Hypercalcemia causes: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 15:45, 15 December 2016

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Causes

Common Causes

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It is due to excess PTH release by the parathyroid glands. This excess occurs due to an enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands, or a growth (usually not cancer) on one of the glands.

Other common causes include:

Drugs
Exogenous vitamin D
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
Immobilization
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Sarcoidosis
Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Beuren-williams syndrome, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
Chemical / poisoning	Aluminium antacid overuse, Aluminum intoxication, Calcium acetate, Caspofungin acetate, Cefepime, Chlortalidone, Theophylline toxicity
Dermatologic	Leprosy, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
Drug Side Effect	Cidofovir, Danazol, Dexlansoprazole, Diuretics, Fluoxymesterone, Gestrinone, Lithium, Nandrolone, Paricalcitol, Tamoxifen, Teriparatide, Thiazide, Toremifene
Ear Nose Throat	Oral candidiasis, Sjogren's syndrome
Endocrine	Abnormal parathyroid gland function, Acromegaly, Addison's disease, Adenoma, Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Adrenal insufficiency, Adult t-cell lymphoma , Bartter's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Hyperparathyroidism , Hyperthyroidism, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, Non-parathyroid mediated, Paget's disease of bone, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hormone related peptide, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Parathyroid mediated, Pituitary tumour , Pthrp, Tryptophan malabsorption syndrome
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Hepatocellular carcinoma, Vipoma
Genetic	Activation of extrarenal 1 alpha-hydroxylase , Beuren-williams syndrome, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Inherited variants, Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Phosphoethanolaminuria, Pseudophosphatasia , William's syndrome
Hematologic	Acute adult t-cell leukemia , Adult t-cell leukemia, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia , Cuffed blood sample, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Hematologic malignancy, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypervitaminosis a, Hypervitaminosis d, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia , Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Plasma cell granuloma, Polycythemia, Pseudophosphatasia , Pthrp, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia
Iatrogenic	Kidney transplant
Infectious Disease	Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis, Tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Bone cancer, Bone fracture, Immobilization, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, Paraplegia
Neurologic	Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Brown-sequard syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Milk-alkali syndrome, Parenteral nutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
Oncologic	Acute adult t-cell leukemia , Adenoma, Adult t-cell leukemia, Adult t-cell lymphoma , Bone cancer, Breast cancer, Bronchial carcinoma, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia , Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hematologic malignancy, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Kidney cancer, Lymphoma, Metastatic neoplasm, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Multiple myeloma, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Ovarian cancer, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Pheochromocytoma, Pituitary tumour , Plasma cell granuloma, Silicone-induced granuloma, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia , Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	, Aluminum intoxication, Aspirin (in large amounts), Drugs, Hypervitaminosis D, Vitamin A intoxication, Vitamin D intoxication
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Berylliosis, Bronchial carcinoma, Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Acute renal failure, Bartter's syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia , Kidney cancer, Kidney transplant, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure, Rhabdomyolysis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Chronic granulomatous disorders
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Bone fracture, Dehydration
Urologic	Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure
Miscellaneous	Idiopathic hypercalcemia (in infants), Immobilization, Paraplegia

References

Template:WS Template:WH

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Hypercalcemia}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AE}}
-{{PleaseHelp}}
 ==Overview==
@@ Line 23: / Line 21: @@
 {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Beuren-williams syndrome]],  [[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aluminum]] intoxication, [[Hypervitaminosis D]], [[Vitamin A]] intoxication, [[Vitamin D]] intoxication
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aluminium antacid overuse]],  [[Aluminum intoxication]],  [[Calcium acetate]],  [[Caspofungin acetate]],  [[Cefepime]],  [[Chlortalidone]],  [[Theophylline toxicity]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leprosy]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leprosy]],  [[Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Calcium acetate]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Cefepime]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Dexlansoprazole]], [[Fluoxymesterone]],
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cidofovir]],  [[Danazol]],  [[Dexlansoprazole]],  [[Diuretics]],  [[Fluoxymesterone]],  [[Gestrinone]],  [[Lithium]],  [[Nandrolone]],  [[Paricalcitol]],  [[Tamoxifen]],  [[Teriparatide]],  [[Thiazide]],  [[Toremifene]]
-[[Lithium]], [[Nandrolone]], [[Tamoxifen]], [[Thiazide]] [[diuretic]]s, [[Toremifene]],
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Oral candidiasis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Oral candidiasis]],  [[Sjogren's syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| Abnormal [[parathyroid gland]] function, [[Acromegaly]], [[Osteoporosis|Acute osteoporosis]], [[Addison's Disease]], [[Adrenal insufficiency]], Autonomous [[hyperparathyroidism]] (post long-term [[renal failure]]), [[Bartter's Syndrome]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], Familial isolated [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]] (in the preceding oliguric-anuric phase), [[Hyperthyroidism]], Isolated or multinodal [[adenoma]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (MEN), Parathyroid [[carcinoma]], [[Parathyroid]] hyperplasia, [[Pheochromocytoma]], [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]], Primary Parathyroid [[hyperplasia]], Secretion of [[prostaglandin]]s, Severe [[secondary hyperparathyroidism]], Solitary parathyroid [[adenoma]], [[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor]] ([[VIPoma]])
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abnormal parathyroid gland function]],  [[Acromegaly]],  [[Addison's disease]],  [[Adenoma]],  [[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]],  [[Adrenal insufficiency]],  [[Adult t-cell lymphoma ]],  [[Bartter's syndrome]],  [[Cushing's syndrome]],  [[Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia]],  [[Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]],  [[Hypercalcemia of malignancy]],  [[Hyperparathyroidism ]],  [[Hyperthyroidism]],  [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]],  [[Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Non-parathyroid mediated]],  [[Paget's disease of bone]],  [[Parathyroid carcinoma]],  [[Parathyroid hormone related peptide]],  [[Parathyroid hyperplasia]],  [[Parathyroid mediated]],  [[Pituitary tumour ]],  [[Pthrp]],  [[Tryptophan malabsorption syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 52: / Line 49: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[Hypervitaminosis D]], [[Oral candidiasis]], [[Total parenteral nutrition]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[Vipoma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Familial isolated [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[Gitelman syndrome]], [[William's syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Activation of extrarenal 1 alpha-hydroxylase ]],  [[Beuren-williams syndrome]],  [[Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Inherited variants]],  [[Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]],  [[Phosphoethanolaminuria]],  [[Pseudophosphatasia ]],  [[William's syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple myeloma]], [[Plasma cell]] [[granuloma]], [[Polycythemia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Adult t-cell leukemia]],  [[Chronic adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Cuffed blood sample]],  [[Cushing's syndrome]],  [[Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia]],  [[Hematologic malignancy]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[Hypervitaminosis a]],  [[Hypervitaminosis d]],  [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Hypophosphataemia]],  [[Hypophosphatasia ]],  [[Leukemia]],  [[Lymphoma]],  [[Multiple myeloma]],  [[Plasma cell granuloma]],  [[Polycythemia]],  [[Pseudophosphatasia ]],  [[Pthrp]],  [[Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia ]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Kidney transplant]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coccidioidomycosis]], [[Leprosy]], [[Oral candidiasis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coccidioidomycosis]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Oral candidiasis]],  [[Tuberculosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Osteoporosis|Acute osteoporosis]], Bone [[fracture]], [[Paget's Disease]], Rebound hypercalcemia after [[rhabdomyolysis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone cancer]],  [[Bone fracture]],  [[Immobilization]],  [[Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines]],  [[Osteomalacia]],  [[Osteoporosis]],  [[Paget's disease of bone]],  [[Paraplegia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]],  [[Brown-sequard syndrome ]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], [[Osteomalacia]], [[Total parenteral nutrition]], [[Vitamin A]] intoxication, [[Vitamin D]] intoxication, [[Vitamin D]] [[metabolic disorders]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Milk-alkali syndrome]],  [[Parenteral nutrition]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[Ovarian cancer]], [[Paget's Disease]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]],  [[Ovarian cancer]],  [[Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[Bronchial carcinoma]], [[Carcinoma]], [[Hematologic]] [[malignancy]] ([[multiple myeloma]], [[lymphoma]], [[leukemia]]), [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], Isolated or multinodal [[adenoma]], [[Kidney cancer]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Malignancy]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (MEN), [[Multiple Myeloma]], [[Ovarian cancer]], [[Paget's Disease]], Parathyroid [[carcinoma]], [[Pheochromocytoma]], [[Plasma cell]] [[granuloma]], [[Silicone]]-Induced [[granuloma]], Solid tumor with humoral mediation of hypercalcemia (e.g. [[lung cancer|lung]] or [[renal cell carcinoma|kidney cancer]], [[pheochromocytoma]]), Solid tumor with metastasis (e.g. [[breast cancer]]), Solitary parathyroid [[adenoma]], [[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor]] ([[VIPoma]])
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Adenoma]],  [[Adult t-cell leukemia]],  [[Adult t-cell lymphoma ]],  [[Bone cancer]],  [[Breast cancer]],  [[Bronchial carcinoma]],  [[Chronic adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]],  [[Hematologic malignancy]],  [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[Hypercalcemia of malignancy]],  [[Kidney cancer]],  [[Lymphoma]],  [[Metastatic neoplasm]],  [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]],  [[Multiple myeloma]],  [[Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines]],  [[Osteomalacia]],  [[Ovarian cancer]],  [[Paraneoplastic syndrome]],  [[Parathyroid carcinoma]],  [[Parathyroid hyperplasia]],  [[Pheochromocytoma]],  [[Pituitary tumour ]],  [[Plasma cell granuloma]],  [[Silicone-induced granuloma]],  [[Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 104: / Line 101: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Berylliosis]], [[Bronchial carcinoma]], Granulomatous diseases with [[tuberculosis]], [[Histoplasmosis]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Tuberculosis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Berylliosis]],  [[Bronchial carcinoma]],  [[Coccidioidomycosis]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Sarcoidosis]],  [[Tuberculosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute renal failure]], After [[kidney transplant]], [[Bartter's Syndrome]], [[Chronic renal failure]], Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, [[Kidney cancer]], [[Medullary sponge kidney]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], Rebound hypercalcemia after [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[Renal failure]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute renal failure]],  [[Bartter's syndrome]],  [[Gitelman syndrome]],  [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Hypophosphataemia]],  [[Hypophosphatasia ]],  [[Kidney cancer]],  [[Kidney transplant]],  [[Milk-alkali syndrome]],  [[Renal failure]],  [[Rhabdomyolysis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Osteoporosis|Acute osteoporosis]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Sjogren's syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic granulomatous disorders]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 120: / Line 117: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone fracture]],  [[Dehydration]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 136: / Line 133: @@
 [[Category:Endocrinology]]
-[[Category:Needs content]]
 {{WS}}
 {{WH}}