L, Pagano JS |title=Structure and function of IRF-7. |journal=J. Interferon Cytokine Res. |volume=22 |issue= 1 |pages= 95-101 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11846980 |doi= 10.1089/107999002753452700 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang L, Pagano JS | title = IRF-7, a new interferon regulatory factor associated with Epstein-Barr virus latency | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 17 | issue = 10 | pages = 5748–57 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9315633 | pmc = 232423 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhang L, Pagano JS |title=IRF-7, a new interferon regulatory factor associated with Epstein-Barr virus latency. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=17 |issue= 10 |pages= 5748-57 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9315633 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wathelet MG, Lin CH, Parekh BS, Ronco LV, Howley PM, Maniatis T | title = Virus infection induces the assembly of coordinately activated transcription factors on the IFN-beta enhancer in vivo | journal = Mol. Cell | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 507–18 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9660935 | doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80051-9 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wathelet MG, Lin CH, Parekh BS, ''et al.'' |title=Virus infection induces the assembly of coordinately activated transcription factors on the IFN-beta enhancer in vivo. |journal=Mol. Cell |volume=1 |issue= 4 |pages= 507-18 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9660935 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Au WC, Moore PA, LaFleur DW, Tombal B, Pitha PM | title = Characterization of the interferon regulatory factor-7 and its potential role in the transcription activation of interferon A genes | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 273 | issue = 44 | pages = 29210–7 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9786932 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.44.29210 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Au WC, Moore PA, LaFleur DW, ''et al.'' |title=Characterization of the interferon regulatory factor-7 and its potential role in the transcription activation of interferon A genes. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 44 |pages= 29210-7 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9786932 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lu R, Au WC, Yeow WS, Hageman N, Pitha PM | title = Regulation of the promoter activity of interferon regulatory factor-7 gene. Activation by interferon and silencing by hypermethylation | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 41 | pages = 31805–12 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10924517 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M005288200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lu R, Au WC, Yeow WS, ''et al.'' |title=Regulation of the promoter activity of interferon regulatory factor-7 gene. Activation by interferon snd silencing by hypermethylation. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 41 |pages= 31805-12 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10924517 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M005288200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Paris MJ, Williams BR | title = Characterization of a 500-kb contig spanning the region between c-Ha-Ras and MUC2 on chromosome 11p15.5 | journal = Genomics | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | pages = 196–202 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11031102 | doi = 10.1006/geno.2000.6339 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Paris MJ, Williams BR |title=Characterization of a 500-kb contig spanning the region between c-Ha-Ras and MUC2 on chromosome 11p15.5. |journal=Genomics |volume=69 |issue= 2 |pages= 196-202 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11031102 |doi= 10.1006/geno.2000.6339 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Marié I, Smith E, Prakash A, Levy DE | title = Phosphorylation-Induced Dimerization of Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Unmasks DNA Binding and a Bipartite Transactivation Domain | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 20 | issue = 23 | pages = 8803–14 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11073981 | pmc = 86519 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.20.23.8803-8814.2000 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Marié I, Smith E, Prakash A, Levy DE |title=Phosphorylation-induced dimerization of interferon regulatory factor 7 unmasks DNA binding and a bipartite transactivation domain. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=20 |issue= 23 |pages= 8803-14 |year= 2000 |pmid= 11073981 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Smith EJ, Marié I, Prakash A, García-Sastre A, Levy DE | title = IRF3 and IRF7 phosphorylation in virus-infected cells does not require double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R or Ikappa B kinase but is blocked by Vaccinia virus E3L protein | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 12 | pages = 8951–7 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11124948 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M008717200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Smith EJ, Marié I, Prakash A, ''et al.'' |title=IRF3 and IRF7 phosphorylation in virus-infected cells does not require double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R or Ikappa B kinase but is blocked by Vaccinia virus E3L protein. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 12 |pages= 8951-7 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11124948 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M008717200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Au WC, Yeow WS, Pitha PM | title = Analysis of functional domains of interferon regulatory factor 7 and its association with IRF-3 | journal = Virology | volume = 280 | issue = 2 | pages = 273–82 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11162841 | doi = 10.1006/viro.2000.0782 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Au WC, Yeow WS, Pitha PM |title=Analysis of functional domains of interferon regulatory factor 7 and its association with IRF-3. |journal=Virology |volume=280 |issue= 2 |pages= 273-82 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11162841 |doi= 10.1006/viro.2000.0782 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lu R, Moore PA, Pitha PM | title = Stimulation of IRF-7 gene expression by tumor necrosis factor alpha: requirement for NFkappa B transcription factor and gene accessibility | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 19 | pages = 16592–8 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11877397 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M111440200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lu R, Moore PA, Pitha PM |title=Stimulation of IRF-7 gene expression by tumor necrosis factor alpha: requirement for NFkappa B transcription factor and gene accessibility. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 19 |pages= 16592-8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11877397 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M111440200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Morin P, Bragança J, Bandu MT, Lin R, Hiscott J, Doly J, Civas A | title = Preferential binding sites for interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 involved in interferon-A gene transcription | journal = J. Mol. Biol. | volume = 316 | issue = 5 | pages = 1009–22 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11884139 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5401 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Morin P, Bragança J, Bandu MT, ''et al.'' |title=Preferential binding sites for interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 involved in interferon-A gene transcription. |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=316 |issue= 5 |pages= 1009-22 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11884139 |doi= 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5401 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Caillaud A, Prakash A, Smith E, Masumi A, Hovanessian AG, Levy DE, Marié I | title = Acetylation of interferon regulatory factor-7 by p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP)-associated factor (PCAF) impairs its DNA binding | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 51 | pages = 49417–21 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12374802 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M207484200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Caillaud A, Prakash A, Smith E, ''et al.'' |title=Acetylation of interferon regulatory factor-7 by p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP)-associated factor (PCAF) impairs its DNA binding. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 51 |pages= 49417-21 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12374802 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M207484200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Izmailova E, Bertley FM, Huang Q, Makori N, Miller CJ, Young RA, Aldovini A | title = HIV-1 Tat reprograms immature dendritic cells to express chemoattractants for activated T cells and macrophages | journal = Nat. Med. | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–7 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12539042 | doi = 10.1038/nm822 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Izmailova E, Bertley FM, Huang Q, ''et al.'' |title=HIV-1 Tat reprograms immature dendritic cells to express chemoattractants for activated T cells and macrophages. |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=9 |issue= 2 |pages= 191-7 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12539042 |doi= 10.1038/nm822 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yang H, Lin CH, Ma G, Baffi MO, Wathelet MG | title = Interferon regulatory factor-7 synergizes with other transcription factors through multiple interactions with p300/CBP coactivators | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 18 | pages = 15495–504 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12604599 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M212940200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Yang H, Lin CH, Ma G, ''et al.'' |title=Interferon regulatory factor-7 synergizes with other transcription factors through multiple interactions with p300/CBP coactivators. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 18 |pages= 15495-504 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12604599 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M212940200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ning S, Hahn AM, Huye LE, Pagano JS | title = Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Regulates Expression of Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1: a Regulatory Circuit | journal = J. Virol. | volume = 77 | issue = 17 | pages = 9359–68 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12915551 | pmc = 187426 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.77.17.9359-9368.2003 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ning S, Hahn AM, Huye LE, Pagano JS |title=Interferon regulatory factor 7 regulates expression of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1: a regulatory circuit. |journal=J. Virol. |volume=77 |issue= 17 |pages= 9359-68 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12915551 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fitzgerald KA, Rowe DC, Barnes BJ, Caffrey DR, Visintin A, Latz E, Monks B, Pitha PM, Golenbock DT | title = LPS-TLR4 Signaling to IRF-3/7 and NF-κB Involves the Toll Adapters TRAM and TRIF | journal = J. Exp. Med. | volume = 198 | issue = 7 | pages = 1043–55 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14517278 | pmc = 2194210 | doi = 10.1084/jem.20031023 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fitzgerald KA, Rowe DC, Barnes BJ, ''et al.'' |title=LPS-TLR4 signaling to IRF-3/7 and NF-kappaB involves the toll adapters TRAM and TRIF. |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=198 |issue= 7 |pages= 1043-55 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14517278 |doi= 10.1084/jem.20031023 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lin R, Noyce RS, Collins SE, Everett RD, Mossman KL | title = The Herpes Simplex Virus ICP0 RING Finger Domain Inhibits IRF3- and IRF7-Mediated Activation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes | journal = J. Virol. | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 1675–84 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14747533 | pmc = 369457 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.78.4.1675-1684.2004 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lin R, Noyce RS, Collins SE, ''et al.'' |title=The herpes simplex virus ICP0 RING finger domain inhibits IRF3- and IRF7-mediated activation of interferon-stimulated genes. |journal=J. Virol. |volume=78 |issue= 4 |pages= 1675-84 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14747533 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{MeshName|IRF7+protein,+human}}
* {{MeshName|IRF7+protein,+human}}
{{NLM content}}
{{Transcription factors|g3}}
{{JAK-STAT signaling pathway}}
[[Category:Transcription factors]]




{{gene-11-stub}}
{{gene-11-stub}}
{{NLM content}}
{{Transcription factors}}
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Revision as of 00:04, 1 September 2017

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SpeciesHumanMouse
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Interferon regulatory factor 7, also known as IRF7, is a member of the interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors.

Function

IRF7 encodes interferon regulatory factor 7, a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. IRF7 has been shown to play a role in the transcriptional activation of virus-inducible cellular genes, including the type I interferon genes. In particular, IRF7 regulates many interferon-alpha genes.[1] Constitutive expression of IRF7 is largely restricted to lymphoid tissue, largely plasmacytoid dendritic cells, whereas IRF7 is inducible in many tissues. Multiple IRF7 transcript variants have been identified, although the functional consequences of these have not yet been established.[2]

The IRF7 pathway was shown to be silenced in some metastatic breast cancer cell lines, which may help the cells avoid the host immune response.[3] Restoring IRF7 to these cell lines reduced metastases and increased host survival time in animal models.

The IRF7 gene and product were shown to be defective in a patient with severe susceptibility to H1N1 influenza, while susceptibility to other viral diseases such as CMV, RSV, and parainfluenza was unaffected.[4]

Interactions

IRF7 has been shown to interact with IRF3.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Marié I, Durbin JE, Levy DE (November 1998). "Differential viral induction of distinct interferon-alpha genes by positive feedback through interferon regulatory factor-7". EMBO J. 17 (22): 6660–9. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.22.6660. PMC 1171011. PMID 9822609.
  2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: IRF7 interferon regulatory factor 7".
  3. ↑ Bidwell (2012). "Silencing of Irf7 pathways in breast cancer cells promotes bone metastasis through immune escape". Nature Medicine. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  4. ↑ Ciancanelli MJ, Huang SX, Luthra P, Garner H, Itan Y, Volpi S, Lafaille FG, Trouillet C, Schmolke M, Albrecht RA, Israelsson E, Lim HK, Casadio M, Hermesh T, Lorenzo L, Leung LW, Pedergnana V, Boisson B, Okada S, Picard C, Ringuier B, Troussier F, Chaussabel D, Abel L, Pellier I, Notarangelo LD, Garcia-Sastre A, Basler CF, Geissmann F, Zhang SY, Snoeck HW, Casanova JL (26 March 2015). "Life-threatening influenza and impaired interferon amplification in human IRF7 deficiency". Science. 348: 448–453. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1578. PMC 4431581. PMID 25814066.
  5. ↑ Au WC, Yeow WS, Pitha PM (Feb 2001). "Analysis of functional domains of interferon regulatory factor 7 and its association with IRF-3". Virology. 280 (2): 273–82. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0782. PMID 11162841.

Further reading

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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