Acidosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
:''For acidosis referring to acidity of the urine, see [[renal tubular acidosis]].''
:''For acidosis referring to acidity of the urine, see [[renal tubular acidosis]].''


==Overview==
Acidosis is an [[acid-base imbalance]] that is an increased [[acidity]] (i.e. an increased [[hydrogen ion]] [[concentration]]).  If not further qualified, it refers to acidity of the [[blood plasma]].  
 
'''Acidosis''' is an increased [[acidity]] (i.e. an increased [[hydrogen ion]] [[concentration]]).  If not further qualified, it refers to acidity of the [[blood plasma]].  


Generally, acidosis is said to occur when arterial [[pH]] falls below 7.35, while its counterpart ([[alkalosis]]) occurs at a pH over 7.45. [[Arterial blood gas]] analysis and other tests are required to separate the main causes.
Generally, acidosis is said to occur when arterial [[pH]] falls below 7.35, while its counterpart ([[alkalosis]]) occurs at a pH over 7.45. [[Arterial blood gas]] analysis and other tests are required to separate the main causes.


Strictly speaking, the term '''acidemia''' would be more appropriate to describe the state of low blood pH, reserving ''acidosis'' to describe the processes leading to these states. Nevertheless, most physicians use the terms interchangeably. The distinction may be relevant where a patient has factors causing both acidosis and alkalosis, where the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high or a low pH.
Strictly speaking, the term acidemia would be more appropriate to describe the state of low blood pH, reserving acidosis to describe the processes leading to these states. Nevertheless, most physicians use the terms interchangeably. The distinction may be relevant where a patient has factors causing both acidosis and alkalosis, where the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high or a low pH.


The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and, at the same time, is affected by the pH of the body fluids. In mammals, the normal pH of arterial blood lies between 7.35 and 7.50 depending on the species (e.g. healthy human-arterial blood pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45). Blood pH values compatible with life in mammals are limited to a pH range between 6.8 and 7.8. Changes in the pH of arterial blood (and therefore the extracellular fluid) outside this range result in irreversible cell damage (Needham, 2004).
The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and, at the same time, is affected by the pH of the body fluids. In mammals, the normal pH of arterial blood lies between 7.35 and 7.50 depending on the species (e.g. healthy human-arterial blood pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45). Blood pH values compatible with life in mammals are limited to a pH range between 6.8 and 7.8. Changes in the pH of arterial blood (and therefore the extracellular fluid) outside this range result in irreversible cell damage (Needham, 2004).


==Overview==
==Classification==
* [[Acidosis]] can either be metabolic or respiratory.
*:* Both are caused by low arterial pH.
** '''Metabolic''' acidosis is due to an increased accumulation of acid equivalents through impairment of the regulatory ability of the [[liver]], [[kidneys]], or [[metabolism]].
** '''Respiratory''' acidosis is caused by a retention of [[carbon dioxide]] due to inadequate [[hypoventilation]] or pulmonary ventilation.


* [[Acidosis]] can either be '''metabolic''' or '''respiratory'''
==Pathophysiology==
*:* Both are caused by low arterial pH
===Respiratory acidosis===
* '''Metabolic''' acidosis is due to an increased accumulation of acid equivalents through impairment of the regulatory ability of liver or kidneys or metabolism
* '''Respiratory''' acidosis is caused by a retention of carbon dioxide due to inadequate hypoventilation or pulmonary ventilation
 
==Respiratory acidosis==
[[Respiratory acidosis]] results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia) due to [[hypoventilation]]. It is most often caused by [[lung|pulmonary]] problems, although [[head injury|head injuries]], drugs (especially [[anaesthetic]]s and [[sedative]]s), and [[brain tumor]]s can also bring it on. [[Emphysema]], chronic [[bronchitis]], [[asthma]], severe [[pneumonia]], and [[aspiration pneumonia|aspiration]] are among the most frequent causes. It can also occur as a response to chronic [[metabolic alkalosis]].
[[Respiratory acidosis]] results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia) due to [[hypoventilation]]. It is most often caused by [[lung|pulmonary]] problems, although [[head injury|head injuries]], drugs (especially [[anaesthetic]]s and [[sedative]]s), and [[brain tumor]]s can also bring it on. [[Emphysema]], chronic [[bronchitis]], [[asthma]], severe [[pneumonia]], and [[aspiration pneumonia|aspiration]] are among the most frequent causes. It can also occur as a response to chronic [[metabolic alkalosis]].


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The key to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis is that in respiratory acidosis, the CO<sub>2</sub> is increased while the [[bicarbonate]] is either normal (uncompensated) or increased (compensated). Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis persists for days or longer and a chronic phase is entered with partial buffering of the acidosis through renal bicarbonate retention.
The key to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis is that in respiratory acidosis, the CO<sub>2</sub> is increased while the [[bicarbonate]] is either normal (uncompensated) or increased (compensated). Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis persists for days or longer and a chronic phase is entered with partial buffering of the acidosis through renal bicarbonate retention.


==Metabolic acidosis==
===Metabolic acidosis===
[[Metabolic acidosis]] may result from disturbances in the ability to excrete acid via the [[kidney]]s.  Renal acidosis is associated with an accumulation of urea and creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism.  
[[Metabolic acidosis]] may result from disturbances in the ability to excrete acid via the [[kidney]]s.  Renal acidosis is associated with an accumulation of urea and creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism.  


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Acidic [[poison]]s, [[iron]] etc., and decreased production of [[bicarbonate]] may also produce metabolic acidosis.
Acidic [[poison]]s, [[iron]] etc., and decreased production of [[bicarbonate]] may also produce metabolic acidosis.


Metabolic acidosis can result in stimulation of [[chemosensor|chemoreceptors]] and so increase [[alveolar ventilation]], leading to respiratory compensation, otherwise known as [[Kussmaul breathing]] a specific type of [[hyperventilation]]. Should this situation persist the patient is at risk for exhaustion leading to [[respiratory failure]].
Metabolic acidosis can result in stimulation of [[chemosensor|chemoreceptors]] and so increase [[alveolar ventilation]], leading to respiratory compensation, otherwise known as [[Kussmaul breathing]], which is a specific type of [[hyperventilation]]. Should this situation persist the patient is at risk for exhaustion leading to [[respiratory failure]].


Mutations to the [[V-ATPase]] 'a4' or 'B1' isoforms result in distal renal tubular acidosis—a condition that leads to metabolic acidosis—in some cases with sensorineural deafness.
Mutations to the [[V-ATPase]] 'a4' or 'B1' isoforms result in distal renal tubular acidosis—a condition that leads to metabolic acidosis—in some cases with sensorineural deafness.
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The [[Henderson-Hasselbalch equation]] is useful for calculating blood pH, because blood is a [[buffer solution]]. The amount of metabolic acid accumulating can also be quantitated by using buffer base deviation, a derivative estimate of the metabolic as opposed to the respiratory component. In hypovolemic shock for example, approximately 50% of the metabolic acid accumulation is lactic acid, which disappears as blood flow and oxygen debt are corrected.
The [[Henderson-Hasselbalch equation]] is useful for calculating blood pH, because blood is a [[buffer solution]]. The amount of metabolic acid accumulating can also be quantitated by using buffer base deviation, a derivative estimate of the metabolic as opposed to the respiratory component. In hypovolemic shock for example, approximately 50% of the metabolic acid accumulation is lactic acid, which disappears as blood flow and oxygen debt are corrected.


Treatment of any of the varieties of metabolic acidosis is focused upon correction of the underlying problem. However, neutralizing the acidosis with infusions of bases like [[sodium bicarbonate]] may be temporarily helpful in some critical emergencies.
== Causes ==
== Differential Diagnosis ==
 
===Common causes of acidosis===
 
*Traumatic shock
*[[Sepsis]]
*Severe [[hypoxemia]]
*Severe [[diarrhoea]]
*[[Renal failure]]
*[[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]]
*[[Nausea and Vomiting]] 
*Mesenteric insufficiency
*[[Ketoacidosis]]
*[[Ischemic colitis]] 
*[[Hypotension]]
*Ethanol ingestion
*[[Cardiogenic shock]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Acetylsalicylic acid]]
 


In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Beriberi heart disease]],
[[cardiac arrest]],
[[cardiogenic shock]],
[[cardiogenic shock]],
[[cardiomyopathy]],
[[cataract and cardiomyopathy]],
[[congestive heart failure]],
[[hemorrhagic shock]],
[[hypoperfusion]],
[[hypotension]],
[[malignant hypertension]],
[[myocardial Infarction]],
[[pulseless electrical activity]],
[[pulmonary edema]],
[[shock]],
[[ST elevation myocardial infarction]],
[[torsade de pointes]],
[[ventricular arrhythmias]],
[[ventricular fibrillation]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[cocaine]], copperhead snake poisoning, crotalidae snake poisoning, [[cyanide poisoning]], [[diethylene glycol]], [[endothall]], [[ethanol]], [[ethylene glycol]], [[germanium]], [[isopropyl alcohol]], [[methanol]], [[propylene glycol]], [[salicylate]], [[strychnine]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Acetazolamide]],
[[acetylsalicylic acid]],
[[aspirin]],
[[biguanide]],
[[carbonic anhydrase inhibitors]],
[[didanosine]],
[[ethanol ingestion]],
[[glyburide]],
[[metformin]],
[[paracetamol]],
[[pergolide]],
[[phenformin]],
[[zalcitabine]],
[[zidovudine]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]],
[[diabetes]],
[[diabetic ketoacidosis]],
[[GRACILE syndrome]],
[[hyperchloremic acidosis]],
[[hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]],
[[hypoglycemia]],
[[ketoacidosis]],
[[permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus]]
[[pheochromocytoma]],
[[thyrotoxicosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Drowning]],
hypothermic shivering
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Acute liver failure]],
[[biliary fistula]],
[[chronic mesenteric insufficiency]]
[[diarrhea]],
[[fistula]],
[[hepatic failure]],
[[hepatopathy]],
[[ileus]],
[[ischemic colitis]],
[[liver disease]],
[[microvillus inclusion disease]],
[[nausea and vomiting]],
[[necrotizing enterocolitis]],
[[pancreatic fistula]],
[[severe liver disease]],
[[short bowel syndrome]],
[[small intestine fistula]],
[[volvulus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[3-alpha-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency]],
[[3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase II Deficiency]],
[[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]],
[[biotinidase deficiency]],
[[coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase deficiency]],
[[complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency]],
[[cystinosis]],
[[fanconi syndrome]],
[[fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]],
[[fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency]],
[[glycogen storage diseases]],
[[glutaric aciduria type 1]],
[[glutaric acidemia type 2]]
[[GRACILE syndrome]],
[[inborn urea cycle disorder]],
[[lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency]],
[[long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]],
[[medium-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]],
[[MELAS]],
[[metabolic disorders]],
[[mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome]],
[[mitochondrial myopathy]],
[[mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]],
[[multiple carboxylase deficiency]],
[[myopathy]],
[[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency]],
[[Ondine's curse]],
[[propionic acidemia]],
[[pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]],
[[pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase deficiency]],
[[SCHAD deficiency]],
[[sideroblastic anemia]],
[[succinic acidemia]],
[[type I glycogen storage disease]],
[[Von Gierke disease]],
[[Wilson's Disease]],
hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency type 2,
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency,
mitochondrial encephalomyopathy aminoacidopathy
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Splenic infarction]] , severe [[anemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Sepsis]], [[infection]], fever, [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[clostridium difficile]], [[cerebral malaria]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]], [[grand mal seizure]], [[epilepsy]], [[coma]], [[CNS depression]], [[cerebral hypoxia]], [[cerebral edema]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Glutaric aciduria type 1]], [[glutaric acidemia type 2]], [[total parenteral nutrition]], [[starvation]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tumor]], [[myeloma]], [[lymphoma]], [[leukemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Toluene]], Salicylates, [[ethylene glycol]], ethanol ingestion, [[alcohol]], [[isopropyl alcohol]], [[diethylene glycol]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Status asthmaticus]], severe [[asthma]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]], [[hypercapnia]], following chronic [[hyperventilation]] CO2 intoxication, [[chronic obstructive lung disease]], [[apnea]], [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoaldosteronism]], [[hypokalemic distal renal tubular acidosis]], hyperkalemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis]], kidney disorders, [[proximal renal tubular acidosis]], [[renal tubular acidosis]], [[renal failure]], renal circulatory insufficiency, [[hyperkalemia]], [[distal renal tubular acidosis]], decreased renal acid excretion, [[chronic kidney disease]], chronic interstitial nephritis, [[acute renal failure]], [[acute glomerulonephritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Traumatic [[shock]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ureterosigmoidostomy]], [[urinary diversion]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoxia]], [[hypovolemia]] , heavy physical work, [[fistula]], [[enhanced metabolic rate]], [[diet]]
|-
|}


==== Metabolic Acidosis ====
===Causes in Alphabetical Order <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>===


{{columns-list|
* [[3-alpha-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency]]
* [[3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase II Deficiency]]
* [[3-methylglutaconic aciduria]]
* [[Acetazolamide]]
* [[Acetazolamide]]
* [[Acute Renal Failure]]
* [[Acetylsalicylic acid]]
* [[Alcoholism]]
* [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]]
* [[Ammonium chloride]] medication
* [[acute glomerulonephritis]]
* Biliary [[fistula]]
* [[Acute liver failure]]
* Chronic [[interstitial nephritis]]
* [[Acute renal failure]]
* [[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]] ([[COPD]])
* [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]
* Chronic [[respiratory alkalosis]]
* [[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]]
* CO2 intoxication
* [[Alcohol]]
* Congenital metabolic disorders
* [[Apnea]]
* [[Aspirin]]
* [[Beriberi heart disease]]
* [[Biguanide]]
* [[Biliary fistula]]
* [[Biotinidase deficiency]]
* [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
* [[Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors]]
* [[Cardiac arrest]]
* [[Cardiogenic shock]]
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Cataract and cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Cerebral edema]]
* [[Cerebral hypoxia]]
* [[Cerebral malaria]]
* [[Chronic interstitial nephritis]]
* [[Chronic kidney disease]]
* [[Chronic mesenteric insufficiency]]
* [[Chronic obstructive lung disease]]
* [[Clostridium difficile]]
* [[CNS depression]]
* [[Cocaine]]
* [[Coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase deficiency]]
* [[Coma]]
* [[Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency]]
* [[Congestive heart failure]]
* [[Congestive heart failure]]
* [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]]
* [[Copperhead snake poisoning]]
* [[Crotalidae snake poisoning]]
* [[Cyanide poisoning]]
* [[Cystinosis]]
* [[Decreased renal acid excretion]]
* [[Diabetes]]
* [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[tubular acidosis|Distal tubular acidosis]]
* [[Didanosine]]
* [[Drugs]], [[toxin]]s
* [[Diethylene glycol]]
* [[Renal failure]]
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
* [[Distal renal tubular acidosis]]
* [[Drowning]]
* [[Endothall]]
* [[Epilepsy]]
* [[Ethanol]]
* [[Ethylene glycol]]
* [[Fanconi syndrome]]
* [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]]
* [[Fever]]
* [[Fever]]
* Following chronic [[hyperventilation]]
* [[Fistula]]
* Glomerular/tubular retention acidosis
* [[Fructose-16-bisphosphatase deficiency]]
* Heavy physical work
* [[Germanium]]
* [[Hyperkalemic]] [[renal tubular acidosis]]
* [[Glutaric acidemia type 2]]
* [[Hyperventilation]]
* [[Glutaric aciduria type 1]]
* [[Hypovolemia]]
* [[Glyburide]]
* [[Hypoxia]]
* [[Glycogen storage diseases]]
* [[GRACILE syndrome]]
* [[Grand mal seizure]]
* [[Hemorrhagic shock]]
* [[Hepatic failure]]
* [[Hepatopathy]]
* [[Hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency type 2]]
* [[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency]]
* [[Hypercapnia]]
* [[Hyperchloremic acidosis]]
* [[Hyperkalemia]]
* [[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]]
* [[Hypoaldosteronism]]
* [[Hypoglycemia]]
* [[Hypokalemic distal renal tubular acidosis]]
* [[Hypoperfusion]]
* [[Hypothermic]] shivering
* [[Ileus]]
* [[Ileus]]
* [[Anion Gap Acidosis]]
* [[Inborn urea cycle disorder]]
* [[Lactic Acidosis]]
* [[Infant respiratory distress syndrome]]
* [[Infection]]
* [[Ischemic colitis]]
* [[Isopropyl alcohol]]
* [[Ketoacidosis]]
* [[Kidney disorders]]
* [[Leukemia]]
* [[Leukemia]]
* [[Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency]]
* [[Liver disease]]
* [[Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]]
* [[Lymphoma]]
* [[Lymphoma]]
* Mesenteric insufficiency
* [[Malignant hypertension]]
* [[Medium-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]]
* [[MELAS]]
* [[Metabolic disorders]]
* [[Metformin]]
* [[Methanol]]
* [[Microvillus inclusion disease]]
* [[Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome]]
* [[Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy aminoacidopathy]]
* [[Mitochondrial myopathy]]
* [[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]]
* [[Multiple carboxylase deficiency]]
* [[Myeloma]]
* [[Myocardial Infarction]]
* [[Myocardial Infarction]]
* [[Anion Gap Acidosis|Normal anion gap]]
* [[Myopathy]]
* [[Pancreatitis]]
* [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency]]
* [[Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis]]
* [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
* [[Pulmonary Embolism]]
* [[Ondine's curse]]
* [[Pancreatic fistula]]
* [[Paracetamol]]
* [[Pergolide]]
* [[Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Phenformin]]
* [[Pheochromocytoma]]
* [[Propionic acidemia]]
* [[Propylene glycol]]
* [[Proximal renal tubular acidosis]]
* [[Pulmonary edema]]
* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
* [[Pulseless electrical activity]]
* [[Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]]
* [[Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase deficiency]]
* [[Renal circulatory insufficiency]]
* [[Renal failure]]
* [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
* [[Salicylate]]
* [[Salicylates]]
* [[SCHAD deficiency]]
* [[Sepsis]]
* [[Sepsis]]
* Severe [[burns]]
* [[Severe liver disease]]
* Severe [[hepatopathy]]
* [[Shock]]
* [[Shock]]
* Small intestine fistula
* [[Short bowel syndrome]]
* [[Sideroblastic anemia]]
* [[Small intestine fistula]]
* [[ST elevation myocardial infarction]]
* [[Starvation]]
* [[Starvation]]
* [[Status asthmaticus]]
* [[Status asthmaticus]]
* Therapy with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
* [[Strychnine]]
* [[Succinic acidemia]]
* [[Thyrotoxicosis]]
* [[Thyrotoxicosis]]
* [[Toluene]]
* [[Torsade de pointes]]
* [[Total parenteral nutrition]]
* [[Tumor]]
* [[Tumor]]
* Vasomotor ataxia
* [[Type I glycogen storage disease]]
* [[Ureterosigmoidostomy]]
* [[Urinary diversion]]
* [[Ventricular arrhythmias]]
* [[Ventricular fibrillation]]
* [[Volvulus]]
* [[Vomiting]]
* [[Von Gierke disease]]
* [[Wilson's Disease]]
* [[Zalcitabine]]
*[[Zidovudine]]
}}
 


==== Respiratory Acidosis ====
==== Respiratory Acidosis ====
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]] ([[ALS]])
* [[Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]] ([[ALS]])
* [[Botulism]]
* [[Botulism]]
Line 131: Line 475:
* Inadequate mechanical ventilation
* Inadequate mechanical ventilation
* [[Kyphoscoliosis]]
* [[Kyphoscoliosis]]
{{ColBreak}}
* [[Laryngeal spasm]] or edema
* [[Laryngeal spasm]] or edema
* [[Muscular Dystrophy]]
* [[Muscular Dystrophy]]
Line 148: Line 493:
* [[Tetanus]]
* [[Tetanus]]
* Tracheal stenosis or edema
* Tracheal stenosis or edema
{{EndMultiCol}}
==Treatment==
Treatment of any of the varieties of metabolic acidosis is focused upon correction of the underlying problem. However, neutralizing the acidosis with infusions of bases like [[sodium bicarbonate]] may be temporarily helpful in some critical emergencies.


==References==
==References==
*Hobler KE, Carey LC. Effect of acute progressive hypoxemia on cardiac output and plasma excess lactate. Ann Surg. 1973 Feb;177(2):199-202.
{{Reflist|2}}
*Hobler KE, Napodano RJ, Tolerance of swine to acute blood volume deficits.
*J Trauma. 1974 Aug;14(8):716-8. 
*[http://books.mcgraw-hill.com/getbook.php?isbn=0071346821&template=medical Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders by Rose, Post] 
*[http://www.lww.com/product/?0-7817-3548-3 Intensive Care Medicine by Irwin and Rippe] 
*[http://www.lww.com/product/?0-683-05565-8 The ICU Book by Marino]
*Needham, A. 2004. Comparative and Environmental Physiology Acidosis and Alkalosis.


==External links==
==External Links==
* [http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse]
* [http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse]
{{Wiktionary}}


{{Metabolic pathology}}
{{Metabolic pathology}}
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[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
{{SIB}}
 
[[cs:Acidóza]]
[[cs:Acidóza]]
[[da:Acidose]]
[[da:Acidose]]
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[[tl:Acidosis]]
[[tl:Acidosis]]
[[Category:Inborn errors of metabolism]]
[[Category:Inborn errors of metabolism]]
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List of terms related to Acidosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [2]

Overview

For acidosis referring to acidity of the urine, see renal tubular acidosis.

Acidosis is an acid-base imbalance that is an increased acidity (i.e. an increased hydrogen ion concentration). If not further qualified, it refers to acidity of the blood plasma.

Generally, acidosis is said to occur when arterial pH falls below 7.35, while its counterpart (alkalosis) occurs at a pH over 7.45. Arterial blood gas analysis and other tests are required to separate the main causes.

Strictly speaking, the term acidemia would be more appropriate to describe the state of low blood pH, reserving acidosis to describe the processes leading to these states. Nevertheless, most physicians use the terms interchangeably. The distinction may be relevant where a patient has factors causing both acidosis and alkalosis, where the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high or a low pH.

The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and, at the same time, is affected by the pH of the body fluids. In mammals, the normal pH of arterial blood lies between 7.35 and 7.50 depending on the species (e.g. healthy human-arterial blood pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45). Blood pH values compatible with life in mammals are limited to a pH range between 6.8 and 7.8. Changes in the pH of arterial blood (and therefore the extracellular fluid) outside this range result in irreversible cell damage (Needham, 2004).

Classification

  • Acidosis can either be metabolic or respiratory.
    • Both are caused by low arterial pH.
    • Metabolic acidosis is due to an increased accumulation of acid equivalents through impairment of the regulatory ability of the liver, kidneys, or metabolism.
    • Respiratory acidosis is caused by a retention of carbon dioxide due to inadequate hypoventilation or pulmonary ventilation.

Pathophysiology

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory acidosis results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia) due to hypoventilation. It is most often caused by pulmonary problems, although head injuries, drugs (especially anaesthetics and sedatives), and brain tumors can also bring it on. Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, severe pneumonia, and aspiration are among the most frequent causes. It can also occur as a response to chronic metabolic alkalosis.

Blood gases show pH below 7.35 as above mentioned, and PaCO2 will be high (>45 mmHg / 6 kPa).

The key to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis is that in respiratory acidosis, the CO2 is increased while the bicarbonate is either normal (uncompensated) or increased (compensated). Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis persists for days or longer and a chronic phase is entered with partial buffering of the acidosis through renal bicarbonate retention.

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis may result from disturbances in the ability to excrete acid via the kidneys. Renal acidosis is associated with an accumulation of urea and creatinine as well as metabolic acid residues of protein catabolism.

An increase in the production of metabolic acids may also produce metabolic acidosis. For example, lactic acidosis may occur from 1) severe (PaO2 <36mm Hg) hypoxemia causing a fall in the rate of oxygen diffusion from arterial blood to tissues, or 2) hypoperfusion (e.g. hypovolemic shock) causing an inadequate blood delivery of oxygen to tissues. A rise in lactate out of proportion to the level of pyruvate, e.g. in mixed venous blood, is termed "excess lactate" and is the best indicator of an inadequate flow of oxygen into the body's mitochondria from either cause. Oxygen debt (and muscle excess lactate) is also seen in strenuous exercise. Once oxygenation is restored, the acidosis clears quickly. Another example of increased production of acids occurs in starvation and diabetic acidosis. It is due to the accumulation of ketoacids (ketosis) and reflects a severe shift from glycolysis to lipolysis for fuel needs.

Acidic poisons, iron etc., and decreased production of bicarbonate may also produce metabolic acidosis.

Metabolic acidosis can result in stimulation of chemoreceptors and so increase alveolar ventilation, leading to respiratory compensation, otherwise known as Kussmaul breathing, which is a specific type of hyperventilation. Should this situation persist the patient is at risk for exhaustion leading to respiratory failure.

Mutations to the V-ATPase 'a4' or 'B1' isoforms result in distal renal tubular acidosis—a condition that leads to metabolic acidosis—in some cases with sensorineural deafness.

In blood gas tests, it is characterised by a low pH, low blood HCO3, and normal or low PaCO2. In addition to arterial blood gas one can use the anion gap to differentiate between possible causes.

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is useful for calculating blood pH, because blood is a buffer solution. The amount of metabolic acid accumulating can also be quantitated by using buffer base deviation, a derivative estimate of the metabolic as opposed to the respiratory component. In hypovolemic shock for example, approximately 50% of the metabolic acid accumulation is lactic acid, which disappears as blood flow and oxygen debt are corrected.

Causes

Common causes of acidosis


Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular

Beriberi heart disease, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, cardiogenic shock, cardiomyopathy, cataract and cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, hemorrhagic shock, hypoperfusion, hypotension, malignant hypertension, myocardial Infarction, pulseless electrical activity, pulmonary edema, shock, ST elevation myocardial infarction, torsade de pointes, ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation

Chemical/Poisoning Alcohol, carbon monoxide poisoning, cocaine, copperhead snake poisoning, crotalidae snake poisoning, cyanide poisoning, diethylene glycol, endothall, ethanol, ethylene glycol, germanium, isopropyl alcohol, methanol, propylene glycol, salicylate, strychnine
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect

Acetazolamide, acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin, biguanide, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, didanosine, ethanol ingestion, glyburide, metformin, paracetamol, pergolide, phenformin, zalcitabine, zidovudine

Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine

Adrenal cortex insufficiency, diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, GRACILE syndrome, hyperchloremic acidosis, hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis

Environmental

Drowning, hypothermic shivering

Gastroenterologic

Acute liver failure, biliary fistula, chronic mesenteric insufficiency diarrhea, fistula, hepatic failure, hepatopathy, ileus, ischemic colitis, liver disease, microvillus inclusion disease, nausea and vomiting, necrotizing enterocolitis, pancreatic fistula, severe liver disease, short bowel syndrome, small intestine fistula, volvulus

Genetic

3-alpha-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency, 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase II Deficiency, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, biotinidase deficiency, coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase deficiency, complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, cystinosis, fanconi syndrome, fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, glutaric aciduria type 1, glutaric acidemia type 2 GRACILE syndrome, inborn urea cycle disorder, lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, medium-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, MELAS, metabolic disorders, mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, mitochondrial myopathy, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, multiple carboxylase deficiency, myopathy, NADH CoQ reductase deficiency, Ondine's curse, propionic acidemia, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase deficiency, SCHAD deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, succinic acidemia, type I glycogen storage disease, Von Gierke disease, Wilson's Disease, hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency type 2, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy aminoacidopathy

Hematologic Splenic infarction , severe anemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Sepsis, infection, fever, disseminated intravascular coagulation, clostridium difficile, cerebral malaria
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, grand mal seizure, epilepsy, coma, CNS depression, cerebral hypoxia, cerebral edema
Nutritional/Metabolic Glutaric aciduria type 1, glutaric acidemia type 2, total parenteral nutrition, starvation
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Tumor, myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Toluene, Salicylates, ethylene glycol, ethanol ingestion, alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, diethylene glycol
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Status asthmaticus, severe asthma, pulmonary embolism, infant respiratory distress syndrome, hypercapnia, following chronic hyperventilation CO2 intoxication, chronic obstructive lung disease, apnea, acute respiratory distress syndrome
Renal/Electrolyte Hypoaldosteronism, hypokalemic distal renal tubular acidosis, hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis, kidney disorders, proximal renal tubular acidosis, renal tubular acidosis, renal failure, renal circulatory insufficiency, hyperkalemia, distal renal tubular acidosis, decreased renal acid excretion, chronic kidney disease, chronic interstitial nephritis, acute renal failure, acute glomerulonephritis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Traumatic shock
Urologic Ureterosigmoidostomy, urinary diversion
Miscellaneous Hypoxia, hypovolemia , heavy physical work, fistula, enhanced metabolic rate, diet

Causes in Alphabetical Order [1] [2]


Respiratory Acidosis


Treatment

Treatment of any of the varieties of metabolic acidosis is focused upon correction of the underlying problem. However, neutralizing the acidosis with infusions of bases like sodium bicarbonate may be temporarily helpful in some critical emergencies.

References

  1. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

External Links

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