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{{Infobox_gene}}
| update_page = yes
'''Activating transcription factor 2''', also known as '''ATF2''', is a [[protein]] that, in humans, is encoded by the ''ATF2'' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{Cite web| title = Entrez Gene: ATF2 activating transcription factor 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1386| accessdate = }}</ref>
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
}}
<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_ATF2_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1bhi.


| Name = Activating transcription factor 2
== Function ==
| HGNCid = 784
This gene encodes a [[transcription factor]] that is a member of the [[leucine zipper]] family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the [[CREB#cAMP response element|cAMP-responsive element]] (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with [[c-Jun]] and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. The protein is also a [[histone acetyltransferase]] (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on [[chromatin]] components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.<ref name="entrez"/>
| Symbol = ATF2
| AltSymbols =; CREB2; CRE-BP1; HB16; MGC111558; TREB7
| OMIM = 123811
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 31061
| MGIid = 109349
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_ATF2_205446_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_ATF2_212984_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003700 |text = transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003702 |text = RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003713 |text = transcription coactivator activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008270 |text = zinc ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043565 |text = sequence-specific DNA binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046872 |text = metal ion binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0046983 |text = protein dimerization activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005622 |text = intracellular}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006350 |text = transcription}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 1386
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000115966
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001871
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001880
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 2
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 175645228
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 175741161
    | Hs_Uniprot = P15336
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 11909
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000027104
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_001025093
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_001020264
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 2
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 73617360
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 73664083
    | Mm_Uniprot = P70299
  }}
}}


The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S | title = Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32 | journal = Genomics | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 1103–4 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1833307 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90210-6 }}</ref> The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reimold AM, Grusby MJ, Kosaras B, Fries JW, Mori R, Maniwa S, Clauss IM, Collins T, Sidman RL, Glimcher MJ, Glimcher LH | title = Chondrodysplasia and neurological abnormalities in ATF-2-deficient mice | journal = Nature | volume = 379 | issue = 6562 | pages = 262–5 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8538792 | doi = 10.1038/379262a0 }}</ref> ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on [[p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases|stress-activated protein kinases p38]] and [[JNK]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta S, Campbell D, Dérijard B, Davis RJ | title = Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway | journal = Science | volume = 267 | issue = 5196 | pages = 389–93 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7824938 | doi = 10.1126/science.7824938 }}</ref> ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter [[phorbol]] ester has been demonstrated.<ref name="pmid19176525">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamasaki T, Takahashi A, Pan J, Yamaguchi N, Yokoyama KK | title = Phosphorylation of Activation Transcription Factor-2 at Serine 121 by Protein Kinase C Controls c-Jun-mediated Activation of Transcription | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 284 | issue = 13 | pages = 8567–81  | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19176525 | pmc = 2659215 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M808719200 }}</ref>


==Overview==
Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M | title = Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment | journal = J. Cell. Biochem. | volume = 94 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–38 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15523674 | doi = 10.1002/jcb.20296 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Papassava P, Gorgoulis VG, Papaevangeliou D, Vlahopoulos S, van Dam H, Zoumpourlis V | title = Overexpression of activating transcription factor-2 is required for tumor growth and progression in mouse skin tumors | journal = Cancer Res. | volume = 64 | issue = 23 | pages = 8573–84 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15574764 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-0955 }}</ref> ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant [[Ras protein]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vlahopoulos SA, Logotheti S, Mikas D, Giarika A, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V | title = The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis | journal = BioEssays | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 314–27  | date = 17 March 2008 | pmid = 18348191 | doi = 10.1002/bies.20734 }}</ref> and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells.
'''Activating transcription factor 2''', also known as '''ATF2''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ATF2 activating transcription factor 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1386| accessdate = }}</ref>
ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (Serine 472 and 480 in mouse; Serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks. Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
ATF2 has also been shown to be [[phosphorylation|phosphorylated]] at its [[C-terminus|C-terminal]] (serine 472 and 480 in mouse; serine 490 and 498 in human) by [[ataxia telangiectasia mutated|ATM]] upon [[DNA repair#Double-strand breaks|double-stranded breaks]].<ref name="pmid15916964">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhoumik A, Takahashi S, Breitweiser W, Shiloh Y, Jones N, Ronai Z | title = ATM-dependent phosphorylation of ATF2 is required for the DNA damage response | journal = Mol. Cell | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 577–87  | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15916964 | pmc = 2954254 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.04.015 }}</ref>
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ATF2 activating transcription factor 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1386| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S |title=Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32 |journal=Genomics |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1103-4 |year=1991 |pmid=1833307 |doi=}}</ref>. The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton<ref>{{cite journal |author=Reimold AM, Grusby MJ, Kosaras B, ''et al'' |title=Chondrodysplasia and neurological abnormalities in ATF-2-deficient mice |journal=Nature |volume=379 |issue=6562 |pages=262-5 |year=1996 |pmid=8538792 |doi=10.1038/379262a0}}</ref>. ATF-2 is normaly activated in response to signals that converge on [[p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases|stress-activated protein kinases p38]] and [[JNK]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gupta S, Campbell D, Dérijard B, Davis RJ |title=Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway |journal=Science |volume=267 |issue=5196 |pages=389-93 |year=1995 |pmid=7824938 |doi=0.1126/science.7824938}}</ref>. Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M |title=Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment |journal=J. Cell. Biochem. |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=25-38 |year=2005 |pmid=15523674 |doi=10.1002/jcb.20296}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Papassava P, Gorgoulis VG, Papaevangeliou D, Vlahopoulos S, van Dam H, Zoumpourlis V |title=Overexpression of activating transcription factor-2 is required for tumor growth and progression in mouse skin tumors |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=64 |issue=23 |pages=8573-84 |year=2004 |pmid=15574764 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-0955}}</ref>. ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant [[Ras protein]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vlahopoulos SA, Logotheti S, Mikas D, Giarika A, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V |title=The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis |journal=Bioessays |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=314-327 |date=2008 March 17 |pmid=18348191 |doi=10.1002/bies.20734}}</ref> and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells.
== Interactions ==


==See also==
Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with
* [[C-jun]],<ref name="pmid8027667">{{cite journal | vauthors = Newell CL, Deisseroth AB, Lopez-Berestein G | title = Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene | journal = J. Leukoc. Biol. | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–35  | date = July 1994 | pmid = 8027667 | doi =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2320002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kara CJ, Liou HC, Ivashkiv LB, Glimcher LH | title = A cDNA for a human cyclic AMP response element-binding protein which is distinct from CREB and expressed preferentially in brain | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 1347–57  | date = April 1990 | pmid = 2320002 | pmc = 362236 | doi =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1827203">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hai T, Curran T | title = Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 88 | issue = 9 | pages = 3720–4  | date = May 1991 | pmid = 1827203 | pmc = 51524 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.88.9.3720 }}</ref>
* [[Casein kinase 2, alpha 1]],<ref name=pmid9685505/>
* [[CREB binding protein]],<ref name="pmid9786917">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sano Y, Tokitou F, Dai P, Maekawa T, Yamamoto T, Ishii S | title = CBP alleviates the intramolecular inhibition of ATF-2 function | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 273 | issue = 44 | pages = 29098–105  | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9786917 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.44.29098 }}</ref>
* [[CSNK2A2]],<ref name="pmid9685505">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamaguchi Y, Wada T, Suzuki F, Takagi T, Hasegawa J, Handa H | title = Casein kinase II interacts with the bZIP domains of several transcription factors | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 26 | issue = 16 | pages = 3854–61  | date = August 1998 | pmid = 9685505 | pmc = 147779 | doi = 10.1093/nar/26.16.3854 }}</ref>
* [[JDP2 (gene)|JDP2]],<ref name="pmid18307971">{{cite journal | vauthors = Murata T, Shinozuka Y, Obata Y, Yokoyama KK | title = Phosphorylation of two eukaryotic transcription factors, Jun dimerization protein 2 and activation transcription factor 2, in Escherichia coli by Jun N-terminal kinase 1 | journal = Anal. Biochem. | volume = 376 | issue = 1 | pages = 115–21  | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18307971 | doi = 10.1016/j.ab.2008.01.038 }}</ref>
* [[MAPK14]],<ref name="pmid7535770">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, Dickens M, Han J, Ulevitch RJ, Davis RJ | title = Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 13 | pages = 7420–6  | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7535770 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7420 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11279118">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen Z, Cobb MH | title = Regulation of stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by TAO2 | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 19 | pages = 16070–5  | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11279118 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M100681200 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9207092">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tournier C, Whitmarsh AJ, Cavanagh J, Barrett T, Davis RJ | title = Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 is an activator of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 94 | issue = 14 | pages = 7337–42  | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9207092 | pmc = 23822 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.94.14.7337 }}</ref>
* [[MAPK8]],<ref name=pmid7535770/><ref name=pmid11279118/><ref name=pmid9207092/><ref name="pmid9405416">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fuchs SY, Xie B, Adler V, Fried VA, Davis RJ, Ronai Z | title = c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases target the ubiquitination of their associated transcription factors | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 272 | issue = 51 | pages = 32163–8  | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9405416 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.51.32163 }}</ref>
* [[Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3]]<ref name="pmid10085140">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sano Y, Harada J, Tashiro S, Gotoh-Mandeville R, Maekawa T, Ishii S | title = ATF-2 is a common nuclear target of Smad and TAK1 pathways in transforming growth factor-beta signaling | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 274 | issue = 13 | pages = 8949–57  | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10085140 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8949 }}</ref>
* [[NCOA6]],<ref name="pmid14734562">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hong S, Choi HM, Park MJ, Kim YH, Choi YH, Kim HH, Choi YH, Cheong J | title = Activation and interaction of ATF2 with the coactivator ASC-2 are responsive for granulocytic differentiation by retinoic acid | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 279 | issue = 17 | pages = 16996–7003  | date = April 2004 | pmid = 14734562 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M311752200 }}</ref>
* [[RUVBL2]],<ref name="pmid11713276">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cho SG, Bhoumik A, Broday L, Ivanov V, Rosenstein B, Ronai Z | title = TIP49b, a regulator of activating transcription factor 2 response to stress and DNA damage | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 21 | issue = 24 | pages = 8398–413  | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11713276 | pmc = 100004 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.21.24.8398-8413.2001 }}</ref>
* [[UBE2I]].<ref name="pmid9488727">{{cite journal | vauthors = Firestein R, Feuerstein N | title = Association of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9. Implication of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in regulation of ATF2 in T cells | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 273 | issue = 10 | pages = 5892–902  | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9488727 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.10.5892 }}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Activating transcription factor]]
* [[Activating transcription factor]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|35em}}
 
==External links==
* {{UCSC gene info|ATF2}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Denys H, Desmet R, Stragier M, Vergison R, Lemahieu SF | title = Cystitis emphysematosa | journal = Acta Urol Belg | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–31 | year = 1977 | pmid = 602896 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kim SJ, Wagner S, Liu F, O'Reilly MA, Robbins PD, Green MR | title = Retinoblastoma gene product activates expression of the human TGF-beta 2 gene through transcription factor ATF-2 | journal = Nature | volume = 358 | issue = 6384 | pages = 331–4 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1641004 | doi = 10.1038/358331a0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hai T, Curran T | title = Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 88 | issue = 9 | pages = 3720–4 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1827203 | pmc = 51524 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.88.9.3720 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hoeffler JP, Lustbader JW, Chen CY | title = Identification of multiple nuclear factors that interact with cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein and activating transcription factor-2 by protein-protein interactions | journal = Mol. Endocrinol. | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 256–66 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1828107 | doi = 10.1210/mend-5-2-256 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S | title = Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32 | journal = Genomics | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 1103–4 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1833307 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90210-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Diep A, Li C, Klisak I, Mohandas T, Sparkes RS, Gaynor R, Lusis AJ | title = Assignment of the gene for cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB2) to human chromosome 2q24.1-q32 | journal = Genomics | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 1161–3 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1838349 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90047-I }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kara CJ, Liou HC, Ivashkiv LB, Glimcher LH | title = A cDNA for a human cyclic AMP response element-binding protein which is distinct from CREB and expressed preferentially in brain | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 1347–57 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2320002 | pmc = 362236 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gonzalez GA, Yamamoto KK, Fischer WH, Karr D, Menzel P, Biggs W, Vale WW, Montminy MR | title = A cluster of phosphorylation sites on the cyclic AMP-regulated nuclear factor CREB predicted by its sequence | journal = Nature | volume = 337 | issue = 6209 | pages = 749–52 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2521922 | doi = 10.1038/337749a0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Maekawa T, Sakura H, Kanei-Ishii C, Sudo T, Yoshimura T, Fujisawa J, Yoshida M, Ishii S | title = Leucine zipper structure of the protein CRE-BP1 binding to the cyclic AMP response element in brain | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 2023–8 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2529117 | pmc = 401081 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, Dickens M, Han J, Ulevitch RJ, Davis RJ | title = Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 13 | pages = 7420–6 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7535770 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7420 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Livingstone C, Patel G, Jones N | title = ATF-2 contains a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional activation domain | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 1785–97 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7737129 | pmc = 398272 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = van Dam H, Wilhelm D, Herr I, Steffen A, Herrlich P, Angel P | title = ATF-2 is preferentially activated by stress-activated protein kinases to mediate c-jun induction in response to genotoxic agents | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 1798–811 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7737130 | pmc = 398273 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou Q, Gedrich RW, Engel DA | title = Transcriptional repression of the c-fos gene by YY1 is mediated by a direct interaction with ATF/CREB | journal = J. Virol. | volume = 69 | issue = 7 | pages = 4323–30 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7769693 | pmc = 189172 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Newell CL, Deisseroth AB, Lopez-Berestein G | title = Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene | journal = J. Leukoc. Biol. | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–35 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8027667 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nomura N, Zu YL, Maekawa T, Tabata S, Akiyama T, Ishii S | title = Isolation and characterization of a novel member of the gene family encoding the cAMP response element-binding protein CRE-BP1 | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 268 | issue = 6 | pages = 4259–66 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8440710 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Martin ML, Lieberman PM, Curran T | title = Fos-Jun dimerization promotes interaction of the basic region with TFIIE-34 and TFIIF | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 2110–8 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8628277 | pmc = 231198 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yang L, Lanier ER, Kraig E | title = Identification of a novel, spliced variant of CREB that is preferentially expressed in the thymus | journal = J. Immunol. | volume = 158 | issue = 6 | pages = 2522–5 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9058782 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shuman JD, Cheong J, Coligan JE | title = ATF-2 and C/EBPalpha can form a heterodimeric DNA binding complex in vitro. Functional implications for transcriptional regulation | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 272 | issue = 19 | pages = 12793–800 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9139739 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.19.12793 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fukunaga R, Hunter T | title = MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | pages = 1921–33 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9155018 | pmc = 1169795 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/16.8.1921 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kumar S, McDonnell PC, Gum RJ, Hand AT, Lee JC, Young PR | title = Novel homologues of CSBP/p38 MAP kinase: activation, substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibition by pyridinyl imidazoles | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 235 | issue = 3 | pages = 533–8 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9207191 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6849 }}
{{Refend}}


==Further reading==
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=1386}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal  | author=Denys H, Desmet R, Stragier M, ''et al.'' |title=Cystitis emphysematosa. |journal=Acta urologica Belgica |volume=45 |issue= 4 |pages= 327-31 |year= 1978 |pmid= 602896 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kim SJ, Wagner S, Liu F, ''et al.'' |title=Retinoblastoma gene product activates expression of the human TGF-beta 2 gene through transcription factor ATF-2. |journal=Nature |volume=358 |issue= 6384 |pages= 331-4 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1641004 |doi= 10.1038/358331a0 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hai T, Curran T |title=Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=88 |issue= 9 |pages= 3720-4 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1827203 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Hoeffler JP, Lustbader JW, Chen CY |title=Identification of multiple nuclear factors that interact with cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein and activating transcription factor-2 by protein-protein interactions. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=5 |issue= 2 |pages= 256-66 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1828107 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, ''et al.'' |title=Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32. |journal=Genomics |volume=10 |issue= 4 |pages= 1103-4 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1833307 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Diep A, Li C, Klisak I, ''et al.'' |title=Assignment of the gene for cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB2) to human chromosome 2q24.1-q32. |journal=Genomics |volume=11 |issue= 4 |pages= 1161-3 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1838349 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kara CJ, Liou HC, Ivashkiv LB, Glimcher LH |title=A cDNA for a human cyclic AMP response element-binding protein which is distinct from CREB and expressed preferentially in brain. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=10 |issue= 4 |pages= 1347-57 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2320002 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gonzalez GA, Yamamoto KK, Fischer WH, ''et al.'' |title=A cluster of phosphorylation sites on the cyclic AMP-regulated nuclear factor CREB predicted by its sequence. |journal=Nature |volume=337 |issue= 6209 |pages= 749-52 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2521922 |doi= 10.1038/337749a0 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Maekawa T, Sakura H, Kanei-Ishii C, ''et al.'' |title=Leucine zipper structure of the protein CRE-BP1 binding to the cyclic AMP response element in brain. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=8 |issue= 7 |pages= 2023-8 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2529117 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, ''et al.'' |title=Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 13 |pages= 7420-6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7535770 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Livingstone C, Patel G, Jones N |title=ATF-2 contains a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional activation domain. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=14 |issue= 8 |pages= 1785-97 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7737129 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=van Dam H, Wilhelm D, Herr I, ''et al.'' |title=ATF-2 is preferentially activated by stress-activated protein kinases to mediate c-jun induction in response to genotoxic agents. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=14 |issue= 8 |pages= 1798-811 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7737130 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Zhou Q, Gedrich RW, Engel DA |title=Transcriptional repression of the c-fos gene by YY1 is mediated by a direct interaction with ATF/CREB. |journal=J. Virol. |volume=69 |issue= 7 |pages= 4323-30 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7769693 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Newell CL, Deisseroth AB, Lopez-Berestein G |title=Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene. |journal=J. Leukoc. Biol. |volume=56 |issue= 1 |pages= 27-35 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8027667 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Nomura N, Zu YL, Maekawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation and characterization of a novel member of the gene family encoding the cAMP response element-binding protein CRE-BP1. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=268 |issue= 6 |pages= 4259-66 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8440710 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Martin ML, Lieberman PM, Curran T |title=Fos-Jun dimerization promotes interaction of the basic region with TFIIE-34 and TFIIF. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=16 |issue= 5 |pages= 2110-8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8628277 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Yang L, Lanier ER, Kraig E |title=Identification of a novel, spliced variant of CREB that is preferentially expressed in the thymus. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=158 |issue= 6 |pages= 2522-5 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9058782 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Shuman JD, Cheong J, Coligan JE |title=ATF-2 and C/EBPalpha can form a heterodimeric DNA binding complex in vitro. Functional implications for transcriptional regulation. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=272 |issue= 19 |pages= 12793-800 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9139739 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Fukunaga R, Hunter T |title=MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=16 |issue= 8 |pages= 1921-33 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9155018 |doi= 10.1093/emboj/16.8.1921 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Kumar S, McDonnell PC, Gum RJ, ''et al.'' |title=Novel homologues of CSBP/p38 MAP kinase: activation, substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibition by pyridinyl imidazoles. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=235 |issue= 3 |pages= 533-8 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9207191 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6849 }}
}}
{{refend}}


{{Transcription factors|g1}}


{{Transcription factors}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Activating Transcription Factor 2}}
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
[[Category:Transcription factors]]
{{WH}}
[[Category:Moonlighting proteins]]
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 18:53, 29 August 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.[1]

Function

This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.[1]

The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32.[2] The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton.[3] ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK.[4] ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated.[5]

Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.[6][7] ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein[8] and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells. ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (Serine 472 and 480 in mouse; Serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks. Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.

ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (serine 472 and 480 in mouse; serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks.[9]

Interactions

Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to interact with

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: ATF2 activating transcription factor 2".
  2. ↑ Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S (1991). "Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32". Genomics. 10 (4): 1103–4. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90210-6. PMID 1833307.
  3. ↑ Reimold AM, Grusby MJ, Kosaras B, Fries JW, Mori R, Maniwa S, Clauss IM, Collins T, Sidman RL, Glimcher MJ, Glimcher LH (1996). "Chondrodysplasia and neurological abnormalities in ATF-2-deficient mice". Nature. 379 (6562): 262–5. doi:10.1038/379262a0. PMID 8538792.
  4. ↑ Gupta S, Campbell D, Dérijard B, Davis RJ (1995). "Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway". Science. 267 (5196): 389–93. doi:10.1126/science.7824938. PMID 7824938.
  5. ↑ Yamasaki T, Takahashi A, Pan J, Yamaguchi N, Yokoyama KK (March 2009). "Phosphorylation of Activation Transcription Factor-2 at Serine 121 by Protein Kinase C Controls c-Jun-mediated Activation of Transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (13): 8567–81. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808719200. PMC 2659215. PMID 19176525.
  6. ↑ Leslie MC, Bar-Eli M (2005). "Regulation of gene expression in melanoma: new approaches for treatment". J. Cell. Biochem. 94 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1002/jcb.20296. PMID 15523674.
  7. ↑ Papassava P, Gorgoulis VG, Papaevangeliou D, Vlahopoulos S, van Dam H, Zoumpourlis V (2004). "Overexpression of activating transcription factor-2 is required for tumor growth and progression in mouse skin tumors". Cancer Res. 64 (23): 8573–84. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-0955. PMID 15574764.
  8. ↑ Vlahopoulos SA, Logotheti S, Mikas D, Giarika A, Gorgoulis V, Zoumpourlis V (17 March 2008). "The role of ATF-2 in oncogenesis". BioEssays. 30 (4): 314–27. doi:10.1002/bies.20734. PMID 18348191.
  9. ↑ Bhoumik A, Takahashi S, Breitweiser W, Shiloh Y, Jones N, Ronai Z (May 2005). "ATM-dependent phosphorylation of ATF2 is required for the DNA damage response". Mol. Cell. 18 (5): 577–87. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.04.015. PMC 2954254. PMID 15916964.
  10. ↑ Newell CL, Deisseroth AB, Lopez-Berestein G (July 1994). "Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene". J. Leukoc. Biol. 56 (1): 27–35. PMID 8027667.
  11. ↑ Kara CJ, Liou HC, Ivashkiv LB, Glimcher LH (April 1990). "A cDNA for a human cyclic AMP response element-binding protein which is distinct from CREB and expressed preferentially in brain". Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (4): 1347–57. PMC 362236. PMID 2320002.
  12. ↑ Hai T, Curran T (May 1991). "Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (9): 3720–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.9.3720. PMC 51524. PMID 1827203.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Yamaguchi Y, Wada T, Suzuki F, Takagi T, Hasegawa J, Handa H (August 1998). "Casein kinase II interacts with the bZIP domains of several transcription factors". Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (16): 3854–61. doi:10.1093/nar/26.16.3854. PMC 147779. PMID 9685505.
  14. ↑ Sano Y, Tokitou F, Dai P, Maekawa T, Yamamoto T, Ishii S (October 1998). "CBP alleviates the intramolecular inhibition of ATF-2 function". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (44): 29098–105. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.44.29098. PMID 9786917.
  15. ↑ Murata T, Shinozuka Y, Obata Y, Yokoyama KK (May 2008). "Phosphorylation of two eukaryotic transcription factors, Jun dimerization protein 2 and activation transcription factor 2, in Escherichia coli by Jun N-terminal kinase 1". Anal. Biochem. 376 (1): 115–21. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2008.01.038. PMID 18307971.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, Dickens M, Han J, Ulevitch RJ, Davis RJ (March 1995). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (13): 7420–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.13.7420. PMID 7535770.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Chen Z, Cobb MH (May 2001). "Regulation of stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways by TAO2". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (19): 16070–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100681200. PMID 11279118.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Tournier C, Whitmarsh AJ, Cavanagh J, Barrett T, Davis RJ (July 1997). "Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 is an activator of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (14): 7337–42. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.14.7337. PMC 23822. PMID 9207092.
  19. ↑ Fuchs SY, Xie B, Adler V, Fried VA, Davis RJ, Ronai Z (December 1997). "c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases target the ubiquitination of their associated transcription factors". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (51): 32163–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.51.32163. PMID 9405416.
  20. ↑ Sano Y, Harada J, Tashiro S, Gotoh-Mandeville R, Maekawa T, Ishii S (March 1999). "ATF-2 is a common nuclear target of Smad and TAK1 pathways in transforming growth factor-beta signaling". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8949–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.13.8949. PMID 10085140.
  21. ↑ Hong S, Choi HM, Park MJ, Kim YH, Choi YH, Kim HH, Choi YH, Cheong J (April 2004). "Activation and interaction of ATF2 with the coactivator ASC-2 are responsive for granulocytic differentiation by retinoic acid". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (17): 16996–7003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311752200. PMID 14734562.
  22. ↑ Cho SG, Bhoumik A, Broday L, Ivanov V, Rosenstein B, Ronai Z (December 2001). "TIP49b, a regulator of activating transcription factor 2 response to stress and DNA damage". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (24): 8398–413. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.24.8398-8413.2001. PMC 100004. PMID 11713276.
  23. ↑ Firestein R, Feuerstein N (March 1998). "Association of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme hUBC9. Implication of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in regulation of ATF2 in T cells". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (10): 5892–902. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.10.5892. PMID 9488727.

External links

Further reading

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