Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Difference between revisions

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{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|authorTag={{Alonso}}
|authorTag={{Alonso}}
|genericName=[[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate
|genericName=efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
|aOrAn=a
|aOrAn=a
|drugClass=human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, human immunodeficiency virus 1 non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor
|drugClass=human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, human immunodeficiency virus 1 non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Line 8: Line 8:
|hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes
|hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes
|adverseReactions=[[rash]], [[diarrhea]], [[nausea]], decreased [[bone mineral density]], [[dizziness]], [[headache]], [[anxiety]], [[depression]], [[sleep disorder]], increased [[creatine kinase]] level, [[sinusitis]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]], [[fatigue]]
|adverseReactions=[[rash]], [[diarrhea]], [[nausea]], decreased [[bone mineral density]], [[dizziness]], [[headache]], [[anxiety]], [[depression]], [[sleep disorder]], increased [[creatine kinase]] level, [[sinusitis]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]], [[fatigue]]
|blackBoxWarningTitle=Warning Title
|blackBoxWarningTitle=WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS/SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS and POST TREATMENT EXACERBATION OF HEPATITIS B
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">LACTIC ACIDOSIS/SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS and POST TREATMENT EXACERBATION OF HEPATITIS B:</span></i> Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs, including tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, in combination with other antiretrovirals.
|fdaLIADAdult======Condition 1=====


* Dosing Information
Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the safety and efficacy of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate have not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and HIV-1. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued emcitrabine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, which are components of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV and discontinue efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.
|fdaLIADAdult=* '''Adults and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with body weight at least 40 kg (at least 88 lbs):''' The dose of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is one tablet once daily taken orally on an empty stomach. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of nervous system symptoms.
* '''Renal Impairment:''' Because [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is a fixed-dose combination, it should not be prescribed for patients requiring dosage adjustment such as those with moderate or severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min).
* '''Rifampin Coadministration:''' When [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is administered with [[rifampin]] to patients weighing 50 kg or more, an additional 200 mg/day of [[efavirenz]] is recommended
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adult patients.
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adult patients.
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pediatric patients.
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pediatric patients.
|contraindications======Hypersensitivity=====
[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarateis contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated clinically significant hypersensitivity (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, or toxic skin eruptions) to [[efavirenz]], a component of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.


:* (Dosage)
=====Contraindicated Drugs=====
For some drugs, competition for CYP3A by [[efavirenz]] could result in inhibition of their metabolism and create the potential for serious and/or life-threatening adverse reactions (e.g., cardiac [[arrhythmias]], prolonged sedation, or [[respiratory depression]]). Drugs that are contraindicated with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate are listed in Table 1.


=====Condition 2=====
[[File:Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Table1.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}
|warnings======Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis=====
[[Lactic acidosis]] and severe [[hepatomegaly]] with [[steatosis]], including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs including [[tenofovir]] DF, a component of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate, in combination with other [[antiretrovirals]]. A majority of these cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for liver disease; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Treatment with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of [[lactic acidosis]] or pronounced [[hepatotoxicity]] (which may include [[hepatomegaly]] and [[steatosis]] even in the absence of marked [[transaminase]] elevations).


* Dosing Information
=====Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV=====
It is recommended that all patients with HIV-1 be tested for the presence of chronic [[HBV]] before initiating [[antiretroviral therapy]]. [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is not approved for the treatment of chronic [[HBV]] infection, and the safety and efficacy of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate have not been established in patients coinfected with [[HBV]] and [[HIV]]-1. Severe acute exacerbations of [[hepatitis B]] have been reported in patients who are coinfected with [[HBV]] and [[HIV]]-1 and have discontinued [[emtricitabine]] or [[tenofovir]] DF, two of the components of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. In some patients infected with [[HBV]] and treated with [[emtricitabine]], the exacerbations of [[hepatitis B]] were associated with liver decompensation and [[liver failure]]. Patients who are coinfected with [[HIV]]-1 and [[HBV]] should be closely monitored with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. If appropriate, initiation of anti-[[hepatitis B]] therapy may be warranted.


:* (Dosage)
[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should not be administered with [[adefovir dipivoxil]].
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


* Developed by: (Organisation)
=====Drug Interactions=====
Efavirenz plasma concentrations may be altered by substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of CYP3A. Likewise, efavirenz may alter plasma concentrations of drugs metabolized by CYP3A or CYP2B6.


* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
=====Coadministration with Related Products=====
Related drugs not for coadministration with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate include [[emtricitabine]]/[[rilpivirine]]/[[tenofovir]] DF, [[emtricitabine]], [[elvitegravir]]/[[cobicistat]]/[[emtricitabine]]/[[tenofovir]] DF, [[emtricitabine]]/[[tenofovir]] DF, and [[tenofovir DF]], which contain the same active components as [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. [[Efavirenz]] should not be coadministered with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate unless needed for dose-adjustment (e.g., with [[rifampin]]). Due to similarities between [[emtricitabine]] and [[lamivudine]], [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should not be coadministered with drugs containing [[lamivudine]], including [[lamivudine]]/[[zidovudine]], [[lamivudine]], [[abacavir]] sulfate/[[lamivudine]]), or [[abacavir]] sulfate/[[lamivudine]]/[[zidovudine]].


* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
=====Psychiatric Symptoms=====
Serious psychiatric adverse experiences have been reported in patients treated with efavirenz. In controlled trials of 1008 subjects treated with regimens containing efavirenz for a mean of 2.1 years and 635 subjects treated with control regimens for a mean of 1.5 years, the frequency (regardless of causality) of specific serious psychiatric events among subjects who received efavirenz or control regimens, respectively, were: severe depression (2.4%, 0.9%), suicidal ideation (0.7%, 0.3%), nonfatal suicide attempts (0.5%, 0%), aggressive behavior (0.4%, 0.5%), paranoid reactions (0.4%, 0.3%), and manic reactions (0.2%, 0.3%). When psychiatric symptoms similar to those noted above were combined and evaluated as a group in a multifactorial analysis of data from Study AI266006 (006), treatment with efavirenz was associated with an increase in the occurrence of these selected psychiatric symptoms. Other factors associated with an increase in the occurrence of these psychiatric symptoms were history of injection drug use, psychiatric history, and receipt of psychiatric medication at trial entry; similar associations were observed in both the efavirenz and control treatment groups. In Study 006, onset of new serious psychiatric symptoms occurred throughout the trial for both efavirenz-treated and control-treated subjects. One percent of efavirenz-treated subjects discontinued or interrupted treatment because of one or more of these selected psychiatric symptoms. There have also been occasional postmarketing reports of death by suicide, delusions, and psychosis-like behavior, although a causal relationship to the use of efavirenz cannot be determined from these reports. Patients with serious psychiatric adverse experiences should seek immediate medical evaluation to assess the possibility that the symptoms may be related to the use of efavirenz, and if so, to determine whether the risks of continued therapy outweigh the benefits.


* Dosing Information/Recommendation
=====Nervous System Symptoms=====
Fifty-three percent (531/1008) of subjects receiving [[efavirenz]] in controlled trials reported central nervous system symptoms (any grade, regardless of causality) compared to 25% (156/635) of subjects receiving control regimens. These symptoms included [[dizziness]] (28.1% of the 1008 subjects), [[insomnia]] (16.3%), impaired concentration (8.3%), [[somnolence]] (7.0%), abnormal dreams (6.2%), and [[hallucinations]] (1.2%). Other reported symptoms were [[euphoria]], [[confusion]], [[agitation]], [[amnesia]], [[stupor]], abnormal thinking, and [[depersonalization]]. The majority of these symptoms were mild-to-moderate (50.7%); symptoms were severe in 2.0% of subjects. Overall, 2.1% of subjects discontinued therapy as a result. These symptoms usually begin during the first or second day of therapy and generally resolve after the first 2–4 weeks of therapy. After 4 weeks of therapy, the prevalence of nervous system symptoms of at least moderate severity ranged from 5% to 9% in subjects treated with regimens containing [[efavirenz]] and from 3% to 5% in subjects treated with a control regimen. Patients should be informed that these common symptoms were likely to improve with continued therapy and were not predictive of subsequent onset of the less frequent psychiatric symptom. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these nervous system symptoms.


:* (Dosage)
Analysis of long-term data from Study 006 (median follow-up 180 weeks, 102 weeks, and 76 weeks for subjects treated with [[efavirenz]] + [[zidovudine]] + [[lamivudine]], [[efavirenz]] + [[indinavir]], and [[indinavir]] + [[zidovudine]] + [[lamivudine]], respectively) showed that, beyond 24 weeks of therapy, the incidences of new-onset nervous system symptoms among [[efavirenz]]-treated subjects were generally similar to those in the [[indinavir]]-containing control arm.


=====Condition 2=====
Patients receiving [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should be alerted to the potential for additive [[central nervous system]] effects when [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs.


* Developed by: (Organisation)
Patients who experience central nervous system symptoms such as [[dizziness]], impaired concentration, and/or [[drowsiness]] should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.


* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
=====New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment=====
Emtricitabine and tenofovir are principally eliminated by the kidney; however, [[efavirenz]] is not. Since [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is a combination product and the dose of the individual components cannot be altered, patients with estimated [[creatinine clearance]] below 50 mL/min should not receive [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.


* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
[[Renal impairment]], including cases of [[acute renal failure]] and [[Fanconi syndrome]] (renal tubular injury with severe [[hypophosphatemia]]), has been reported with the use of [[tenofovir]] DF.


* Dosing Information/Recommendation
It is recommended that estimated creatinine clearance be assessed in all patients prior to initiating therapy and as clinically appropriate during therapy with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. In patients at risk of renal dysfunction, including patients who have previously experienced renal events while receiving [[adefovir dipivoxil]], it is recommended that estimated creatinine clearance, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein be assessed prior to initiation of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate, and periodically during [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate therapy.


:* (Dosage)
[[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g., high-dose or multiple [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] ([[NSAID]]s)). Cases of acute renal failure after initiation of high dose or multiple [[NSAID]]s have been reported in [[HIV]]-infected patients with risk factors for renal dysfunction who appeared stable on [[tenofovir]] DF. Some patients required hospitalization and renal replacement therapy. Alternatives to [[NSAID]]s should be considered, if needed, in patients at risk for renal dysfunction.
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


* Dosing Information
Persistent or worsening bone pain, pain in extremities, fractures and/or muscular pain or weakness may be manifestations of proximal renal tubulopathy and should prompt an evaluation of renal function in at-risk patients.


:* (Dosage)
=====Reproductive Risk Potential=====
'''Pregnancy Category D:''' [[Efavirenz]] may cause fetal harm when administered during the first trimester to a pregnant woman. Pregnancy should be avoided in women receiving [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. Barrier contraception must always be used in combination with other methods of contraception (e.g., oral or other hormonal [[contraceptives]]). Because of the long half-life of [[efavirenz]], use of adequate contraceptive measures for 12 weeks after discontinuation of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is recommended. Women of childbearing potential should undergo pregnancy testing before initiation of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. If this drug is used during the first trimester of pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.


=====Condition 2=====
There are no adequate and well-controlled trials of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate in pregnant women. [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus, such as in pregnant women without other therapeutic options.


* Dosing Information
=====Rash=====
In controlled clinical trials, 26% (266/1008) of subjects treated with 600 mg [[efavirenz]] experienced new-onset skin rash compared with 17% (111/635) of subjects treated in control groups. Rash associated with [[blistering]], moist desquamation, or ulceration occurred in 0.9% (9/1008) of subjects treated with [[efavirenz]]. The incidence of Grade 4 rash (e.g., [[erythema multiforme]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]) in subjects treated with [[efavirenz]] in all trials and expanded access was 0.1%. Rashes are usually mild-to-moderate maculopapular skin eruptions that occur within the first 2 weeks of initiating therapy with [[efavirenz]] (median time to onset of rash in adults was 11 days) and, in most subjects continuing therapy with [[efavirenz]], rash resolves within 1 month (median duration, 16 days). The discontinuation rate for rash in clinical trials was 1.7% (17/1008). [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate can be reinitiated in patients interrupting therapy because of rash. [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should be discontinued in patients developing severe rash associated with blistering, desquamation, mucosal involvement, or fever. Appropriate antihistamines and/or [[corticosteroids]] may improve the tolerability and hasten the resolution of rash. For patients who have had a life-threatening cutaneous reaction (e.g., [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]), alternative therapy should be considered.


:* (Dosage)
Experience with [[efavirenz]] in subjects who discontinued other [[antiretroviral agents]] of the NNRTI class is limited. Nineteen subjects who discontinued [[nevirapine]] because of rash have been treated with [[efavirenz]]. Nine of these subjects developed mild-to-moderate rash while receiving therapy with [[efavirenz]], and two of these subjects discontinued because of rash.


=====Condition 3=====
Rash was reported in 26 of 57 pediatric subjects (46%) treated with [[efavirenz]]. One pediatric subject experienced Grade 3 rash (confluent [[rash]] with [[fever]]), and two subjects had Grade 4 rash ([[erythema multiforme]]). The median time to onset of rash in pediatric subjects was 8 days. Prophylaxis with appropriate antihistamines before initiating therapy with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate in pediatric patients should be considered.


* Dosing Information
=====Hepatotoxicity=====
Monitoring of liver enzymes before and during treatment is recommended for patients with underlying hepatic disease, including [[hepatitis B]] or [[hepatitis C]] infection; patients with marked [[transaminase]] elevations; and patients treated with other medications associated with liver toxicity. A few of the postmarketing reports of hepatic failure occurred in patients with no pre-existing hepatic disease or other identifiable risk factors. Liver enzyme monitoring should also be considered for patients without pre-existing hepatic dysfunction or other risk factors. In patients with persistent elevations of serum [[transaminases]] to greater than five times the upper limit of the normal range, the benefit of continued therapy with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate needs to be weighed against the unknown risks of significant liver toxicity.


:* (Dosage)
=====Bone Effects of Tenofovir DF=====
|fdaLIADPed======Condition 1=====
======Bone Mineral Density======
In clinical trials in [[HIV]]-1 infected adults, [[tenofovir]] DF was associated with slightly greater decreases in [[bone mineral density]] ([[BMD]]) and increases in biochemical markers of bone metabolism, suggesting increased bone turnover relative to comparators. Serum parathyroid hormone levels and 1,25 [[Vitamin D]] levels were also higher in subjects receiving [[tenofovir]] DF.


* Dosing Information
Clinical trials evaluating [[tenofovir]] DF in pediatric and adolescent subjects were conducted. Under normal circumstances, [[BMD]] increases rapidly in pediatric patients. In [[HIV]]-1 infected subjects aged 2 years to less than 18 years, bone effects were similar to those observed in adult subjects and suggest increased bone turnover. Total body [[BMD]] gain was less in the [[tenofovir]] DF treated [[HIV]]-1 infected pediatric subjects as compared to the control groups. Similar trends were observed in chronic [[hepatitis B]] infected adolescent subjects aged 12 years to less than 18 years. In all pediatric trials, skeletal growth (height) appeared to be unaffected. For more information, consult the [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate prescribing information.


:* (Dosage)
The effects of [[tenofovir]] DF-associated changes in [[BMD]] and biochemical markers on long-term bone health and future fracture risk are unknown. Assessment of [[BMD]] should be considered for adult and pediatric patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss. Although the effect of supplementation with [[calcium]] and [[vitamin D]] was not studied, such supplementation may be beneficial for all patients. If bone abnormalities are suspected then appropriate consultation should be obtained.


=====Condition 2=====
======Mineralization Defects======
Cases of [[osteomalacia]] associated with proximal renal tubulopathy, manifested as bone pain or pain in extremities and which may contribute to fractures, have been reported in association with the use of [[tenofovir]] DF. [[Arthralgias]] and muscle pain or weakness have also been reported in cases of proximal renal tubulopathy. [[Hypophosphatemia]] and [[osteomalacia]] secondary to proximal renal tubulopathy should be considered in patients at risk of renal dysfunction who present with persistent or worsening bone or muscle symptoms while receiving products containing [[tenofovir]] DF.


* Dosing Information
=====Convulsions=====
Convulsions have been observed in patients receiving [[efavirenz]], generally in the presence of known medical history of [[seizures]]. Caution must be taken in any patient with a history of [[seizures]].


:* (Dosage)
Patients who are receiving concomitant anticonvulsant medications primarily metabolized by the liver, such as [[phenytoin]] and phenobarbital, may require periodic monitoring of plasma levels.
|offLabelPedGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


* Developed by: (Organisation)
=====Immune Reconstitution Syndrome=====
Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination [[antiretroviral therapy]], including the components of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. During the initial phase of combination [[antiretroviral]] treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as [[Mycobacterium avium]] infection, [[cytomegalovirus]], [[Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia]] (PCP), or [[tuberculosis]]), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.


* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease, [[polymyositis]], and [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution, however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.


* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
=====Fat Redistribution=====
Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including [[central obesity]], dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and "[[cushingoid appearance]]" have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.
|clinicalTrials=Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.


* Dosing Information/Recommendation
===Clinical Trials in Adult Subjects===
=====Study 934=====
Study 934 was an open-label active-controlled trial in which 511 antiretroviral-naive subjects received either [[emtricitabine]] + [[tenofovir]] DF administered in combination with [[efavirenz]] (N=257) or [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] administered in combination with [[efavirenz]] (N=254).


:* (Dosage)
The most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 10%, any severity) occurring in Study 934 include [[diarrhea]], [[nausea]], [[fatigue]], [[headache]], [[dizziness]], [[depression]], [[insomnia]], abnormal dreams, and [[rash]]. Adverse reactions observed in Study 934 were generally consistent with those seen in previous trials of the individual components (Table 2).


=====Condition 2=====
[[File:Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Table2.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}


* Developed by: (Organisation)
=====Study 073=====
In Study 073, subjects with stable, virologic suppression on [[antiretroviral therapy]] and no history of virologic failure were randomized to receive [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate or to stay on their baseline regimen. The adverse reactions observed in Study 073 were generally consistent with those seen in Study 934 and those seen with the individual components of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate when each was administered in combination with other [[antiretroviral agents]].


* Class of Recommendation: (Class) (Link)
=====Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, or Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate=====
In addition to the adverse reactions in Study 934 and Study 073, the following adverse reactions were observed in clinical trials of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], or [[tenofovir]] DF in combination with other [[antiretroviral agents]].


* Strength of Evidence: (Category A/B/C) (Link)
'''Efavirenz:''' The most significant adverse reactions observed in subjects treated with [[efavirenz]] are nervous system symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, and [[rash]].


* Dosing Information/Recommendation
Selected adverse reactions of moderate-to-severe intensity observed in greater than or equal to 2% of [[efavirenz]]-treated subjects in two controlled clinical trials included pain, impaired concentration, abnormal dreams, [[somnolence]], [[anorexia]], [[dyspepsia]], [[abdominal pain]], [[nervousness]], and [[pruritus]].


:* (Dosage)
[[Pancreatitis]] has also been reported, although a causal relationship with [[efavirenz]] has not been established. Asymptomatic increases in serum amylase levels were observed in a significantly higher number of subjects treated with [[efavirenz]] 600 mg than in control subjects.
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Condition 1=====


* Dosing Information
'''[[Emtricitabine]] and [[Tenofovir]] Disoproxil Fumarate:''' Adverse reactions that occurred in at least 5% of treatment-experienced or treatment-naive subjects receiving [[emtricitabine]] or [[tenofovir]] DF with other [[antiretroviral agents]] in clinical trials include [[arthralgia]], increased [[cough]], [[dyspepsia]], [[fever]], [[myalgia]], [[pain]], [[abdominal pain]], [[back pain]], [[paresthesia]], peripheral [[neuropathy]] (including peripheral [[neuritis]] and [[neuropathy]]), [[pneumonia]], [[rhinitis]] and rash event (including [[rash]], [[pruritus]], [[maculopapular rash]], [[urticaria]], vesiculobullous rash, pustular rash, and [[allergic reaction]]).


:* (Dosage)
Skin discoloration has been reported with higher frequency among emtricitabine-treated subjects; it was manifested by hyperpigmentation on the palms and/or soles and was generally mild and asymptomatic. The mechanism and clinical significance are unknown.


=====Condition 2=====
===Clinical Trials in Pediatric Subjects===
'''Efavirenz:''' In a pediatric clinical trial in 57 NRTI-experienced subjects aged 3 to 16 years, the type and frequency of adverse experiences was generally similar to that of adult subjects with the exception of a higher incidence of rash, which was reported in 46% (26/57) of pediatric subjects compared to 26% of adults, and a higher frequency of Grade 3 or 4 rash reported in 5% (3/57) of pediatric subjects compared to 0.9% of adults. For additional information, please consult the [[efavirenz]] prescribing information.


* Dosing Information
'''Emtricitabine:''' In addition to the adverse reactions reported in adults, anemia and [[hyperpigmentation]] were observed in 7% and 32%, respectively, of pediatric subjects (3 months to less than 18 years of age) who received treatment with [[emtricitabine]] in the larger of two open-label, uncontrolled pediatric trials (N=116). For additional information, please consult the [[emtricitabine]] prescribing information.


:* (Dosage)
'''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' In a pediatric clinical trial conducted in subjects 12 to less than 18 years of age, the adverse reactions observed in pediatric subjects who received treatment with [[tenofovir]] DF were consistent with those observed in clinical trials of [[tenofovir]] DF in adults.


=====Condition 3=====
===Laboratory Abnormalities===
'''[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate:''' Laboratory abnormalities observed in Study 934 were generally consistent with those seen in previous trials (Table 3).


* Dosing Information
[[File:Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Table3.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}


:* (Dosage)
Laboratory abnormalities observed in Study 073 were generally consistent with those in Study 934.
|contraindications=* Condition 1
* Condition 2
* Condition 3
* Condition 4
* Condition 5
|warnings======Conidition 1=====


(Description)
In addition to the laboratory abnormalities described for Study 934 (Table 3), Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities of increased [[bilirubin]] (greater than 2.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN)), increased [[pancreatic amylase]] (greater than 2.0 × ULN), increased or decreased serum glucose (less than 40 or greater than 250 mg/dL), and increased serum [[lipase]] (greater than 2.0 × ULN) occurred in up to 3% of subjects treated with [[emtricitabine]] or [[tenofovir]] DF with other [[antiretroviral agents]] in clinical trials.
|clinicalTrials=======Central Nervous System======


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
'''Hepatic Events:''' In Study 934, 19 subjects treated with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], and [[tenofovir]] DF and 20 subjects treated with [[efavirenz]] and fixed-dose [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] were [[hepatitis B surface antigen]] or [[hepatitis C antibody positive]]. Among these coinfected subjects, one subject (1/19) in the [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] DF arm had elevations in [[transaminases]] to greater than five times ULN through 144 weeks. In the fixed-dose [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] arm, two subjects (2/20) had elevations in [[transaminases]] to greater than five times ULN through 144 weeks. No [[HBV]] and/or [[HCV]] coinfected subject discontinued from the trial due to hepatobiliary disorders.
|postmarketing=The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of efavirenz, emtricitabine, or tenofovir DF. Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Efavirenz:
* Cardiac Disorders: [[Palpitations]]
* Ear and Labyrinth Disorders: [[Tinnitus]], [[vertigo]]
* Endocrine Disorders: [[Gynecomastia]]
* Eye Disorders: Abnormal vision
* Gastrointestinal Disorders: [[Constipation]], [[malabsorption]]
* General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: [[Asthenia]]
* Hepatobiliary Disorders: [[Hepatic enzyme]] increase, [[hepatic failure]], [[hepatitis]]. A few of the postmarketing reports of [[hepatic failure]], including cases in patients with no pre-existing hepatic disease or other identifiable risk factors, were characterized by a fulminant course, progressing in some cases to transplantation or death.
* Immune System Disorders: [[Allergic reactions]]
* Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: [[Redistribution]]/accumulation of body fat, [[hypercholesterolemia]], [[hypertriglyceridemia]]
* Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: [[Arthralgia]], [[myalgia]], [[myopathy]]
* Nervous System Disorders: Abnormal coordination, [[ataxia]], cerebellar coordination and balance disturbances, [[convulsions]], [[hypoesthesia]], [[paresthesia]], [[neuropathy]], [[tremor]]
* Psychiatric Disorders: [[Aggressive reactions]], [[agitation]], [[delusions]], [[emotional lability]], [[mania]], [[neurosis]], [[paranoia]], [[psychosis]], suicide
* Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: [[Dyspnea]]
* Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: [[Flushing]], [[erythema multiforme]], photoallergic [[dermatitis]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]


======Cardiovascular======
Emtricitabine: No postmarketing adverse reactions have been identified for inclusion in this section.


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:
* Immune System Disorders: [[Allergic reaction]], including [[angioedema]]
* Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: [[Lactic acidosis]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypophosphatemia]]
* Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders: [[Dyspnea]]
* Gastrointestinal Disorders: [[Pancreatitis]], increased [[amylase]], [[abdominal pain]]
* Hepatobiliary Disorders: [[Hepatic steatosis]], [[hepatitis]], increased [[liver enzymes]] (most commonly [[AST]], [[ALT]], [[GGT]])
* Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: [[Rash]]
* Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: [[Rhabdomyolysis]], [[osteomalacia]] (manifested as bone pain and which may contribute to fractures), muscular weakness, [[myopathy]]
* Renal and Urinary Disorders: [[Acute renal failure]], [[renal failure]], [[acute tubular necrosis]], [[Fanconi syndrome]], [[proximal renal tubulopathy]], [[interstitial nephritis]] (including acute cases), nephrogenic [[diabetes insipidus]], [[renal insufficiency]], increased creatinine, proteinuria, [[polyuria]]
* General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: [[Asthenia]]


======Respiratory======
The following adverse reactions, listed under the body system headings above, may occur as a consequence of proximal renal tubulopathy: [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[osteomalacia]], [[hypokalemia]], muscular weakness, [[myopathy]], [[hypophosphatemia]].
|drugInteractions=This section describes clinically relevant drug interactions with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. Drug interaction trials are described elsewhere in the labeling.


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
=====Efavirenz=====
[[Efavirenz]] has been shown in vivo to induce CYP3A and CYP2B6. Other compounds that are substrates of CYP3A or CYP2B6 may have decreased plasma concentrations when coadministered with [[efavirenz]]. In vitro studies have demonstrated that [[efavirenz]] inhibits CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 isozymes in the range of observed [[efavirenz]] plasma concentrations. Coadministration of [[efavirenz]] with drugs primarily metabolized by these isozymes may result in altered plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug. Therefore, appropriate dose adjustments may be necessary for these drugs.


======Gastrointestinal======
Drugs that induce CYP3A activity (e.g., [[phenobarbital]], [[rifampin]], [[rifabutin]]) would be expected to increase the clearance of [[efavirenz]], resulting in lowered plasma concentrations.


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
=====Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate=====
Since [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] are primarily eliminated by the kidneys, coadministration of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate with drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion may increase serum concentrations of [[emtricitabine]], [[tenofovir]], and/or other renally eliminated drugs. Some examples include, but are not limited to, [[acyclovir]], [[adefovir dipivoxil]], [[cidofovir]], [[ganciclovir]], [[valacyclovir]], [[valganciclovir]], [[aminoglycosides]] (e.g., [[gentamicin]]), and high-dose or multiple [[NSAID]]s.


======Hypersensitive Reactions======
Coadministration of [[tenofovir]] DF and [[didanosine]] should be undertaken with caution and patients receiving this combination should be monitored closely for [[didanosine]]-associated adverse reactions. [[Didanosine]] should be discontinued in patients who develop [[didanosine]]-associated adverse reactions. Suppression of CD4+ cell counts has been observed in patients receiving [[tenofovir]] DF with [[didanosine]] 400 mg daily.


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
[[Darunavir]] with [[ritonavir]] and [[lopinavir]]/[[ritonavir]] have been shown to increase [[tenofovir]] concentrations. [[Tenofovir]] DF is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and breast cancer resistance protein ([[BCRP]]) transporters. When [[tenofovir]] DF is co-administered with an inhibitor of these transporters, an increase in absorption may be observed. Patients receiving [[darunavir]] with [[ritonavir]] and [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate, or [[lopinavir]]/[[ritonavir]] with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate, should be monitored for [[tenofovir]]-associated adverse reactions. [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should be discontinued in patients who develop [[tenofovir]]-associated adverse reactions.


======Miscellaneous======
Coadministration of [[atazanavir]] with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is not recommended since coadministration of [[atazanavir]] with either [[efavirenz]] or [[tenofovir]] DF has been shown to decrease plasma concentrations of [[atazanavir]]. Also, [[atazanavir]] has been shown to increase [[tenofovir]] concentrations. There are insufficient data to support dosing recommendations for [[atazanavir]] or [[atazanavir]]/[[ritonavir]] in combination with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.


: (list/description of adverse reactions)


=====Condition 2=====
=====Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate=====
Other important drug interaction information for [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is summarized in Table 1 and Table 4. The drug interactions described are based on trials conducted with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] or [[tenofovir]] DF as individual agents or are potential drug interactions; no drug interaction trials have been conducted using [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. The tables include potentially significant interactions, but are not all inclusive.


======Central Nervous System======
[[File:Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Table4.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
=====Efavirenz Assay Interference=====
'''Cannabinoid Test Interaction:''' [[Efavirenz]] does not bind to cannabinoid receptors. False-positive urine cannabinoid test results have been observed in non-[[HIV]]-infected volunteers receiving [[efavirenz]] when the Microgenics Cedia DAU Multi-Level THC assay was used for screening. Negative results were obtained when more specific confirmatory testing was performed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For more information, please consult the [[efavirenz]] prescribing information.
|FDAPregCat=D
|useInPregnancyFDA======Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry=====
To monitor fetal outcomes of pregnant women, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients who become pregnant by calling (800) 258-4263.


======Cardiovascular======
'''Efavirenz:''' As of July 2010, the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has received prospective reports of 792 pregnancies exposed to [[efavirenz]]-containing regimens, nearly all of which were first-trimester exposures (718 pregnancies). Birth defects occurred in 17 of 604 live births (first-trimester exposure) and 2 of 69 live births (second/third-trimester exposure). One of these prospectively reported defects with first-trimester exposure was a neural tube defect. A single case of [[anophthalmia]] with first-trimester exposure to [[efavirenz]] has also been prospectively reported; however, this case included severe oblique facial clefts and amniotic banding, a known association with [[anophthalmia]]. There have been six retrospective reports of findings consistent with neural tube defects, including [[meningomyelocele]]. All mothers were exposed to [[efavirenz]]-containing regimens in the first trimester. Although a causal relationship of these events to the use of [[efavirenz]] has not been established, similar defects have been observed in preclinical studies of [[efavirenz]].


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
=====Animal Data=====
Effects of [[efavirenz]] on embryo-fetal development have been studied in three nonclinical species (cynomolgus monkeys, rats, and rabbits). In monkeys, [[efavirenz]] 60 mg/kg/day was administered to pregnant females throughout pregnancy (gestation Days 20 through 150). The maternal systemic drug exposures (AUC) were 1.3 times the exposure in humans at the recommended clinical dose (600 mg/day), with fetal umbilical venous drug concentrations approximately 0.7 times the maternal values. Three fetuses of 20 fetuses/infants had one or more malformations; there were no malformed fetuses or infants from placebo-treated mothers. The malformations that occurred in these three monkey fetuses included [[anencephaly]] and unilateral [[anophthalmia]] in one fetus, [[microophthalmia]] in a second, and cleft palate in the third. There was no NOAEL (no observable adverse effect level) established for this study because only one dosage was evaluated. In rats, [[efavirenz]] was administered either during organogenesis (gestation Days 7 to 18) or from gestation Day 7 through lactation Day 21 at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day. Administration of 200 mg/kg/day in rats was associated with an increase in the incidence of early resorptions, and doses 100 mg/kg/day and greater were associated with early neonatal mortality. The AUC at the NOAEL (50 mg/kg/day) in this rat study was 0.1 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose. Drug concentrations in the milk on lactation Day 10 were approximately 8 times higher than those in maternal plasma. In pregnant rabbits, [[efavirenz]] was neither embryo lethal nor teratogenic when administered at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day over the period of organogenesis (gestation Days 6 through 18). The AUC at the NOAEL (75 mg/kg/day) in rabbits was 0.4 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose.
|useInNursing=The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-1 infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of [[HIV]]-1. Studies in rats have demonstrated that [[efavirenz]] is secreted in milk. Studies in humans have shown that both [[tenofovir]] and [[emtricitabine]] are excreted in human milk. Because the risks of low level exposure to [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] to infants are unknown, and because of the potential for [[HIV]]-1 transmission, mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are receiving [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.


======Respiratory======
=====Emtricitabine=====
Samples of breast milk obtained from five HIV-1 infected mothers show that [[emtricitabine]] is secreted in human milk. Breastfeeding infants whose mothers are being treated with emtricitabine may be at risk for developing viral resistance to [[emtricitabine]]. Other [[emtricitabine]]-associated risks in infants breastfed by mothers being treated with [[emtricitabine]] are unknown.


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
=====Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate=====
Samples of breast milk obtained from five HIV-1 infected mothers show that [[tenofovir]] is secreted in human milk. [[Tenofovir]]-associated risks, including the risk of viral resistance to [[tenofovir]], in infants breastfed by mothers being treated with [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate are unknown.
|useInPed=[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should only be administered to pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with a body weight greater than or equal to 40 kg (greater than or equal to 88 lbs). Because [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarateis a fixed-dose combination tablet, the dose adjustments recommended for pediatric patients younger than 12 years of age for each individual component cannot be made with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.
|useInGeri=Clinical trials of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] DF did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for elderly patients should be cautious, keeping in mind the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
|useInRenalImpair=Because [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] DF is a fixed-dose combination, it should not be prescribed for patients requiring dosage adjustment such as those with moderate or severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min).
|useInHepaticImpair=[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment because there are insufficient data to determine an appropriate dose. Patients with mild hepatic impairment may be treated with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate at the approved dose. Because of the extensive cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of [[efavirenz]] and limited clinical experience in patients with hepatic impairment, caution should be exercised in administering [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate to these patients.
|administration=Oral
|monitoring======HVB=====


======Gastrointestinal======
[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate tablet is not approved for the treatment of chronic [[hepatitis B]] virus ([[HBV]]) infection and the safety and efficacy of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate have not been established in patients coinfected with [[HBV]] and [[HIV]]-1. Severe acute exacerbations of [[hepatitis B]] have been reported in patients who have discontinued [[emcitrabine]] or [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate, which are components of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who are coinfected with [[HIV]]-1 and [[HBV]] and discontinue [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. If appropriate, initiation of anti-[[hepatitis B]] therapy may be warranted.
|overdose=If overdose occurs, the patient should be monitored for evidence of toxicity, including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the patient's clinical status; standard supportive treatment should then be applied as necessary. Administration of activated charcoal may be used to aid removal of unabsorbed [[efavirenz]]. [[Hemodialysis]] can remove both [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] DF (refer to detailed information below), but is unlikely to significantly remove [[efavirenz]] from the blood.


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
=====Efavirenz=====
Some patients accidentally taking 600 mg twice daily have reported increased nervous system symptoms. One patient experienced involuntary muscle contractions.


======Hypersensitive Reactions======
=====Emtricitabine=====
Limited clinical experience is available at doses higher than the therapeutic dose of [[emtricitabine]]. In one clinical pharmacology trial single doses of [[emtricitabine]] 1200 mg were administered to 11 subjects. No severe adverse reactions were reported.


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
[[Hemodialysis]] treatment removes approximately 30% of the [[emtricitabine]] dose over a 3-hour dialysis period starting within 1.5 hours of [[emtricitabine]] dosing (blood flow rate of 400 mL/min and a dialysate flow rate of 600 mL/min). It is not known whether [[emtricitabine]] can be removed by peritoneal dialysis.


======Miscellaneous======
=====Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate=====
Limited clinical experience at doses higher than the therapeutic dose of [[tenofovir]] DF 300 mg is available. In one trial, 600 mg [[tenofovir]] DF was administered to 8 subjects orally for 28 days, and no severe adverse reactions were reported. The effects of higher doses are not known.


: (list/description of adverse reactions)
[[Tenofovir]] is efficiently removed by [[hemodialysis]] with an extraction coefficient of approximately 54%. Following a single 300 mg dose of [[tenofovir]] DF, a 4-hour [[hemodialysis]] session removed approximately 10% of the administered [[tenofovir]] dose.
|postmarketing=(Description)
|drugInteractions=* Drug 1
* Drug 2
* Drug 3
* Drug 4
* Drug 5
 
=====Drug 1=====
 
(Description)
 
=====Drug 2=====
 
(Description)
 
=====Drug 3=====
 
(Description)
 
=====Drug 4=====
 
(Description)
 
=====Drug 5=====
 
(Description)
|useInPregnancyFDA=(Description)
|useInPregnancyAUS=(Description)
|useInLaborDelivery=(Description)
|useInNursing=(Description)
|useInPed=(Description)
|useInGeri=(Description)
|useInGender=(Description)
|useInRace=(Description)
|useInRenalImpair=(Description)
|useInHepaticImpair=(Description)
|useInReproPotential=(Description)
|useInImmunocomp=(Description)
|othersTitle=Others
|useInOthers=(Description)
|administration=(Oral/Intravenous/etc)
|monitoring======Condition 1=====
 
(Description regarding monitoring, from ''Warnings'' section)
 
=====Condition 2=====
 
(Description regarding monitoring, from ''Warnings'' section)
 
=====Condition 3=====
 
(Description regarding monitoring, from ''Warnings'' section)
|IVCompat====Solution===
 
====Compatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Not Tested====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Variable====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Incompatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
===Y-Site===
 
====Compatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Not Tested====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Variable====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Incompatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
===Admixture===
 
====Compatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Not Tested====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Variable====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Incompatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
===Syringe===
 
====Compatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Not Tested====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Variable====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Incompatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
===TPN/TNA===
 
====Compatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Not Tested====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Variable====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
 
====Incompatible====
 
* Solution 1
* Solution 2
* Solution 3
|overdose====Acute Overdose===
 
====Signs and Symptoms====
 
(Description)
 
====Management====
 
(Description)
 
===Chronic Overdose===
 
====Signs and Symptoms====
 
(Description)
 
====Management====
 
(Description)
|drugBox={{Drugbox2
|drugBox={{Drugbox2
| verifiedrevid =  
| verifiedrevid =  
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| melting_point =  
| melting_point =  
}}
}}
|mechAction=(Description)
|mechAction=[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarateis a fixed-dose combination of antiviral drugs [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.
|structure=(Description with picture)
* '''Efavirenz:''' [[Efavirenz]] is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor of HIV-1. Efavirenz activity is mediated predominantly by noncompetitive inhibition of [[HIV]]-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). HIV-2 RT and human cellular DNA polymerases α, β, γ, and σ are not inhibited by [[efavirenz]].
|PD=(Description)
* '''Emtricitabine:''' [[Emtricitabine]], a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine, is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form [[emtricitabine]] 5'-triphosphate. [[Emtricitabine]] 5'-triphosphate inhibits the activity of the [[HIV]]-1 RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and by being incorporated into nascent viral DNA which results in chain termination. Emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase α, β, ε, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.
|PK=(Description)
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' [[Tenofovir]] DF is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analog of adenosine monophosphate. [[Tenofovir]] DF requires initial diester hydrolysis for conversion to [[tenofovir]] and subsequent phosphorylations by cellular enzymes to form [[tenofovir]] diphosphate. [[Tenofovir]] diphosphate inhibits the activity of [[HIV]]-1 RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. [[Tenofovir]] diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, β, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.
|nonClinToxic=(Description)
|structure=[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is a fixed-dose combination tablet containing efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF). SUSTIVA is the brand name for efavirenz, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is the brand name for emtricitabine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine. VIREAD is the brand name for tenofovir DF, which is converted in vivo to tenofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (nucleotide) analog of adenosine 5'-monophosphate. VIREAD and EMTRIVA are the components of TRUVADA.
|clinicalStudies======Condition 1=====
 
[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate tablets are for oral administration. Each tablet contains 600 mg of [[efavirenz]], 200 mg of [[emtricitabine]], and 300 mg of [[tenofovir]] DF (which is equivalent to 245 mg of [[tenofovir]] disoproxil) as active ingredients. The tablets include the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The tablets are film-coated with a coating material containing black iron oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, red iron oxide, talc, and titanium dioxide.
 
'''Efavirenz:''' [[Efavirenz]] is chemically described as (S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one. Its molecular formula is C14H9ClF3NO2 and its structural formula is:
 
[[File:EfavirenzStructure.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine/]]
{{clr}}
 
[[Efavirenz]] is a white to slightly pink crystalline powder with a molecular mass of 315.68. It is practically insoluble in water (less than 10 µg/mL).
 
'''Emtricitabine:''' The chemical name of [[emtricitabine]] is 5-fluoro-1-(2R,5S)-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine. [[Emtricitabine]] is the (-) enantiomer of a thio analog of cytidine, which differs from other cytidine analogs in that it has a fluorine in the 5-position.
 
It has a molecular formula of C8H10FN3O3S and a molecular weight of 247.24. It has the following structural formula:
 
[[File:EmtricitabineStructure.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}
 
[[Emtricitabine]] is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a solubility of approximately 112 mg/mL in water at 25 °C.
 
'''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' [[Tenofovir]] DF is a fumaric acid salt of the bis-isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester derivative of tenofovir. The chemical name of [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is 9-[(R)-2([bis([(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]- methoxy)phosphinyl]methoxy)propyl]adenine fumarate (1:1). It has a molecular formula of C19H30N5O10P • C4H4O4 and a molecular weight of 635.52. It has the following structural formula:
 
[[File:Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Structure.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}
 
[[Tenofovir]] DF is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a solubility of 13.4 mg/mL in water at 25 °C.
|PD======Antiviral activity=====
* '''Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' In combination studies evaluating the antiviral activity in cell culture of [[emtricitabine]] and [[efavirenz]] together, [[efavirenz]] and [[tenofovir]] together, and [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] together, additive to synergistic antiviral effects were observed.
* '''Efavirenz:''' The concentration of [[efavirenz]] inhibiting replication of wild-type laboratory adapted strains and clinical isolates in cell culture by 90–95% (EC90–95) ranged from 1.7–25 nM in lymphoblastoid cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and [[macrophage]]/[[monocyte]] cultures. [[Efavirenz]] demonstrated additive antiviral activity against [[HIV]]-1 in cell culture when combined with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) ([[delavirdine]] and [[nevirapine]]), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) ([[abacavir]], [[didanosine]], [[lamivudine]], [[stavudine]], [[zalcitabine]], and [[zidovudine]]), protease inhibitors (PIs) ([[amprenavir]], [[indinavir]], [[lopinavir]], [[nelfinavir]], [[ritonavir]], and [[saquinavir]]), and the fusion inhibitor [[enfuvirtide]]. [[Efavirenz]] demonstrated additive to antagonistic antiviral activity in cell culture with [[atazanavir]]. [[Efavirenz]] demonstrated antiviral activity against clade B and most non-clade B isolates (subtypes A, AE, AG, C, D, F, G, J, and N), but had reduced antiviral activity against group O viruses. [[Efavirenz]] is not active against [[HIV]]-2.
* '''Emtricitabine:''' The antiviral activity in cell culture of [[emtricitabine]] against laboratory and clinical isolates of [[HIV]]-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, the MAGI-CCR5 cell line, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for [[emtricitabine]] were in the range of 0.0013–0.64 µM (0.0003–0.158 µg/mL). In drug combination studies of [[emtricitabine]] with NRTIs ([[abacavir]], [[lamivudine]], [[stavudine]], [[zalcitabine]], and [[zidovudine]]), NNRTIs ([[delavirdine]], [[efavirenz]], and [[nevirapine]]), and PIs ([[amprenavir]], [[nelfinavir]], [[ritonavir]], and [[saquinavir]]), additive to synergistic effects were observed. [[Emtricitabine]] displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against [[HIV]]-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, and G (EC50 values ranged from 0.007–0.075 µM) and showed strain specific activity against [[HIV]]-2 (EC50 values ranged from 0.007–1.5 µM).
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' The antiviral activity in cell culture of [[tenofovir]] against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, primary [[monocyte]]/[[macrophage]] cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The EC50 values for [[tenofovir]] were in the range of 0.04–8.5 µM. In drug combination studies of [[tenofovir]] with NRTIs ([[abacavir]], [[didanosine]], [[lamivudine]], [[stavudine]], [[zalcitabine]], and [[zidovudine]]), NNRTIs ([[delavirdine]], [[efavirenz]], and [[nevirapine]]), and PIs ([[amprenavir]], [[indinavir]], [[nelfinavir]], [[ritonavir]], and [[saquinavir]]), additive to synergistic effects were observed. [[Tenofovir]] displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against [[HIV]]-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, G and O (EC50 values ranged from 0.5–2.2 µM) and showed strain specific activity against [[HIV]]-2 (EC50 values ranged from 1.6 µM–5.5 µM).
 
=====Resistance=====
* '''Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to the combination of [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] have been selected in cell culture and in clinical trials. Genotypic analysis of these isolates identified the M184V/I and/or K65R amino acid substitutions in the viral RT.
:* In a clinical trial of treatment-naive subjects [Study 934, see Clinical Studies (14)] resistance analysis was performed on HIV-1 isolates from all confirmed virologic failure subjects with greater than 400 copies/mL of [[HIV]]-1 RNA at Week 144 or early discontinuations. Genotypic resistance to [[efavirenz]], predominantly the K103N substitution, was the most common form of resistance that developed. Resistance to [[efavirenz]] occurred in 13/19 analyzed subjects in the [[emtricitabine]] + [[tenofovir]] DF group and in 21/29 analyzed subjects in the [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] fixed-dose combination group. The M184V amino acid substitution, associated with resistance to [[emtricitabine]] and [[lamivudine]], was observed in 2/19 analyzed subject isolates in the [[emtricitabine]] + [[tenofovir]] DF group and in 10/29 analyzed subject isolates in the [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] group. Through 144 weeks of Study 934, no subjects developed a detectable K65R substitution in their HIV-1 as analyzed through standard genotypic analysis.
:* In a clinical trial of treatment-naive subjects, isolates from 8/47 (17%) analyzed subjects receiving [[tenofovir]] DF developed the K65R substitution through 144 weeks of therapy; 7 of these occurred in the first 48 weeks of treatment and one at Week 96. In treatment experienced subjects, 14/304 (5%) of [[tenofovir]] DF treated subjects with virologic failure through Week 96 showed greater than 1.4-fold (median 2.7) reduced susceptibility to [[tenofovir]]. Genotypic analysis of the resistant isolates showed a substitution in the HIV-1 RT gene resulting in the K65R amino acid substitution.
* '''Efavirenz:''' Clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility in cell culture to [[efavirenz]] have been obtained. The most frequently observed amino acid substitution in clinical trials with [[efavirenz]] is K103N (54%). One or more RT substitutions at amino acid positions 98, 100, 101, 103, 106, 108, 188, 190, 225, 227, and 230 were observed in subjects failing treatment with [[efavirenz]] in combination with other [[antiretrovirals]]. Other resistance substitutions observed to emerge commonly included L100I (7%), K101E/Q/R (14%), V108I (11%), G190S/T/A (7%), P225H (18%), and M230I/L (11%).
:* HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to [[efavirenz]] (greater than 380-fold increase in EC90 value) emerged rapidly under selection in cell culture. Genotypic characterization of these viruses identified substitutions resulting in single amino acid substitutions L100I or V179D, double substitutions L100I/V108I, and triple substitutions L100I/V179D/Y181C in RT.
* '''Emtricitabine:''' [[Emtricitabine]]-resistant isolates of HIV-1 have been selected in cell culture and in clinical trials. Genotypic analysis of these isolates showed that the reduced susceptibility to [[emtricitabine]] was associated with a substitution in the HIV-1 RT gene at codon 184 which resulted in an amino acid substitution of methionine by valine or isoleucine (M184V/I).
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to [[tenofovir]] have been selected in cell culture. These viruses expressed a K65R substitution in RT and showed a 2- to 4-fold reduction in susceptibility to [[tenofovir]].
 
======Cross Resistance======
* '''Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' Cross-resistance has been recognized among NNRTIs. Cross resistance has also been recognized among certain NRTIs. The M184V/I and/or K65R substitutions selected in cell culture by the combination of [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] are also observed in some HIV-1 isolates from subjects failing treatment with [[tenofovir]] in combination with either [[lamivudine]] or [[emtricitabine]], and either [[abacavir]] or [[didanosine]]. Therefore, cross-resistance among these drugs may occur in patients whose virus harbors either or both of these amino acid substitutions.
* '''Efavirenz:''' Clinical isolates previously characterized as [[efavirenz]]-resistant were also phenotypically resistant in cell culture to [[delavirdine]] and [[nevirapine]] compared to baseline. [[Delavirdine]]- and/or [[nevirapine]]-resistant clinical viral isolates with NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions (A98G, L100I, K101E/P, K103N/S, V106A, Y181X, Y188X, G190X, P225H, F227L, or M230L) showed reduced susceptibility to [[efavirenz]] in cell culture. Greater than 90% of NRTI-resistant isolates tested in cell culture retained susceptibility to [[efavirenz]].
* '''Emtricitabine:''' [[Emtricitabine]]-resistant isolates (M184V/I) were cross-resistant to [[lamivudine]] and [[zalcitabine]] but retained susceptibility in cell culture to [[didanosine]], [[stavudine]], [[tenofovir]], [[zidovudine]], and NNRTIs ([[delavirdine]], [[efavirenz]], and [[nevirapine]]). [[HIV]]-1 isolates containing the K65R substitution, selected in vivo by [[abacavir]], [[didanosine]], [[tenofovir]], and [[zalcitabine]], demonstrated reduced susceptibility to inhibition by [[emtricitabine]]. Viruses harboring substitutions conferring reduced susceptibility to [[stavudine]] and [[zidovudine]] (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, and K219Q/E) or [[didanosine]] (L74V) remained sensitive to [[emtricitabine]].
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' The K65R substitution selected by [[tenofovir]] is also selected in some HIV-1 infected patients treated with [[abacavir]], [[didanosine]], or [[zalcitabine]]. HIV-1 isolates with the K65R substitution also showed reduced susceptibility to [[emtricitabine]] and [[lamivudine]]. Therefore, cross-resistance among these drugs may occur in patients whose virus harbors the K65R substitution. HIV-1 isolates from subjects (N=20) whose HIV-1 expressed a mean of 3 [[zidovudine]]-associated RT amino acid substitutions (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E/N) showed a 3.1-fold decrease in the susceptibility to [[tenofovir]]. Subjects whose virus expressed an L74V substitution without [[zidovudine]] resistance associated substitutions (N=8) had reduced response to [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. Limited data are available for patients whose virus expressed a Y115F substitution (N=3), Q151M substitution (N=2), or T69 insertion (N=4), all of whom had a reduced response.
|PK=* '''Efavirenz, [[emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate:''' One [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate tablet is bioequivalent to one [[efavirenz]] tablet (600 mg) plus one [[emtricitabine]] capsule (200 mg) plus one [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate tablet (300 mg) following single-dose administration to fasting healthy subjects (N=45).
* '''Efavirenz:''' In [[HIV]]-1 infected subjects time-to-peak plasma concentrations were approximately 3–5 hours and steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in 6–10 days. In 35 HIV-1 infected subjects receiving [[efavirenz]] 600 mg once daily, steady-state Cmax was 12.9 ± 3.7 µM (mean ± SD), Cmin was 5.6 ± 3.2 µM, and AUC was 184 ± 73 µM•hr. [[Efavirenz]] is highly bound (approximately 99.5–99.75%) to human plasma proteins, predominantly albumin. Following administration of 14C-labeled [[efavirenz]], 14–34% of the dose was recovered in the urine (mostly as metabolites) and 16–61% was recovered in feces (mostly as parent drug). In vitro studies suggest CYP3A and CYP2B6 are the major isozymes responsible for [[efavirenz]] metabolism. [[Efavirenz]] has been shown to induce CYP enzymes, resulting in induction of its own metabolism. [[Efavirenz]] has a terminal half-life of 52–76 hours after single doses and 40–55 hours after multiple doses.
* '''Emtricitabine:''' Following oral administration, [[emtricitabine]] is rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations occurring at 1–2 hours post-dose. Following multiple dose oral administration of [[emtricitabine]] to 20 HIV-1 infected subjects, the steady-state plasma [[emtricitabine]] Cmax was 1.8 ± 0.7 µg/mL (mean ± SD) and the AUC over a 24-hour dosing interval was 10.0 ± 3.1 µg•hr/mL. The mean steady-state plasma trough concentration at 24 hours post-dose was 0.09 µg/mL. The mean absolute bioavailability of [[emtricitabine]] was 93%. Less than 4% of [[emtricitabine]] binds to human plasma proteins in vitro and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.02–200 µg/mL. Following administration of radiolabelled [[emtricitabine]], approximately 86% is recovered in the urine and 13% is recovered as metabolites. The metabolites of [[emtricitabine]] include 3'-sulfoxide diastereomers and their glucuronic acid conjugate. [[Emtricitabine]] is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 213 ± 89 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the plasma [[emtricitabine]] half-life is approximately 10 hours.
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' Following oral administration of a single 300 mg dose of [[tenofovir]] DF to HIV-1 infected subjects in the fasted state, maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) were achieved in 1.0 ± 0.4 hrs (mean ± SD) and Cmax and AUC values were 296 ± 90 ng/mL and 2287 ± 685 ng•hr/mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of [[tenofovir]] from [[tenofovir]] DF in fasted subjects is approximately 25%. Less than 0.7% of [[tenofovir]] binds to human plasma proteins in vitro and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.01–25 µg/mL. Approximately 70–80% of the intravenous dose of [[tenofovir]] is recovered as unchanged drug in the urine. [[Tenofovir]] is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 243 ± 33 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the terminal elimination half-life of [[tenofovir]] is approximately 17 hours.
 
=====Effects of Food on Oral Absorption=====
[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumaratehas not been evaluated in the presence of food. Administration of [[efavirenz]] tablets with a high fat meal increased the mean AUC and Cmax of [[efavirenz]] by 28% and 79%, respectively, compared to administration in the fasted state. Compared to fasted administration, dosing of [[tenofovir]] DF and [[emtricitabine]] in combination with either a high fat meal or a light meal increased the mean AUC and Cmax of tenofovir by 35% and 15%, respectively, without affecting [[emtricitabine]] exposures.
 
===Special Populations===
=====Race=====
* '''Efavirenz:''' The pharmacokinetics of [[efavirenz]] in [[HIV]]-1 infected subjects appear to be similar among the racial groups studied.
* '''Emtricitabine:''' No pharmacokinetic differences due to race have been identified following the administration of [[emtricitabine]].
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' There were insufficient numbers from racial and ethnic groups other than Caucasian to adequately determine potential pharmacokinetic differences among these populations following the administration of [[tenofovir]] DF.
 
=====Gender=====
'''Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate:''' [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] pharmacokinetics are similar in male and female subjects.
 
=====Pediatric Patients=====
[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should only be administered to pediatric patients 12 years of age and weighing greater than or equal to 40 kg (greater than or equal to 88 lb).
* '''Efavirenz:''' In an open-label trial in NRTI-experienced pediatric subjects (mean age 8 years, range 3–16), the pharmacokinetics of [[efavirenz]] in pediatric subjects were similar to the pharmacokinetics in adults who received a 600 mg daily dose of [[efavirenz]]. In 48 pediatric subjects, receiving the equivalent of a 600 mg dose of efavirenz, mean (± SD) steady-state Cmax was 14.2 ± 5.8 µM, steady-state Cmin was 5.6 ± 4.1 µM, and AUC was 218 ± 104 µM•hr.
* '''Emtricitabine:''' The pharmacokinetics of [[emtricitabine]] at steady state were determined in 27 HIV-1-infected pediatric subjects 13 to 17 years of age receiving a daily dose of 6 mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 240 mg oral solution or a 200 mg capsule; 26 of 27 subjects in this age group received the 200 mg [[emtricitabine]] capsule. Mean (± SD) Cmax and AUC were 2.7 ± 0.9 µg/mL and 12.6 ± 5.4 µg•hr/mL, respectively. Exposures achieved in pediatric subjects 12 to less than 18 years of age were similar to those achieved in adults receiving a once daily dose of 200 mg.
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' Steady-state pharmacokinetics of [[tenofovir]] were evaluated in 8 [[HIV]]-1 infected pediatric subjects (12 to less than 18 years). Mean (± SD) Cmax and AUCtau are 0.38 ± 0.13 µg/mL and 3.39 ± 1.22 µg•hr/mL, respectively. [[Tenofovir]] exposure achieved in these pediatric subjects receiving oral daily doses of [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate 300 mg was similar to exposures achieved in adults receiving once-daily doses of [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate 300 mg.
 
=====Geriatric Patients=====
Pharmacokinetics of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] have not been fully evaluated in the elderly (65 years of age and older).
 
=====Patients with Impaired Renal Function=====
* '''Efavirenz:''' The pharmacokinetics of [[efavirenz]] have not been studied in subjects with renal insufficiency; however, less than 1% of [[efavirenz]] is excreted unchanged in the urine, so the impact of renal impairment on [[efavirenz]] elimination should be minimal.
* '''Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' The pharmacokinetics of [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] DF are altered in subjects with renal impairment. In subjects with creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min, Cmax and AUC0–∞ of [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] were increased.
 
=====Patients with Hepatic Impairment=====
* '''Efavirenz:''' A multiple-dose trial showed no significant effect on [[efavirenz]] pharmacokinetics in subjects with mild hepatic impairment ([[Child-Pugh Class]] A) compared with controls. There were insufficient data to determine whether moderate or severe hepatic impairment ([[Child-Pugh Class]] B or C) affects [[efavirenz]] pharmacokinetics.
* '''Emtricitabine:''' The pharmacokinetics of [[emtricitabine]] have not been studied in subjects with hepatic impairment; however, [[emtricitabine]] is not significantly metabolized by liver enzymes, so the impact of liver impairment should be limited.
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' The pharmacokinetics of [[tenofovir]] following a 300 mg dose of [[tenofovir]] DF have been studied in non-[[HIV]] infected subjects with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. There were no substantial alterations in [[tenofovir]] pharmacokinetics in subjects with hepatic impairment compared with unimpaired subjects.
 
=====Assessment of Drug Interactions=====
The drug interaction trials described were conducted with efavirenz, emtricitabine, or tenofovir DF as individual agents; no drug interaction trials have been conducted using [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.
* '''Efavirenz:''' The steady-state pharmacokinetics of [[efavirenz]] and tenofovir were unaffected when [[efavirenz]] and [[tenofovir]] DF were administered together versus each agent dosed alone. Specific drug interaction trials have not been performed with efavirenz and NRTIs other than [[tenofovir]], [[lamivudine]], and [[zidovudine]].
:* Clinically significant interactions would not be expected based on NRTIs elimination pathways.
:* [[Efavirenz]] has been shown in vivo to cause hepatic enzyme induction, thus increasing the biotransformation of some drugs metabolized by CYP3A and CYP2B6. In vitro studies have shown that efavirenz inhibited CYP isozymes 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 with Ki values (8.5–17 µM) in the range of observed [[efavirenz]] plasma concentrations. In in vitro studies, [[efavirenz]] did not inhibit CYP2E1 and inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 (Ki values 82–160 µM) only at concentrations well above those achieved clinically. Coadministration of efavirenz with drugs primarily metabolized by 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 isozymes may result in altered plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug. Drugs which induce CYP3A activity would be expected to increase the clearance of efavirenz resulting in lowered plasma concentrations.
:* Drug interaction trials were performed with [[efavirenz]] and other drugs likely to be coadministered or drugs commonly used as probes for pharmacokinetic interaction. There was no clinically significant interaction observed between [[efavirenz]] and [[zidovudine]], [[lamivudine]], [[azithromycin]], [[fluconazole]], [[lorazepam]], [[cetirizine]], or [[paroxetine]]. Single doses of famotidine or an aluminum and magnesium antacid with [[simethicone]] had no effects on [[efavirenz]] exposures. The effects of coadministration of [[efavirenz]] on Cmax, AUC, and Cmin are summarized in Table 5 (effect of other drugs on [[efavirenz]]) and Table 6 (effect of [[efavirenz]] on other drugs).
 
[[File:Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Table5.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
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[[File:Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Table6.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
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* '''Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' The steady-state pharmacokinetics of [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] were unaffected when [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] DF were administered together versus each agent dosed alone.
:* In vitro and clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies have shown that the potential for CYP mediated interactions involving [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] with other medicinal products is low.
:* [[Emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] are primarily excreted by the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. No drug-drug interactions due to competition for renal excretion have been observed; however, coadministration of [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] DF with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of [[emtricitabine]], [[tenofovir]], and/or the coadministered drug.
:* Drugs that decrease renal function may increase concentrations of [[emtricitabine]] and/or [[tenofovir]].
:* No clinically significant drug interactions have been observed between [[emtricitabine]] and [[famciclovir]], [[indinavir]], [[stavudine]], [[tenofovir]] DF and [[zidovudine]]. Similarly, no clinically significant drug interactions have been observed between [[tenofovir]] DF and [[abacavir]], [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], [[entecavir]], [[indinavir]], [[lamivudine]], [[lopinavir]]/[[ritonavir]], [[methadone]], [[nelfinavir]], oral [[contraceptives]], [[ribavirin]], [[saquinavir]]/[[ritonavir]] or [[tacrolimus]] in trials conducted in healthy volunteers.
:* Following multiple dosing to [[HIV]]-negative subjects receiving either chronic [[methadone]] maintenance therapy, oral [[contraceptives]], or single doses of [[ribavirin]], steady-state [[tenofovir]] pharmacokinetics were similar to those observed in previous trials, indicating a lack of clinically significant drug interactions between these agents and [[tenofovir]] DF. The effects of coadministered drugs on the Cmax, AUC, and Cmin of [[tenofovir]] are shown in Table 7. The effects of coadministration of [[tenofovir]] DF on Cmax, AUC, and Cmin of coadministered drugs are shown in Table 8.
 
[[File:Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Table7.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
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[[File:Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Table8.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
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Coadministration of [[tenofovir]] DF with [[didanosine]] results in changes in the pharmacokinetics of [[didanosine]] that may be of clinical significance. Concomitant dosing of [[tenofovir]] DF with [[didanosine]] enteric-coated capsules significantly increases the Cmax and AUC of [[didanosine]]. When [[didanosine]] 250 mg enteric-coated capsules were administered with [[tenofovir]] DF, systemic exposures of [[didanosine]] were similar to those seen with the 400 mg enteric-coated capsules alone under fasted conditions. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown
|nonClinToxic======Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility=====
* '''Efavirenz:''' Long-term carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were carried out with [[efavirenz]]. Mice were dosed with 0, 25, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day for 2 years. Incidences of [[hepatocellular adenomas]] and carcinomas and pulmonary alveolar]]/bronchiolar adenomas were increased above background in females. No increases in tumor incidence above background were seen in males. In studies in which rats were administered [[efavirenz]] at doses of 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day for 2 years, no increases in tumor incidence above background were observed. The systemic exposure (based on AUCs) in mice was approximately 1.7-fold that in humans receiving the 600-mg/day dose. The exposure in rats was lower than that in humans. The mechanism of the carcinogenic potential is unknown. However, in genetic toxicology assays, [[efavirenz]] showed no evidence of mutagenic or clastogenic activity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo studies. These included bacterial mutation assays in [[Salmonella typhimurium]] and [[E. coli]], mammalian mutation assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells, chromosome aberration assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Given the lack of genotoxic activity of [[efavirenz]], the relevance to humans of neoplasms in [[efavirenz]]-treated mice is not known.
:* [[Efavirenz]] did not impair mating or fertility of male or female rats, and did not affect sperm of treated male rats. The reproductive performance of offspring born to female rats given [[efavirenz]] was not affected. As a result of the rapid clearance of [[efavirenz]] in rats, systemic drug exposures achieved in these studies were equivalent to or below those achieved in humans given therapeutic doses of [[efavirenz]].
* '''Emtricitabine:''' In long-term carcinogenicity studies of [[emtricitabine]], no drug-related increases in tumor incidence were found in mice at doses up to 750 mg/kg/day (26 times the human systemic exposure at the therapeutic dose of 200 mg/day) or in rats at doses up to 600 mg/day (31 times the human systemic exposure at the therapeutic dose).
:* [[Emtricitabine]] was not genotoxic in the reverse mutation bacterial test (Ames test), mouse lymphoma or mouse micronucleus assays.
:* [[Emtricitabine]] did not affect fertility in male rats at approximately 140-fold or in male and female mice at approximately 60-fold higher exposures (AUC) than in humans given the recommended 200 mg daily dose. Fertility was normal in the offspring of mice exposed daily from before birth (in utero) through sexual maturity at daily exposures (AUC) of approximately 60-fold higher than human exposures at the recommended 200 mg daily dose.
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' Long-term oral carcinogenicity studies of tenofovir DF in mice and rats were carried out at exposures up to approximately 16 times (mice) and 5 times (rats) those observed in humans at the therapeutic dose for [[HIV]]-1 infection. At the high dose in female mice, liver adenomas were increased at exposures 16 times that in humans. In rats, the study was negative for carcinogenic findings at exposures up to 5 times that observed in humans at the therapeutic dose.
:* [[Tenofovir]] DF was mutagenic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and negative in an in vitro bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test). In an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, [[tenofovir]] DF was negative when administered to male mice.
:* There were no effects on fertility, mating performance or early embryonic development when [[tenofovir]] DF was administered to male rats at a dose equivalent to 10 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons for 28 days prior to mating and to female rats for 15 days prior to mating through Day seven of gestation. There was, however, an alteration of the estrous cycle in female rats.
=====Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology=====
* '''Efavirenz:''' Nonsustained convulsions were observed in 6 of 20 monkeys receiving [[efavirenz]] at doses yielding plasma AUC values 4- to 13-fold greater than those in humans given the recommended dose.
* '''Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:''' [[Tenofovir]] and [[tenofovir]] DF administered in toxicology studies to rats, dogs and monkeys at exposures (based on AUCs) greater than or equal to 6-fold those observed in humans caused bone toxicity. In monkeys the bone toxicity was diagnosed as [[osteomalacia]]. [[Osteomalacia]] observed in monkeys appeared to be reversible upon dose reduction or discontinuation of [[tenofovir]]. In rats and dogs, the bone toxicity manifested as reduced bone mineral density. The mechanism(s) underlying bone toxicity is unknown.
:* Evidence of renal toxicity was noted in 4 animal species administered [[tenofovir]] and [[tenofovir]] DF. Increases in serum [[creatinine]], [[BUN]], [[glycosuria]], [[proteinuria]], [[phosphaturia]] and/or [[calciuria]] and decreases in serum phosphate were observed to varying degrees in these animals. These toxicities were noted at exposures (based on AUCs) 2- to 20-times higher than those observed in humans. The relationship of the renal abnormalities, particularly the [[phosphaturia]], to the bone toxicity is not known.
|clinicalStudies=Clinical Study 934 supports the use of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate tablets in antiretroviral treatment-naive [[HIV]]-1 infected patients. Additional data in support of the use of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate in treatment- naive patients can be found in the prescribing information for [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.
 
Clinical Study 073 provides clinical experience in subjects with stable, virologic suppression and no history of virologic failure who switched from their current regimen to [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.
 
In antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients, the use of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate tablets may be considered for patients with [[HIV]]-1 strains that are expected to be susceptible to the components of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate as assessed by treatment history or by genotypic or phenotypic testing.
 
Study 934: Data through 144 weeks are reported for Study 934, a randomized, open-label, active-controlled multicenter trial comparing [[emtricitabine]] + [[tenofovir]] DF administered in combination with [[efavirenz]] versus [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] fixed-dose combination administered in combination with [[efavirenz]] in 511 antiretroviral-naive subjects. From Weeks 96 to 144 of the trial, subjects received [[emtricitabine]]/[[tenofovir]] DF fixed-dose combination with [[efavirenz]] in place of [[emtricitabine]] + [[tenofovir]] DF with [[efavirenz]]. Subjects had a mean age of 38 years (range 18–80), 86% were male, 59% were Caucasian and 23% were Black. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 245 cells/mm3 (range 2–1191) and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5.01 log10 copies/mL (range 3.56–6.54). Subjects were stratified by baseline CD4+ cell count (< or ≥200 cells/mm3) and 41% had CD4+ cell counts <200 cells/mm3. Fifty-one percent (51%) of subjects had baseline viral loads >100,000 copies/mL. Treatment outcomes through 48 and 144 weeks for those subjects who did not have [[efavirenz]] resistance at baseline (N=487) are presented in Table 9.
 
[[File:Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Table9.png|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}
 
Through Week 48, 84% and 73% of subjects in the [[emtricitabine]] + [[tenofovir]] DF group and the [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL (71% and 58% through Week 144). The difference in the proportion of subjects who achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL through 48 weeks largely results from the higher number of discontinuations due to adverse events and other reasons in the [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] group in this open-label trial. In addition, 80% and 70% of subjects in the [[emtricitabine]] + [[tenofovir]] DF group and the [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL through Week 48 (64% and 56% through Week 144). The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 190 cells/mm3 in the [[emtricitabine]] + [[tenofovir]] DF group and 158 cells/mm3 in the [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] group at Week 48 (312 and 271 cells/mm3 at Week 144).
 
Through 48 weeks, 7 subjects in the [[emtricitabine]] + [[tenofovir]] DF group and 5 subjects in the [[zidovudine]]/[[lamivudine]] group experienced a new CDC Class C event (10 and 6 subjects through 144 weeks).
 
Study 073: Study 073 was a 48-week open-label, randomized clinical trial in subjects with stable virologic suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of at least two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) administered in combination with a protease inhibitor (with or without [[ritonavir]]) or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).
 
To be enrolled, subjects were to have HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/mL for at least 12 weeks on their current regimen prior to trial entry with no known HIV-1 substitutions conferring resistance to the components of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate and no history of virologic failure.
 
The trial compared the efficacy of switching to [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate or staying on the baseline antiretroviral regimen (SBR). Subjects were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to switch to [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate (N=203) or stay on SBR (N=97). Subjects had a mean age of 43 years (range 22–73 years), 88% were male, 68% were white, 29% were Black or African-American, and 3% were of other races. At baseline, median CD4+ cell count was 516 cells/mm3 and 96% had HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL. The median time since onset of antiretroviral therapy was 3 years and 88% of subjects were receiving their first antiretroviral regimen at trial enrollment.
 
At Week 48, 89% and 87% of subjects who switched to [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate maintained HIV RNA <200 copies/mL and <50 copies/mL, respectively, compared to 88% and 85% who remained on SBR; this difference was not statistically significant. No changes in CD4+ cell counts from baseline to Week 48 were observed in either treatment arm.
|howSupplied=[[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate tablets are pink, capsule-shaped, film-coated, debossed with "123" on one side and plain-faced on the other side. Each bottle contains 30 tablets (NDC 15584-0101-1) and silica gel desiccant, and is closed with a child-resistant closure.
|storage=* Store at 25 °C (77 °F); excursions permitted to 15–30 °C (59–86 °F).
* Keep container tightly closed.
* Dispense only in original container.
* Do not use if seal over bottle opening is broken or missing.
|fdaPatientInfo======Drug Interactions=====
A statement to patients and healthcare providers is included on the product's bottle labels: ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate may interact with some drugs; therefore, patients should be advised to report to their doctor the use of any other prescription, nonprescription medication, or herbal products, particularly [[St. John's wort]].
 
=====General Information for Patients=====
Patients should be advised that:
* [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is not a cure for [[HIV]]-1 infection and patients may continue to experience illnesses associated with [[HIV]]-1 infection, including opportunistic infections. Patients should remain under the care of a physician when using [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.
* Patients should avoid doing things that can spread [[HIV]]-1 to others.
:* Do not share needles or other injection equipment.
:* Do not share personal items that can have blood or body fluids on them, like toothbrushes and razor blades.
:* Do not have any kind of sex without protection. Always practice safe sex by using a latex or polyurethane condom to lower the chance of sexual contact with semen, vaginal secretions, or blood.
:* Do not breastfeed. Some of the medicines in [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate can be passed to your baby in your breast milk. We do not know whether it could harm your baby. Also, mothers with [[HIV]]-1 should not breastfeed because [[HIV]]-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk.
* The long-term effects of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate are unknown.
* Redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and that the cause and long-term health effects of these conditions are not known.
* [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should not be coadministered with [[rilpivirine]], [[tenofovir]] and [[emtricitabine]]; [[emtricitabine]]; [[elvitegravir]], [[cobicistat]], [[emtricitabine]], [[tenofovir]] DF;  [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate; or [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate; or drugs containing [[lamivudine]], including Combivir, Epivir, Epivir-HBV, Epzicom, or Trizivir. [[Efavirenz]] should not be coadministered with [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate unless needed for dose adjustment.
* [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should not be administered with [[adefovir dipivoxil]].
 
=====Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis=====
Patients should be informed that lactic acidosis and severe [[hepatomegaly]] with [[steatosis]], including fatal cases, have been reported. Treatment will be suspended in any patients who develop clinical symptoms suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (including [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], unusual or unexpected stomach discomfort, and [[weakness]]).
 
=====Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV=====
Patients with [[HIV]]-1 should be tested for [[hepatitis B]] virus ([[HBV]]) before initiating antiretroviral therapy.
Patients should be advised that severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are coinfected with [[HBV]] and [[HIV]]-1 and have discontinued [[emtricitabine]] or [[tenofovir DF]], which are components of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate.


(Description)
=====New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment=====
[[Renal impairment]], including cases of acute ]]renal failure]] and [[Fanconi syndrome]], has been reported. [[Efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g. high-dose or multiple NSAIDs).


=====Condition 2=====
=====Decreases in Bone Mineral Density=====
Patients should be informed that decreases in bone mineral density have been observed with the use of [[tenofovir]] DF. Bone mineral density monitoring may be performed in patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or other risk factors for [[osteoporosis]] or bone loss.


(Description)
=====Dosing Instructions=====
Patients should be advised to take [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate orally on an empty stomach and that it is important to take [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate on a regular dosing schedule to avoid missing doses.


=====Condition 3=====
=====Nervous System Symptoms=====
Patients should be informed that central nervous system symptoms (NSS) including dizziness, insomnia, impaired concentration, drowsiness, and abnormal dreams are commonly reported during the first weeks of therapy with [[efavirenz]]. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these symptoms, which are likely to improve with continued therapy. Patients should be alerted to the potential for additive effects when [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs. Patients should be instructed that if they experience NSS they should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.


(Description)
=====Psychiatric Symptoms=====
|howSupplied=(Description)
Patients should be informed that serious psychiatric symptoms including severe depression, suicide attempts, aggressive behavior, [[delusions]], [[paranoia]], and psychosis-like symptoms have been reported in patients receiving [[efavirenz]]. If they experience severe psychiatric adverse experiences they should seek immediate medical evaluation. Patients should be advised to inform their physician of any history of mental illness or substance abuse.
|fdaPatientInfo=(Patient Counseling Information)
 
|alcohol=Alcohol-Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
=====Rash=====
|lookAlike=* (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
Patients should be informed that a common side effect is [[rash]]. Rashes usually go away without any change in treatment. However, since rash may be serious, patients should be advised to contact their physician promptly if [[rash]] occurs.
* (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
 
* (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)
=====Reproductive Risk Potential=====
Women receiving [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should be instructed to avoid pregnancy. A reliable form of barrier contraception must always be used in combination with other methods of contraception, including oral or other hormonal [[contraception]]. Because of the long half-life of [[efavirenz]], use of adequate contraceptive measures for 12 weeks after discontinuation of [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is recommended. Women should be advised to notify their physician if they become pregnant or plan to become pregnant while taking [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate. If this drug is used during the first trimester of pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, she should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.
|alcohol=Patients receiving [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate should be alerted to the potential for additive central nervous system effects when [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]] and [[tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs.
|brandNames=* Atripla
|nlmPatientInfo=(Link to patient information page)
|nlmPatientInfo=(Link to patient information page)
|drugShortage=Drug Shortage
|drugShortage=Drug Shortage
}}
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName=Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Package.png
}}
[[Category:Antiretroviral]]
[[Category:Wikinfect]]

Latest revision as of 14:56, 26 August 2014

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Black Box Warning
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [2]

Disclaimer

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Black Box Warning

WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS/SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS and POST TREATMENT EXACERBATION OF HEPATITIS B
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
LACTIC ACIDOSIS/SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS and POST TREATMENT EXACERBATION OF HEPATITIS B: Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs, including tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, in combination with other antiretrovirals. Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the safety and efficacy of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate have not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and HIV-1. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued emcitrabine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, which are components of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV and discontinue efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.

Overview

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, human immunodeficiency virus 1 non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is FDA approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include rash, diarrhea, nausea, decreased bone mineral density, dizziness, headache, anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, increased creatine kinase level, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infection, fatigue.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

  • Adults and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with body weight at least 40 kg (at least 88 lbs): The dose of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is one tablet once daily taken orally on an empty stomach. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of nervous system symptoms.
  • Renal Impairment: Because efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a fixed-dose combination, it should not be prescribed for patients requiring dosage adjustment such as those with moderate or severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min).
  • Rifampin Coadministration: When efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is administered with rifampin to patients weighing 50 kg or more, an additional 200 mg/day of efavirenz is recommended

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarateis contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated clinically significant hypersensitivity (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, or toxic skin eruptions) to efavirenz, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Contraindicated Drugs

For some drugs, competition for CYP3A by efavirenz could result in inhibition of their metabolism and create the potential for serious and/or life-threatening adverse reactions (e.g., cardiac arrhythmias, prolonged sedation, or respiratory depression). Drugs that are contraindicated with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are listed in Table 1.

This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Warnings

WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS/SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS and POST TREATMENT EXACERBATION OF HEPATITIS B
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
LACTIC ACIDOSIS/SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS and POST TREATMENT EXACERBATION OF HEPATITIS B: Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs, including tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, in combination with other antiretrovirals. Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the safety and efficacy of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate have not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and HIV-1. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued emcitrabine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, which are components of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV and discontinue efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.
Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs including tenofovir DF, a component of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, in combination with other antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for liver disease; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).

Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV

It is recommended that all patients with HIV-1 be tested for the presence of chronic HBV before initiating antiretroviral therapy. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not approved for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, and the safety and efficacy of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate have not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and HIV-1. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are coinfected with HBV and HIV-1 and have discontinued emtricitabine or tenofovir DF, two of the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. In some patients infected with HBV and treated with emtricitabine, the exacerbations of hepatitis B were associated with liver decompensation and liver failure. Patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV should be closely monitored with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should not be administered with adefovir dipivoxil.

Drug Interactions

Efavirenz plasma concentrations may be altered by substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of CYP3A. Likewise, efavirenz may alter plasma concentrations of drugs metabolized by CYP3A or CYP2B6.

Coadministration with Related Products

Related drugs not for coadministration with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate include emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF, emtricitabine/tenofovir DF, and tenofovir DF, which contain the same active components as efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Efavirenz should not be coadministered with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate unless needed for dose-adjustment (e.g., with rifampin). Due to similarities between emtricitabine and lamivudine, efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should not be coadministered with drugs containing lamivudine, including lamivudine/zidovudine, lamivudine, abacavir sulfate/lamivudine), or abacavir sulfate/lamivudine/zidovudine.

Psychiatric Symptoms

Serious psychiatric adverse experiences have been reported in patients treated with efavirenz. In controlled trials of 1008 subjects treated with regimens containing efavirenz for a mean of 2.1 years and 635 subjects treated with control regimens for a mean of 1.5 years, the frequency (regardless of causality) of specific serious psychiatric events among subjects who received efavirenz or control regimens, respectively, were: severe depression (2.4%, 0.9%), suicidal ideation (0.7%, 0.3%), nonfatal suicide attempts (0.5%, 0%), aggressive behavior (0.4%, 0.5%), paranoid reactions (0.4%, 0.3%), and manic reactions (0.2%, 0.3%). When psychiatric symptoms similar to those noted above were combined and evaluated as a group in a multifactorial analysis of data from Study AI266006 (006), treatment with efavirenz was associated with an increase in the occurrence of these selected psychiatric symptoms. Other factors associated with an increase in the occurrence of these psychiatric symptoms were history of injection drug use, psychiatric history, and receipt of psychiatric medication at trial entry; similar associations were observed in both the efavirenz and control treatment groups. In Study 006, onset of new serious psychiatric symptoms occurred throughout the trial for both efavirenz-treated and control-treated subjects. One percent of efavirenz-treated subjects discontinued or interrupted treatment because of one or more of these selected psychiatric symptoms. There have also been occasional postmarketing reports of death by suicide, delusions, and psychosis-like behavior, although a causal relationship to the use of efavirenz cannot be determined from these reports. Patients with serious psychiatric adverse experiences should seek immediate medical evaluation to assess the possibility that the symptoms may be related to the use of efavirenz, and if so, to determine whether the risks of continued therapy outweigh the benefits.

Nervous System Symptoms

Fifty-three percent (531/1008) of subjects receiving efavirenz in controlled trials reported central nervous system symptoms (any grade, regardless of causality) compared to 25% (156/635) of subjects receiving control regimens. These symptoms included dizziness (28.1% of the 1008 subjects), insomnia (16.3%), impaired concentration (8.3%), somnolence (7.0%), abnormal dreams (6.2%), and hallucinations (1.2%). Other reported symptoms were euphoria, confusion, agitation, amnesia, stupor, abnormal thinking, and depersonalization. The majority of these symptoms were mild-to-moderate (50.7%); symptoms were severe in 2.0% of subjects. Overall, 2.1% of subjects discontinued therapy as a result. These symptoms usually begin during the first or second day of therapy and generally resolve after the first 2–4 weeks of therapy. After 4 weeks of therapy, the prevalence of nervous system symptoms of at least moderate severity ranged from 5% to 9% in subjects treated with regimens containing efavirenz and from 3% to 5% in subjects treated with a control regimen. Patients should be informed that these common symptoms were likely to improve with continued therapy and were not predictive of subsequent onset of the less frequent psychiatric symptom. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these nervous system symptoms.

Analysis of long-term data from Study 006 (median follow-up 180 weeks, 102 weeks, and 76 weeks for subjects treated with efavirenz + zidovudine + lamivudine, efavirenz + indinavir, and indinavir + zidovudine + lamivudine, respectively) showed that, beyond 24 weeks of therapy, the incidences of new-onset nervous system symptoms among efavirenz-treated subjects were generally similar to those in the indinavir-containing control arm.

Patients receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be alerted to the potential for additive central nervous system effects when efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs.

Patients who experience central nervous system symptoms such as dizziness, impaired concentration, and/or drowsiness should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.

New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment

Emtricitabine and tenofovir are principally eliminated by the kidney; however, efavirenz is not. Since efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a combination product and the dose of the individual components cannot be altered, patients with estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min should not receive efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome (renal tubular injury with severe hypophosphatemia), has been reported with the use of tenofovir DF.

It is recommended that estimated creatinine clearance be assessed in all patients prior to initiating therapy and as clinically appropriate during therapy with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. In patients at risk of renal dysfunction, including patients who have previously experienced renal events while receiving adefovir dipivoxil, it is recommended that estimated creatinine clearance, serum phosphorus, urine glucose, and urine protein be assessed prior to initiation of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and periodically during efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy.

efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g., high-dose or multiple non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)). Cases of acute renal failure after initiation of high dose or multiple NSAIDs have been reported in HIV-infected patients with risk factors for renal dysfunction who appeared stable on tenofovir DF. Some patients required hospitalization and renal replacement therapy. Alternatives to NSAIDs should be considered, if needed, in patients at risk for renal dysfunction.

Persistent or worsening bone pain, pain in extremities, fractures and/or muscular pain or weakness may be manifestations of proximal renal tubulopathy and should prompt an evaluation of renal function in at-risk patients.

Reproductive Risk Potential

Pregnancy Category D: Efavirenz may cause fetal harm when administered during the first trimester to a pregnant woman. Pregnancy should be avoided in women receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Barrier contraception must always be used in combination with other methods of contraception (e.g., oral or other hormonal contraceptives). Because of the long half-life of efavirenz, use of adequate contraceptive measures for 12 weeks after discontinuation of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is recommended. Women of childbearing potential should undergo pregnancy testing before initiation of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If this drug is used during the first trimester of pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.

There are no adequate and well-controlled trials of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnant women. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus, such as in pregnant women without other therapeutic options.

Rash

In controlled clinical trials, 26% (266/1008) of subjects treated with 600 mg efavirenz experienced new-onset skin rash compared with 17% (111/635) of subjects treated in control groups. Rash associated with blistering, moist desquamation, or ulceration occurred in 0.9% (9/1008) of subjects treated with efavirenz. The incidence of Grade 4 rash (e.g., erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) in subjects treated with efavirenz in all trials and expanded access was 0.1%. Rashes are usually mild-to-moderate maculopapular skin eruptions that occur within the first 2 weeks of initiating therapy with efavirenz (median time to onset of rash in adults was 11 days) and, in most subjects continuing therapy with efavirenz, rash resolves within 1 month (median duration, 16 days). The discontinuation rate for rash in clinical trials was 1.7% (17/1008). efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate can be reinitiated in patients interrupting therapy because of rash. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be discontinued in patients developing severe rash associated with blistering, desquamation, mucosal involvement, or fever. Appropriate antihistamines and/or corticosteroids may improve the tolerability and hasten the resolution of rash. For patients who have had a life-threatening cutaneous reaction (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome), alternative therapy should be considered.

Experience with efavirenz in subjects who discontinued other antiretroviral agents of the NNRTI class is limited. Nineteen subjects who discontinued nevirapine because of rash have been treated with efavirenz. Nine of these subjects developed mild-to-moderate rash while receiving therapy with efavirenz, and two of these subjects discontinued because of rash.

Rash was reported in 26 of 57 pediatric subjects (46%) treated with efavirenz. One pediatric subject experienced Grade 3 rash (confluent rash with fever), and two subjects had Grade 4 rash (erythema multiforme). The median time to onset of rash in pediatric subjects was 8 days. Prophylaxis with appropriate antihistamines before initiating therapy with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pediatric patients should be considered.

Hepatotoxicity

Monitoring of liver enzymes before and during treatment is recommended for patients with underlying hepatic disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection; patients with marked transaminase elevations; and patients treated with other medications associated with liver toxicity. A few of the postmarketing reports of hepatic failure occurred in patients with no pre-existing hepatic disease or other identifiable risk factors. Liver enzyme monitoring should also be considered for patients without pre-existing hepatic dysfunction or other risk factors. In patients with persistent elevations of serum transaminases to greater than five times the upper limit of the normal range, the benefit of continued therapy with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate needs to be weighed against the unknown risks of significant liver toxicity.

Bone Effects of Tenofovir DF
Bone Mineral Density

In clinical trials in HIV-1 infected adults, tenofovir DF was associated with slightly greater decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) and increases in biochemical markers of bone metabolism, suggesting increased bone turnover relative to comparators. Serum parathyroid hormone levels and 1,25 Vitamin D levels were also higher in subjects receiving tenofovir DF.

Clinical trials evaluating tenofovir DF in pediatric and adolescent subjects were conducted. Under normal circumstances, BMD increases rapidly in pediatric patients. In HIV-1 infected subjects aged 2 years to less than 18 years, bone effects were similar to those observed in adult subjects and suggest increased bone turnover. Total body BMD gain was less in the tenofovir DF treated HIV-1 infected pediatric subjects as compared to the control groups. Similar trends were observed in chronic hepatitis B infected adolescent subjects aged 12 years to less than 18 years. In all pediatric trials, skeletal growth (height) appeared to be unaffected. For more information, consult the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate prescribing information.

The effects of tenofovir DF-associated changes in BMD and biochemical markers on long-term bone health and future fracture risk are unknown. Assessment of BMD should be considered for adult and pediatric patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss. Although the effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D was not studied, such supplementation may be beneficial for all patients. If bone abnormalities are suspected then appropriate consultation should be obtained.

Mineralization Defects

Cases of osteomalacia associated with proximal renal tubulopathy, manifested as bone pain or pain in extremities and which may contribute to fractures, have been reported in association with the use of tenofovir DF. Arthralgias and muscle pain or weakness have also been reported in cases of proximal renal tubulopathy. Hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia secondary to proximal renal tubulopathy should be considered in patients at risk of renal dysfunction who present with persistent or worsening bone or muscle symptoms while receiving products containing tenofovir DF.

Convulsions

Convulsions have been observed in patients receiving efavirenz, generally in the presence of known medical history of seizures. Caution must be taken in any patient with a history of seizures.

Patients who are receiving concomitant anticonvulsant medications primarily metabolized by the liver, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, may require periodic monitoring of plasma levels.

Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.

Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease, polymyositis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution, however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

Fat Redistribution

Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and "cushingoid appearance" have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Clinical Trials in Adult Subjects

Study 934

Study 934 was an open-label active-controlled trial in which 511 antiretroviral-naive subjects received either emtricitabine + tenofovir DF administered in combination with efavirenz (N=257) or zidovudine/lamivudine administered in combination with efavirenz (N=254).

The most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 10%, any severity) occurring in Study 934 include diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression, insomnia, abnormal dreams, and rash. Adverse reactions observed in Study 934 were generally consistent with those seen in previous trials of the individual components (Table 2).

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Study 073

In Study 073, subjects with stable, virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy and no history of virologic failure were randomized to receive efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or to stay on their baseline regimen. The adverse reactions observed in Study 073 were generally consistent with those seen in Study 934 and those seen with the individual components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate when each was administered in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, or Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

In addition to the adverse reactions in Study 934 and Study 073, the following adverse reactions were observed in clinical trials of efavirenz, emtricitabine, or tenofovir DF in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

Efavirenz: The most significant adverse reactions observed in subjects treated with efavirenz are nervous system symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, and rash.

Selected adverse reactions of moderate-to-severe intensity observed in greater than or equal to 2% of efavirenz-treated subjects in two controlled clinical trials included pain, impaired concentration, abnormal dreams, somnolence, anorexia, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nervousness, and pruritus.

Pancreatitis has also been reported, although a causal relationship with efavirenz has not been established. Asymptomatic increases in serum amylase levels were observed in a significantly higher number of subjects treated with efavirenz 600 mg than in control subjects.

Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Adverse reactions that occurred in at least 5% of treatment-experienced or treatment-naive subjects receiving emtricitabine or tenofovir DF with other antiretroviral agents in clinical trials include arthralgia, increased cough, dyspepsia, fever, myalgia, pain, abdominal pain, back pain, paresthesia, peripheral neuropathy (including peripheral neuritis and neuropathy), pneumonia, rhinitis and rash event (including rash, pruritus, maculopapular rash, urticaria, vesiculobullous rash, pustular rash, and allergic reaction).

Skin discoloration has been reported with higher frequency among emtricitabine-treated subjects; it was manifested by hyperpigmentation on the palms and/or soles and was generally mild and asymptomatic. The mechanism and clinical significance are unknown.

Clinical Trials in Pediatric Subjects

Efavirenz: In a pediatric clinical trial in 57 NRTI-experienced subjects aged 3 to 16 years, the type and frequency of adverse experiences was generally similar to that of adult subjects with the exception of a higher incidence of rash, which was reported in 46% (26/57) of pediatric subjects compared to 26% of adults, and a higher frequency of Grade 3 or 4 rash reported in 5% (3/57) of pediatric subjects compared to 0.9% of adults. For additional information, please consult the efavirenz prescribing information.

Emtricitabine: In addition to the adverse reactions reported in adults, anemia and hyperpigmentation were observed in 7% and 32%, respectively, of pediatric subjects (3 months to less than 18 years of age) who received treatment with emtricitabine in the larger of two open-label, uncontrolled pediatric trials (N=116). For additional information, please consult the emtricitabine prescribing information.

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: In a pediatric clinical trial conducted in subjects 12 to less than 18 years of age, the adverse reactions observed in pediatric subjects who received treatment with tenofovir DF were consistent with those observed in clinical trials of tenofovir DF in adults.

Laboratory Abnormalities

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Laboratory abnormalities observed in Study 934 were generally consistent with those seen in previous trials (Table 3).

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Laboratory abnormalities observed in Study 073 were generally consistent with those in Study 934.

In addition to the laboratory abnormalities described for Study 934 (Table 3), Grade 3/4 laboratory abnormalities of increased bilirubin (greater than 2.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN)), increased pancreatic amylase (greater than 2.0 × ULN), increased or decreased serum glucose (less than 40 or greater than 250 mg/dL), and increased serum lipase (greater than 2.0 × ULN) occurred in up to 3% of subjects treated with emtricitabine or tenofovir DF with other antiretroviral agents in clinical trials.

Hepatic Events: In Study 934, 19 subjects treated with efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF and 20 subjects treated with efavirenz and fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine were hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis C antibody positive. Among these coinfected subjects, one subject (1/19) in the efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir DF arm had elevations in transaminases to greater than five times ULN through 144 weeks. In the fixed-dose zidovudine/lamivudine arm, two subjects (2/20) had elevations in transaminases to greater than five times ULN through 144 weeks. No HBV and/or HCV coinfected subject discontinued from the trial due to hepatobiliary disorders.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of efavirenz, emtricitabine, or tenofovir DF. Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Efavirenz:

Emtricitabine: No postmarketing adverse reactions have been identified for inclusion in this section.

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:

The following adverse reactions, listed under the body system headings above, may occur as a consequence of proximal renal tubulopathy: rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia, hypokalemia, muscular weakness, myopathy, hypophosphatemia.

Drug Interactions

This section describes clinically relevant drug interactions with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Drug interaction trials are described elsewhere in the labeling.

Efavirenz

Efavirenz has been shown in vivo to induce CYP3A and CYP2B6. Other compounds that are substrates of CYP3A or CYP2B6 may have decreased plasma concentrations when coadministered with efavirenz. In vitro studies have demonstrated that efavirenz inhibits CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 isozymes in the range of observed efavirenz plasma concentrations. Coadministration of efavirenz with drugs primarily metabolized by these isozymes may result in altered plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug. Therefore, appropriate dose adjustments may be necessary for these drugs.

Drugs that induce CYP3A activity (e.g., phenobarbital, rifampin, rifabutin) would be expected to increase the clearance of efavirenz, resulting in lowered plasma concentrations.

Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

Since emtricitabine and tenofovir are primarily eliminated by the kidneys, coadministration of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion may increase serum concentrations of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and/or other renally eliminated drugs. Some examples include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, cidofovir, ganciclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin), and high-dose or multiple NSAIDs.

Coadministration of tenofovir DF and didanosine should be undertaken with caution and patients receiving this combination should be monitored closely for didanosine-associated adverse reactions. Didanosine should be discontinued in patients who develop didanosine-associated adverse reactions. Suppression of CD4+ cell counts has been observed in patients receiving tenofovir DF with didanosine 400 mg daily.

Darunavir with ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir have been shown to increase tenofovir concentrations. Tenofovir DF is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transporters. When tenofovir DF is co-administered with an inhibitor of these transporters, an increase in absorption may be observed. Patients receiving darunavir with ritonavir and efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, or lopinavir/ritonavir with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be discontinued in patients who develop tenofovir-associated adverse reactions.

Coadministration of atazanavir with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not recommended since coadministration of atazanavir with either efavirenz or tenofovir DF has been shown to decrease plasma concentrations of atazanavir. Also, atazanavir has been shown to increase tenofovir concentrations. There are insufficient data to support dosing recommendations for atazanavir or atazanavir/ritonavir in combination with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.


Efavirenz, Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

Other important drug interaction information for efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is summarized in Table 1 and Table 4. The drug interactions described are based on trials conducted with efavirenz, emtricitabine or tenofovir DF as individual agents or are potential drug interactions; no drug interaction trials have been conducted using efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. The tables include potentially significant interactions, but are not all inclusive.

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Efavirenz Assay Interference

Cannabinoid Test Interaction: Efavirenz does not bind to cannabinoid receptors. False-positive urine cannabinoid test results have been observed in non-HIV-infected volunteers receiving efavirenz when the Microgenics Cedia DAU Multi-Level THC assay was used for screening. Negative results were obtained when more specific confirmatory testing was performed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For more information, please consult the efavirenz prescribing information.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): D

Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry

To monitor fetal outcomes of pregnant women, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients who become pregnant by calling (800) 258-4263.

Efavirenz: As of July 2010, the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has received prospective reports of 792 pregnancies exposed to efavirenz-containing regimens, nearly all of which were first-trimester exposures (718 pregnancies). Birth defects occurred in 17 of 604 live births (first-trimester exposure) and 2 of 69 live births (second/third-trimester exposure). One of these prospectively reported defects with first-trimester exposure was a neural tube defect. A single case of anophthalmia with first-trimester exposure to efavirenz has also been prospectively reported; however, this case included severe oblique facial clefts and amniotic banding, a known association with anophthalmia. There have been six retrospective reports of findings consistent with neural tube defects, including meningomyelocele. All mothers were exposed to efavirenz-containing regimens in the first trimester. Although a causal relationship of these events to the use of efavirenz has not been established, similar defects have been observed in preclinical studies of efavirenz.

Animal Data

Effects of efavirenz on embryo-fetal development have been studied in three nonclinical species (cynomolgus monkeys, rats, and rabbits). In monkeys, efavirenz 60 mg/kg/day was administered to pregnant females throughout pregnancy (gestation Days 20 through 150). The maternal systemic drug exposures (AUC) were 1.3 times the exposure in humans at the recommended clinical dose (600 mg/day), with fetal umbilical venous drug concentrations approximately 0.7 times the maternal values. Three fetuses of 20 fetuses/infants had one or more malformations; there were no malformed fetuses or infants from placebo-treated mothers. The malformations that occurred in these three monkey fetuses included anencephaly and unilateral anophthalmia in one fetus, microophthalmia in a second, and cleft palate in the third. There was no NOAEL (no observable adverse effect level) established for this study because only one dosage was evaluated. In rats, efavirenz was administered either during organogenesis (gestation Days 7 to 18) or from gestation Day 7 through lactation Day 21 at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day. Administration of 200 mg/kg/day in rats was associated with an increase in the incidence of early resorptions, and doses 100 mg/kg/day and greater were associated with early neonatal mortality. The AUC at the NOAEL (50 mg/kg/day) in this rat study was 0.1 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose. Drug concentrations in the milk on lactation Day 10 were approximately 8 times higher than those in maternal plasma. In pregnant rabbits, efavirenz was neither embryo lethal nor teratogenic when administered at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day over the period of organogenesis (gestation Days 6 through 18). The AUC at the NOAEL (75 mg/kg/day) in rabbits was 0.4 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-1 infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1. Studies in rats have demonstrated that efavirenz is secreted in milk. Studies in humans have shown that both tenofovir and emtricitabine are excreted in human milk. Because the risks of low level exposure to emtricitabine and tenofovir to infants are unknown, and because of the potential for HIV-1 transmission, mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Emtricitabine

Samples of breast milk obtained from five HIV-1 infected mothers show that emtricitabine is secreted in human milk. Breastfeeding infants whose mothers are being treated with emtricitabine may be at risk for developing viral resistance to emtricitabine. Other emtricitabine-associated risks in infants breastfed by mothers being treated with emtricitabine are unknown.

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

Samples of breast milk obtained from five HIV-1 infected mothers show that tenofovir is secreted in human milk. Tenofovir-associated risks, including the risk of viral resistance to tenofovir, in infants breastfed by mothers being treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are unknown.

Pediatric Use

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should only be administered to pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with a body weight greater than or equal to 40 kg (greater than or equal to 88 lbs). Because efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarateis a fixed-dose combination tablet, the dose adjustments recommended for pediatric patients younger than 12 years of age for each individual component cannot be made with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Geriatic Use

Clinical trials of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir DF did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for elderly patients should be cautious, keeping in mind the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

Because efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir DF is a fixed-dose combination, it should not be prescribed for patients requiring dosage adjustment such as those with moderate or severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min).

Hepatic Impairment

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment because there are insufficient data to determine an appropriate dose. Patients with mild hepatic impairment may be treated with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate at the approved dose. Because of the extensive cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of efavirenz and limited clinical experience in patients with hepatic impairment, caution should be exercised in administering efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to these patients.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

Oral

Monitoring

HVB

Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablet is not approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the safety and efficacy of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate have not been established in patients coinfected with HBV and HIV-1. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued emcitrabine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, which are components of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who are coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV and discontinue efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and IV administrations.

Overdosage

If overdose occurs, the patient should be monitored for evidence of toxicity, including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the patient's clinical status; standard supportive treatment should then be applied as necessary. Administration of activated charcoal may be used to aid removal of unabsorbed efavirenz. Hemodialysis can remove both emtricitabine and tenofovir DF (refer to detailed information below), but is unlikely to significantly remove efavirenz from the blood.

Efavirenz

Some patients accidentally taking 600 mg twice daily have reported increased nervous system symptoms. One patient experienced involuntary muscle contractions.

Emtricitabine

Limited clinical experience is available at doses higher than the therapeutic dose of emtricitabine. In one clinical pharmacology trial single doses of emtricitabine 1200 mg were administered to 11 subjects. No severe adverse reactions were reported.

Hemodialysis treatment removes approximately 30% of the emtricitabine dose over a 3-hour dialysis period starting within 1.5 hours of emtricitabine dosing (blood flow rate of 400 mL/min and a dialysate flow rate of 600 mL/min). It is not known whether emtricitabine can be removed by peritoneal dialysis.

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

Limited clinical experience at doses higher than the therapeutic dose of tenofovir DF 300 mg is available. In one trial, 600 mg tenofovir DF was administered to 8 subjects orally for 28 days, and no severe adverse reactions were reported. The effects of higher doses are not known.

Tenofovir is efficiently removed by hemodialysis with an extraction coefficient of approximately 54%. Following a single 300 mg dose of tenofovir DF, a 4-hour hemodialysis session removed approximately 10% of the administered tenofovir dose.

Pharmacology

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
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Mechanism of Action

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarateis a fixed-dose combination of antiviral drugs efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

  • Efavirenz: Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor of HIV-1. Efavirenz activity is mediated predominantly by noncompetitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). HIV-2 RT and human cellular DNA polymerases α, β, γ, and σ are not inhibited by efavirenz.
  • Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine, is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate. Emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate inhibits the activity of the HIV-1 RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and by being incorporated into nascent viral DNA which results in chain termination. Emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase α, β, ε, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Tenofovir DF is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analog of adenosine monophosphate. Tenofovir DF requires initial diester hydrolysis for conversion to tenofovir and subsequent phosphorylations by cellular enzymes to form tenofovir diphosphate. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, β, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.

Structure

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a fixed-dose combination tablet containing efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF). SUSTIVA is the brand name for efavirenz, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is the brand name for emtricitabine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytidine. VIREAD is the brand name for tenofovir DF, which is converted in vivo to tenofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (nucleotide) analog of adenosine 5'-monophosphate. VIREAD and EMTRIVA are the components of TRUVADA.

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are for oral administration. Each tablet contains 600 mg of efavirenz, 200 mg of emtricitabine, and 300 mg of tenofovir DF (which is equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil) as active ingredients. The tablets include the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The tablets are film-coated with a coating material containing black iron oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, red iron oxide, talc, and titanium dioxide.

Efavirenz: Efavirenz is chemically described as (S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one. Its molecular formula is C14H9ClF3NO2 and its structural formula is:

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Efavirenz is a white to slightly pink crystalline powder with a molecular mass of 315.68. It is practically insoluble in water (less than 10 µg/mL).

Emtricitabine: The chemical name of emtricitabine is 5-fluoro-1-(2R,5S)-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine. Emtricitabine is the (-) enantiomer of a thio analog of cytidine, which differs from other cytidine analogs in that it has a fluorine in the 5-position.

It has a molecular formula of C8H10FN3O3S and a molecular weight of 247.24. It has the following structural formula:

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Emtricitabine is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a solubility of approximately 112 mg/mL in water at 25 °C.

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Tenofovir DF is a fumaric acid salt of the bis-isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester derivative of tenofovir. The chemical name of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is 9-[(R)-2([bis([(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]- methoxy)phosphinyl]methoxy)propyl]adenine fumarate (1:1). It has a molecular formula of C19H30N5O10P • C4H4O4 and a molecular weight of 635.52. It has the following structural formula:

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Tenofovir DF is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a solubility of 13.4 mg/mL in water at 25 °C.

Pharmacodynamics

Antiviral activity
Resistance
  • Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to the combination of emtricitabine and tenofovir have been selected in cell culture and in clinical trials. Genotypic analysis of these isolates identified the M184V/I and/or K65R amino acid substitutions in the viral RT.
  • In a clinical trial of treatment-naive subjects [Study 934, see Clinical Studies (14)] resistance analysis was performed on HIV-1 isolates from all confirmed virologic failure subjects with greater than 400 copies/mL of HIV-1 RNA at Week 144 or early discontinuations. Genotypic resistance to efavirenz, predominantly the K103N substitution, was the most common form of resistance that developed. Resistance to efavirenz occurred in 13/19 analyzed subjects in the emtricitabine + tenofovir DF group and in 21/29 analyzed subjects in the zidovudine/lamivudine fixed-dose combination group. The M184V amino acid substitution, associated with resistance to emtricitabine and lamivudine, was observed in 2/19 analyzed subject isolates in the emtricitabine + tenofovir DF group and in 10/29 analyzed subject isolates in the zidovudine/lamivudine group. Through 144 weeks of Study 934, no subjects developed a detectable K65R substitution in their HIV-1 as analyzed through standard genotypic analysis.
  • In a clinical trial of treatment-naive subjects, isolates from 8/47 (17%) analyzed subjects receiving tenofovir DF developed the K65R substitution through 144 weeks of therapy; 7 of these occurred in the first 48 weeks of treatment and one at Week 96. In treatment experienced subjects, 14/304 (5%) of tenofovir DF treated subjects with virologic failure through Week 96 showed greater than 1.4-fold (median 2.7) reduced susceptibility to tenofovir. Genotypic analysis of the resistant isolates showed a substitution in the HIV-1 RT gene resulting in the K65R amino acid substitution.
  • Efavirenz: Clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility in cell culture to efavirenz have been obtained. The most frequently observed amino acid substitution in clinical trials with efavirenz is K103N (54%). One or more RT substitutions at amino acid positions 98, 100, 101, 103, 106, 108, 188, 190, 225, 227, and 230 were observed in subjects failing treatment with efavirenz in combination with other antiretrovirals. Other resistance substitutions observed to emerge commonly included L100I (7%), K101E/Q/R (14%), V108I (11%), G190S/T/A (7%), P225H (18%), and M230I/L (11%).
  • HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to efavirenz (greater than 380-fold increase in EC90 value) emerged rapidly under selection in cell culture. Genotypic characterization of these viruses identified substitutions resulting in single amino acid substitutions L100I or V179D, double substitutions L100I/V108I, and triple substitutions L100I/V179D/Y181C in RT.
  • Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine-resistant isolates of HIV-1 have been selected in cell culture and in clinical trials. Genotypic analysis of these isolates showed that the reduced susceptibility to emtricitabine was associated with a substitution in the HIV-1 RT gene at codon 184 which resulted in an amino acid substitution of methionine by valine or isoleucine (M184V/I).
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to tenofovir have been selected in cell culture. These viruses expressed a K65R substitution in RT and showed a 2- to 4-fold reduction in susceptibility to tenofovir.
Cross Resistance
  • Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Cross-resistance has been recognized among NNRTIs. Cross resistance has also been recognized among certain NRTIs. The M184V/I and/or K65R substitutions selected in cell culture by the combination of emtricitabine and tenofovir are also observed in some HIV-1 isolates from subjects failing treatment with tenofovir in combination with either lamivudine or emtricitabine, and either abacavir or didanosine. Therefore, cross-resistance among these drugs may occur in patients whose virus harbors either or both of these amino acid substitutions.
  • Efavirenz: Clinical isolates previously characterized as efavirenz-resistant were also phenotypically resistant in cell culture to delavirdine and nevirapine compared to baseline. Delavirdine- and/or nevirapine-resistant clinical viral isolates with NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions (A98G, L100I, K101E/P, K103N/S, V106A, Y181X, Y188X, G190X, P225H, F227L, or M230L) showed reduced susceptibility to efavirenz in cell culture. Greater than 90% of NRTI-resistant isolates tested in cell culture retained susceptibility to efavirenz.
  • Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine-resistant isolates (M184V/I) were cross-resistant to lamivudine and zalcitabine but retained susceptibility in cell culture to didanosine, stavudine, tenofovir, zidovudine, and NNRTIs (delavirdine, efavirenz, and nevirapine). HIV-1 isolates containing the K65R substitution, selected in vivo by abacavir, didanosine, tenofovir, and zalcitabine, demonstrated reduced susceptibility to inhibition by emtricitabine. Viruses harboring substitutions conferring reduced susceptibility to stavudine and zidovudine (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, and K219Q/E) or didanosine (L74V) remained sensitive to emtricitabine.
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: The K65R substitution selected by tenofovir is also selected in some HIV-1 infected patients treated with abacavir, didanosine, or zalcitabine. HIV-1 isolates with the K65R substitution also showed reduced susceptibility to emtricitabine and lamivudine. Therefore, cross-resistance among these drugs may occur in patients whose virus harbors the K65R substitution. HIV-1 isolates from subjects (N=20) whose HIV-1 expressed a mean of 3 zidovudine-associated RT amino acid substitutions (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E/N) showed a 3.1-fold decrease in the susceptibility to tenofovir. Subjects whose virus expressed an L74V substitution without zidovudine resistance associated substitutions (N=8) had reduced response to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Limited data are available for patients whose virus expressed a Y115F substitution (N=3), Q151M substitution (N=2), or T69 insertion (N=4), all of whom had a reduced response.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Efavirenz, [[emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: One efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablet is bioequivalent to one efavirenz tablet (600 mg) plus one emtricitabine capsule (200 mg) plus one tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablet (300 mg) following single-dose administration to fasting healthy subjects (N=45).
  • Efavirenz: In HIV-1 infected subjects time-to-peak plasma concentrations were approximately 3–5 hours and steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in 6–10 days. In 35 HIV-1 infected subjects receiving efavirenz 600 mg once daily, steady-state Cmax was 12.9 ± 3.7 µM (mean ± SD), Cmin was 5.6 ± 3.2 µM, and AUC was 184 ± 73 µM•hr. Efavirenz is highly bound (approximately 99.5–99.75%) to human plasma proteins, predominantly albumin. Following administration of 14C-labeled efavirenz, 14–34% of the dose was recovered in the urine (mostly as metabolites) and 16–61% was recovered in feces (mostly as parent drug). In vitro studies suggest CYP3A and CYP2B6 are the major isozymes responsible for efavirenz metabolism. Efavirenz has been shown to induce CYP enzymes, resulting in induction of its own metabolism. Efavirenz has a terminal half-life of 52–76 hours after single doses and 40–55 hours after multiple doses.
  • Emtricitabine: Following oral administration, emtricitabine is rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations occurring at 1–2 hours post-dose. Following multiple dose oral administration of emtricitabine to 20 HIV-1 infected subjects, the steady-state plasma emtricitabine Cmax was 1.8 ± 0.7 µg/mL (mean ± SD) and the AUC over a 24-hour dosing interval was 10.0 ± 3.1 µg•hr/mL. The mean steady-state plasma trough concentration at 24 hours post-dose was 0.09 µg/mL. The mean absolute bioavailability of emtricitabine was 93%. Less than 4% of emtricitabine binds to human plasma proteins in vitro and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.02–200 µg/mL. Following administration of radiolabelled emtricitabine, approximately 86% is recovered in the urine and 13% is recovered as metabolites. The metabolites of emtricitabine include 3'-sulfoxide diastereomers and their glucuronic acid conjugate. Emtricitabine is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 213 ± 89 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the plasma emtricitabine half-life is approximately 10 hours.
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Following oral administration of a single 300 mg dose of tenofovir DF to HIV-1 infected subjects in the fasted state, maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) were achieved in 1.0 ± 0.4 hrs (mean ± SD) and Cmax and AUC values were 296 ± 90 ng/mL and 2287 ± 685 ng•hr/mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from tenofovir DF in fasted subjects is approximately 25%. Less than 0.7% of tenofovir binds to human plasma proteins in vitro and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.01–25 µg/mL. Approximately 70–80% of the intravenous dose of tenofovir is recovered as unchanged drug in the urine. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 243 ± 33 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the terminal elimination half-life of tenofovir is approximately 17 hours.
Effects of Food on Oral Absorption

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumaratehas not been evaluated in the presence of food. Administration of efavirenz tablets with a high fat meal increased the mean AUC and Cmax of efavirenz by 28% and 79%, respectively, compared to administration in the fasted state. Compared to fasted administration, dosing of tenofovir DF and emtricitabine in combination with either a high fat meal or a light meal increased the mean AUC and Cmax of tenofovir by 35% and 15%, respectively, without affecting emtricitabine exposures.

Special Populations

Race
  • Efavirenz: The pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in HIV-1 infected subjects appear to be similar among the racial groups studied.
  • Emtricitabine: No pharmacokinetic differences due to race have been identified following the administration of emtricitabine.
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: There were insufficient numbers from racial and ethnic groups other than Caucasian to adequately determine potential pharmacokinetic differences among these populations following the administration of tenofovir DF.
Gender

Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir pharmacokinetics are similar in male and female subjects.

Pediatric Patients

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should only be administered to pediatric patients 12 years of age and weighing greater than or equal to 40 kg (greater than or equal to 88 lb).

  • Efavirenz: In an open-label trial in NRTI-experienced pediatric subjects (mean age 8 years, range 3–16), the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in pediatric subjects were similar to the pharmacokinetics in adults who received a 600 mg daily dose of efavirenz. In 48 pediatric subjects, receiving the equivalent of a 600 mg dose of efavirenz, mean (± SD) steady-state Cmax was 14.2 ± 5.8 µM, steady-state Cmin was 5.6 ± 4.1 µM, and AUC was 218 ± 104 µM•hr.
  • Emtricitabine: The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine at steady state were determined in 27 HIV-1-infected pediatric subjects 13 to 17 years of age receiving a daily dose of 6 mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 240 mg oral solution or a 200 mg capsule; 26 of 27 subjects in this age group received the 200 mg emtricitabine capsule. Mean (± SD) Cmax and AUC were 2.7 ± 0.9 µg/mL and 12.6 ± 5.4 µg•hr/mL, respectively. Exposures achieved in pediatric subjects 12 to less than 18 years of age were similar to those achieved in adults receiving a once daily dose of 200 mg.
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir were evaluated in 8 HIV-1 infected pediatric subjects (12 to less than 18 years). Mean (± SD) Cmax and AUCtau are 0.38 ± 0.13 µg/mL and 3.39 ± 1.22 µg•hr/mL, respectively. Tenofovir exposure achieved in these pediatric subjects receiving oral daily doses of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg was similar to exposures achieved in adults receiving once-daily doses of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg.
Geriatric Patients

Pharmacokinetics of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir have not been fully evaluated in the elderly (65 years of age and older).

Patients with Impaired Renal Function
  • Efavirenz: The pharmacokinetics of efavirenz have not been studied in subjects with renal insufficiency; however, less than 1% of efavirenz is excreted unchanged in the urine, so the impact of renal impairment on efavirenz elimination should be minimal.
  • Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine and tenofovir DF are altered in subjects with renal impairment. In subjects with creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min, Cmax and AUC0–∞ of emtricitabine and tenofovir were increased.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment
  • Efavirenz: A multiple-dose trial showed no significant effect on efavirenz pharmacokinetics in subjects with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A) compared with controls. There were insufficient data to determine whether moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C) affects efavirenz pharmacokinetics.
  • Emtricitabine: The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine have not been studied in subjects with hepatic impairment; however, emtricitabine is not significantly metabolized by liver enzymes, so the impact of liver impairment should be limited.
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following a 300 mg dose of tenofovir DF have been studied in non-HIV infected subjects with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. There were no substantial alterations in tenofovir pharmacokinetics in subjects with hepatic impairment compared with unimpaired subjects.
Assessment of Drug Interactions

The drug interaction trials described were conducted with efavirenz, emtricitabine, or tenofovir DF as individual agents; no drug interaction trials have been conducted using efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

  • Efavirenz: The steady-state pharmacokinetics of efavirenz and tenofovir were unaffected when efavirenz and tenofovir DF were administered together versus each agent dosed alone. Specific drug interaction trials have not been performed with efavirenz and NRTIs other than tenofovir, lamivudine, and zidovudine.
  • Clinically significant interactions would not be expected based on NRTIs elimination pathways.
  • Efavirenz has been shown in vivo to cause hepatic enzyme induction, thus increasing the biotransformation of some drugs metabolized by CYP3A and CYP2B6. In vitro studies have shown that efavirenz inhibited CYP isozymes 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 with Ki values (8.5–17 µM) in the range of observed efavirenz plasma concentrations. In in vitro studies, efavirenz did not inhibit CYP2E1 and inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 (Ki values 82–160 µM) only at concentrations well above those achieved clinically. Coadministration of efavirenz with drugs primarily metabolized by 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 isozymes may result in altered plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug. Drugs which induce CYP3A activity would be expected to increase the clearance of efavirenz resulting in lowered plasma concentrations.
  • Drug interaction trials were performed with efavirenz and other drugs likely to be coadministered or drugs commonly used as probes for pharmacokinetic interaction. There was no clinically significant interaction observed between efavirenz and zidovudine, lamivudine, azithromycin, fluconazole, lorazepam, cetirizine, or paroxetine. Single doses of famotidine or an aluminum and magnesium antacid with simethicone had no effects on efavirenz exposures. The effects of coadministration of efavirenz on Cmax, AUC, and Cmin are summarized in Table 5 (effect of other drugs on efavirenz) and Table 6 (effect of efavirenz on other drugs).
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
  • Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: The steady-state pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine and tenofovir were unaffected when emtricitabine and tenofovir DF were administered together versus each agent dosed alone.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Coadministration of tenofovir DF with didanosine results in changes in the pharmacokinetics of didanosine that may be of clinical significance. Concomitant dosing of tenofovir DF with didanosine enteric-coated capsules significantly increases the Cmax and AUC of didanosine. When didanosine 250 mg enteric-coated capsules were administered with tenofovir DF, systemic exposures of didanosine were similar to those seen with the 400 mg enteric-coated capsules alone under fasted conditions. The mechanism of this interaction is unknown |nonClinToxic======Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility=====

  • Efavirenz: Long-term carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were carried out with efavirenz. Mice were dosed with 0, 25, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day for 2 years. Incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and pulmonary alveolar]]/bronchiolar adenomas were increased above background in females. No increases in tumor incidence above background were seen in males. In studies in which rats were administered efavirenz at doses of 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day for 2 years, no increases in tumor incidence above background were observed. The systemic exposure (based on AUCs) in mice was approximately 1.7-fold that in humans receiving the 600-mg/day dose. The exposure in rats was lower than that in humans. The mechanism of the carcinogenic potential is unknown. However, in genetic toxicology assays, efavirenz showed no evidence of mutagenic or clastogenic activity in a battery of in vitro and in vivo studies. These included bacterial mutation assays in Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli, mammalian mutation assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells, chromosome aberration assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Given the lack of genotoxic activity of efavirenz, the relevance to humans of neoplasms in efavirenz-treated mice is not known.
  • Efavirenz did not impair mating or fertility of male or female rats, and did not affect sperm of treated male rats. The reproductive performance of offspring born to female rats given efavirenz was not affected. As a result of the rapid clearance of efavirenz in rats, systemic drug exposures achieved in these studies were equivalent to or below those achieved in humans given therapeutic doses of efavirenz.
  • Emtricitabine: In long-term carcinogenicity studies of emtricitabine, no drug-related increases in tumor incidence were found in mice at doses up to 750 mg/kg/day (26 times the human systemic exposure at the therapeutic dose of 200 mg/day) or in rats at doses up to 600 mg/day (31 times the human systemic exposure at the therapeutic dose).
  • Emtricitabine was not genotoxic in the reverse mutation bacterial test (Ames test), mouse lymphoma or mouse micronucleus assays.
  • Emtricitabine did not affect fertility in male rats at approximately 140-fold or in male and female mice at approximately 60-fold higher exposures (AUC) than in humans given the recommended 200 mg daily dose. Fertility was normal in the offspring of mice exposed daily from before birth (in utero) through sexual maturity at daily exposures (AUC) of approximately 60-fold higher than human exposures at the recommended 200 mg daily dose.
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Long-term oral carcinogenicity studies of tenofovir DF in mice and rats were carried out at exposures up to approximately 16 times (mice) and 5 times (rats) those observed in humans at the therapeutic dose for HIV-1 infection. At the high dose in female mice, liver adenomas were increased at exposures 16 times that in humans. In rats, the study was negative for carcinogenic findings at exposures up to 5 times that observed in humans at the therapeutic dose.
  • Tenofovir DF was mutagenic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and negative in an in vitro bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test). In an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, tenofovir DF was negative when administered to male mice.
  • There were no effects on fertility, mating performance or early embryonic development when tenofovir DF was administered to male rats at a dose equivalent to 10 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons for 28 days prior to mating and to female rats for 15 days prior to mating through Day seven of gestation. There was, however, an alteration of the estrous cycle in female rats.
Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
  • Efavirenz: Nonsustained convulsions were observed in 6 of 20 monkeys receiving efavirenz at doses yielding plasma AUC values 4- to 13-fold greater than those in humans given the recommended dose.
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Tenofovir and tenofovir DF administered in toxicology studies to rats, dogs and monkeys at exposures (based on AUCs) greater than or equal to 6-fold those observed in humans caused bone toxicity. In monkeys the bone toxicity was diagnosed as osteomalacia. Osteomalacia observed in monkeys appeared to be reversible upon dose reduction or discontinuation of tenofovir. In rats and dogs, the bone toxicity manifested as reduced bone mineral density. The mechanism(s) underlying bone toxicity is unknown.
  • Evidence of renal toxicity was noted in 4 animal species administered tenofovir and tenofovir DF. Increases in serum creatinine, BUN, glycosuria, proteinuria, phosphaturia and/or calciuria and decreases in serum phosphate were observed to varying degrees in these animals. These toxicities were noted at exposures (based on AUCs) 2- to 20-times higher than those observed in humans. The relationship of the renal abnormalities, particularly the phosphaturia, to the bone toxicity is not known.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Nonclinical Toxicology in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

Clinical Study 934 supports the use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1 infected patients. Additional data in support of the use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment- naive patients can be found in the prescribing information for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Clinical Study 073 provides clinical experience in subjects with stable, virologic suppression and no history of virologic failure who switched from their current regimen to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

In antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients, the use of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets may be considered for patients with HIV-1 strains that are expected to be susceptible to the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate as assessed by treatment history or by genotypic or phenotypic testing.

Study 934: Data through 144 weeks are reported for Study 934, a randomized, open-label, active-controlled multicenter trial comparing emtricitabine + tenofovir DF administered in combination with efavirenz versus zidovudine/lamivudine fixed-dose combination administered in combination with efavirenz in 511 antiretroviral-naive subjects. From Weeks 96 to 144 of the trial, subjects received emtricitabine/tenofovir DF fixed-dose combination with efavirenz in place of emtricitabine + tenofovir DF with efavirenz. Subjects had a mean age of 38 years (range 18–80), 86% were male, 59% were Caucasian and 23% were Black. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 245 cells/mm3 (range 2–1191) and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5.01 log10 copies/mL (range 3.56–6.54). Subjects were stratified by baseline CD4+ cell count (< or ≥200 cells/mm3) and 41% had CD4+ cell counts <200 cells/mm3. Fifty-one percent (51%) of subjects had baseline viral loads >100,000 copies/mL. Treatment outcomes through 48 and 144 weeks for those subjects who did not have efavirenz resistance at baseline (N=487) are presented in Table 9.

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Through Week 48, 84% and 73% of subjects in the emtricitabine + tenofovir DF group and the zidovudine/lamivudine group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL (71% and 58% through Week 144). The difference in the proportion of subjects who achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL through 48 weeks largely results from the higher number of discontinuations due to adverse events and other reasons in the zidovudine/lamivudine group in this open-label trial. In addition, 80% and 70% of subjects in the emtricitabine + tenofovir DF group and the zidovudine/lamivudine group, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL through Week 48 (64% and 56% through Week 144). The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 190 cells/mm3 in the emtricitabine + tenofovir DF group and 158 cells/mm3 in the zidovudine/lamivudine group at Week 48 (312 and 271 cells/mm3 at Week 144).

Through 48 weeks, 7 subjects in the emtricitabine + tenofovir DF group and 5 subjects in the zidovudine/lamivudine group experienced a new CDC Class C event (10 and 6 subjects through 144 weeks).

Study 073: Study 073 was a 48-week open-label, randomized clinical trial in subjects with stable virologic suppression on combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of at least two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) administered in combination with a protease inhibitor (with or without ritonavir) or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).

To be enrolled, subjects were to have HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/mL for at least 12 weeks on their current regimen prior to trial entry with no known HIV-1 substitutions conferring resistance to the components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and no history of virologic failure.

The trial compared the efficacy of switching to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or staying on the baseline antiretroviral regimen (SBR). Subjects were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to switch to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (N=203) or stay on SBR (N=97). Subjects had a mean age of 43 years (range 22–73 years), 88% were male, 68% were white, 29% were Black or African-American, and 3% were of other races. At baseline, median CD4+ cell count was 516 cells/mm3 and 96% had HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL. The median time since onset of antiretroviral therapy was 3 years and 88% of subjects were receiving their first antiretroviral regimen at trial enrollment.

At Week 48, 89% and 87% of subjects who switched to efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate maintained HIV RNA <200 copies/mL and <50 copies/mL, respectively, compared to 88% and 85% who remained on SBR; this difference was not statistically significant. No changes in CD4+ cell counts from baseline to Week 48 were observed in either treatment arm.

How Supplied

Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are pink, capsule-shaped, film-coated, debossed with "123" on one side and plain-faced on the other side. Each bottle contains 30 tablets (NDC 15584-0101-1) and silica gel desiccant, and is closed with a child-resistant closure.

Storage

  • Store at 25 °C (77 °F); excursions permitted to 15–30 °C (59–86 °F).
  • Keep container tightly closed.
  • Dispense only in original container.
  • Do not use if seal over bottle opening is broken or missing.

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Patient Counseling Information

Drug Interactions

A statement to patients and healthcare providers is included on the product's bottle labels: ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate may interact with some drugs; therefore, patients should be advised to report to their doctor the use of any other prescription, nonprescription medication, or herbal products, particularly St. John's wort.

General Information for Patients

Patients should be advised that:

  • Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not a cure for HIV-1 infection and patients may continue to experience illnesses associated with HIV-1 infection, including opportunistic infections. Patients should remain under the care of a physician when using efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
  • Patients should avoid doing things that can spread HIV-1 to others.
  • Do not share needles or other injection equipment.
  • Do not share personal items that can have blood or body fluids on them, like toothbrushes and razor blades.
  • Do not have any kind of sex without protection. Always practice safe sex by using a latex or polyurethane condom to lower the chance of sexual contact with semen, vaginal secretions, or blood.
  • Do not breastfeed. Some of the medicines in efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate can be passed to your baby in your breast milk. We do not know whether it could harm your baby. Also, mothers with HIV-1 should not breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk.
Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis

Patients should be informed that lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported. Treatment will be suspended in any patients who develop clinical symptoms suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (including nausea, vomiting, unusual or unexpected stomach discomfort, and weakness).

Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV

Patients with HIV-1 should be tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) before initiating antiretroviral therapy. Patients should be advised that severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are coinfected with HBV and HIV-1 and have discontinued emtricitabine or tenofovir DF, which are components of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment

Renal impairment, including cases of acute ]]renal failure]] and Fanconi syndrome, has been reported. Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g. high-dose or multiple NSAIDs).

Decreases in Bone Mineral Density

Patients should be informed that decreases in bone mineral density have been observed with the use of tenofovir DF. Bone mineral density monitoring may be performed in patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss.

Dosing Instructions

Patients should be advised to take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate orally on an empty stomach and that it is important to take efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on a regular dosing schedule to avoid missing doses.

Nervous System Symptoms

Patients should be informed that central nervous system symptoms (NSS) including dizziness, insomnia, impaired concentration, drowsiness, and abnormal dreams are commonly reported during the first weeks of therapy with efavirenz. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these symptoms, which are likely to improve with continued therapy. Patients should be alerted to the potential for additive effects when efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs. Patients should be instructed that if they experience NSS they should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.

Psychiatric Symptoms

Patients should be informed that serious psychiatric symptoms including severe depression, suicide attempts, aggressive behavior, delusions, paranoia, and psychosis-like symptoms have been reported in patients receiving efavirenz. If they experience severe psychiatric adverse experiences they should seek immediate medical evaluation. Patients should be advised to inform their physician of any history of mental illness or substance abuse.

Rash

Patients should be informed that a common side effect is rash. Rashes usually go away without any change in treatment. However, since rash may be serious, patients should be advised to contact their physician promptly if rash occurs.

Reproductive Risk Potential

Women receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be instructed to avoid pregnancy. A reliable form of barrier contraception must always be used in combination with other methods of contraception, including oral or other hormonal contraception. Because of the long half-life of efavirenz, use of adequate contraceptive measures for 12 weeks after discontinuation of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is recommended. Women should be advised to notify their physician if they become pregnant or plan to become pregnant while taking efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. If this drug is used during the first trimester of pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, she should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.

Precautions with Alcohol

Patients receiving efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be alerted to the potential for additive central nervous system effects when efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs.

Brand Names

  • Atripla

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Drug Shortage

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

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