Abdominal pain differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]Amandeep Singh M.D.[3]

Overview

Diagnosing the cause of abdominal pain can be difficult, because many diseases can cause this symptom. Most frequently the cause is benign and/or self-limiting, but more serious causes may require urgent intervention. Acute abdominal pain is a severe, persistent abdominal pain of sudden onset that is likely to require surgical intervention to treat its cause. The following table summarizes differential diagnosis for abdominal pain.

Differential diagnosis of abdominal pain

Abbreviations: RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein, TS= Transferrin saturation, SF= Serum Ferritin, SMA= Superior mesenteric artery, SMV= Superior mesenteric vein, ECG= Electrocardiogram

Classification of pain in the abdomen based on etiology Disease Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Comments Symptoms Signs Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI bleeding Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Abdominal causes Inflammatory causes Pancreato-biliary disorders Acute suppurative cholangitis RUQ + + + + − − − − + + + N Abnormal LFT WBC >10,000 Ultrasound shows biliary dilatation/stents/tumor Septic shock occurs with features of SIRS Acute cholangitis RUQ + − − + − − − − − − − N Abnormal LFT Ultrasound shows biliary dilatation/stents/tumor Biliary drainage (ERCP) + IV antibiotics Acute cholecystitis RUQ + − + + − − − − − − − Hypoactive Hyperbilirubinemia Leukocytosis Ultrasound shows gallstone and evidence of inflammation Murphy’s sign Acute pancreatitis Epigastric + − + ± − − − − ± − − N Increased amylase / lipase Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation CT scan shows severity of pancreatitis Pain radiation to back Chronic pancreatitis Epigastric − − ± ± − + + − − − − N Increased amylase / lipase Increased stool fat content Pancreatic function test CT scan Calcification Pseudocyst Dilation of main pancreatic duct Predisposes to pancreatic cancer Pancreatic carcinoma Epigastric − − + + − + + − − − − N ↑ Alkaline phosphatase ↑ serum bilirubin ↑ gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase ↑ CA 19-9  MDCT with  PET/CT MRI Skin manifestations may include: Bullous pemphigoid Cicatricial pemphigoid Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis (classic Trousseau's syndrome) Pancreatic panniculitis Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI bleeding Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments Primary biliary cirrhosis RUQ/Epigastric − − − + − − − − − − − N Increased AMA level, abnormal LFTs ERCP Pruritis Primary sclerosing cholangitis RUQ + − − + − − − − − − − N Increased liver enzymes Increased IgM, IgG4 Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) Anti-smooth muscle antibody (Anti-Sm) Anti-endothelial antibody Anti-cardiolipin antibody ERCP and MRCP shows Multiple segmental strictures Mural irregularities Biliary dilatation and diverticula Distortion of biliary tree The risk of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is 400 times higher than the risk in the general population. Cholelithiasis RUQ/Epigastric ± − ± ± − − − − − − − Normal to hyperactive for dislodged stone Leukocytosis Ultrasound shows gallstone Fatty food intolerance Gastric causes Peptic ulcer disease Diffuse ± − + − − − + Gastric ulcer- melena and hematemesis Duodenal ulcer- melena and hematochezia Positive if perforated Positive if perforated Positive if perforated N Ascitic fluid LDH > serum LDH Glucose < 50mg/dl Total protein > 1g/dl Air under diaphragm in upright CXR Upper GI endoscopy for diagnosis Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI bleeding Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments Gastritis Epigastric ± − + − − − Positive in chronic gastritis + − − − N H.pylori infection diagnostic tests Endoscopy H.pylori gastritis guideline recommendation Gastroesophageal reflux disease Epigastric − − ± − − − − − − − − N N Gastric emptying studies Esophageal manometry, Endoscopy for alarm signs Gastric outlet obstruction Epigastric − − ± − − − + − − − − Hyperactive Complete blood count Basic metabolic panel Abdominal x-ray- air fluid level Barium upper GI studies- narrowed pylorus Succussion splash Gastroparesis Epigastric − − + − − − + − ± − − Hyperactive/hypoactive Hemoglobin Fasting plasma glucose Serum total protein, albumin, thyrotropin (TSH), and an antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer HbA1c Scintigraphic gastric emptying Succussion splash Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Full thickness gastric and small intestinal biopsy Gastrointestinal perforation Diffuse + ± - ± − − − + + + ± Hyperactive/hypoactive WBC> 10,000 Air under diaphragm in upright CXR Hamman's sign Dumping syndrome Lower and then diffuse − − + − − + + − + − − Hyperactive Glucose challenge test Hydrogen breath test Upper GI series Gastric emptying study Postgastrectomy Intestinal causes Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI Bleed Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments Acute appendicitis Starts in epigastrium, migrates to RLQ + Positive in pyogenic appendicitis + − − ± − − Positive in perforated appendicitis + + Hypoactive Leukocytosis Ct scan and Ultrasound Nausea & vomiting, decreased appetite Acute diverticulitis LLQ + ± + − + ± − + Positive in perforated diverticulitis + + Hypoactive Leukocytosis CT scan and ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation History of constipation Inflammatory bowel disease Diffuse ± − − ± − + + + − − − Normal or hyperactive Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA) in Ulcerative colitis Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in Crohn's disease String sign on abdominal x-ray in Crohn's disease Extra intestinal findings: Uveitis Arthritis Irritable bowel syndrome Diffuse − − − − ± ± + − − − − N Normal Normal Symptomatic treatment High dietary fiber Osmotic laxatives Antispasmodic drugs Whipple's disease Diffuse ± − − ± − + + − ± − − N Thrombocytopenia Hypoalbuminemia Small intestinal biopsy for Tropheryma whipplei Endoscopy is used to confirm diagnosis. Images used to find complications Chest and joint x-ray CT MRI Echocardiography Extra intestinal findings: Uveitis Endocarditis Encephalitis Dementia Hepatosplenomegaly Arthritis Ascites Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI Bleed Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments Toxic megacolon Diffuse + − − − − + − − + ± + Hypoactive Anemia Leukocytosis especially in patients with Clostridium difficile infection Hypoalbuminemia Metabolic alkalosis associated with a poor prognosis Metabolic acidosis secondary to ischemic colitis CT and Ultrasound shows: Loss of colonic haustration Hypoechoic and thickened bowel walls with irregular internal margins in the sigmoid and descending colon Prominent dilation of the transverse colon (>6 cm) Insignificant dilation of ileal bowel loops (diameter >18 mm) with increased intraluminal gas and fluid Tropical sprue Diffuse + − − − − + + − − − − N Fat soluble vitamin deficiency Hypoalbuminemia Fecal stool test Barium studies show dilation and edema of mucosal folds Steatorrhea- 10-40 g/day (Normal=5 g/day) Celiac disease Diffuse − − − − − + + − − − − Hyperactive IgA endomysial antibody IgA tissue transglutaminase antibody Anti-gliadin antibody Small bowel biopsy USG Bull’s eye or target pattern Pseudokidney sign Gluten allergy Infective colitis Diffuse + − ± − − + − + Positive in fulminant colitis ± ± Hyperactive Stool culture and studies Shiga toxin in bloody diarrhea PCR CT scan Bowel wall thickening Edema Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI Bleed Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments Colon carcinoma Diffuse/localized − − − − ± ± + + ± − − Normal Hyperactive if obstruction present CBC Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Colonoscopy Flexible sigmoidoscopy Barium enema CT colonography  PILLCAM 2: A colon capsule for CRC screening may be used in patients with an incomplete colonoscopy who lacks obstruction Hepatic causes Viral hepatitis RUQ + − + + − Positive in Hep A and E + − Positive in fulminant hepatitis Positive in acute + N Abnormal LFTs Viral serology US Hep A and E have fecoral route of transmission and Hep B and C transmits via blood transfusion and sexual contact. Liver abscess RUQ + + + + − ± + − + + ± Normal or hypoactive CBC Blood cultures Abnormal liver function tests US CT Hepatocellular carcinoma/Metastasis RUQ + − − + − − + − − − − Normal Hyperactive if obstruction present High levels of AFP in serum Abnormal liver function tests US CT Liver biopsy Other symptoms: Splenomegaly Variceal bleeding Ascites Spider nevi Asterixis Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI Bleed Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments Budd-Chiari syndrome RUQ ± − − ± − − − Positive in liver failure leading to varices − − − N Elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels may be more than five times the upper limit of the normal range. Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels, decreased serum albumin level. Findings on CT scan suggestive of Budd-Chiari syndrome include: Early enhancement of the caudate lobe and central liver around the inferior vena cava Delayed enhancement of the peripheral liver with accompanying central low density (flip-flop appearance) Peripheral zones of the liver show reversed portal venous blood flow In the chronic phase, there is caudate lobe enlargement and atrophy of the peripheral liver in affected areas Ascitic fluid examination shows: Total protein more than 2.5 g per deciliter White blood cells are usually less than 500/μL. Hemochromatosis RUQ − − − − − − − Positive in cirrhotic patients − − − N >60% TS >240 μg/L SF Raised LFT Hyperglycemia Ultrasound shows evidence of cirrhosis Extra intestinal findings: Hyperpigmentation Diabetes mellitus Arthralgia Impotence in males Cardiomyopathy Atherosclerosis Hypopituitarism Hypothyroidism Extrahepatic cancer Prone to specific infections Cirrhosis RUQ − − − + − − + + + − − N Hypoalbuminemia Prolonged PT Abnormal LFTs Hyponatremia Thrombocytopenia USG Nodular, shrunken liver Ascites Stigmata of liver disease Cruveilhier- Baumgarten murmur Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI Bleed Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments Peritoneal causes Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Diffuse + − − Positive in cirrhotic patients − + − − ± + + Hypoactive Ascitic fluid PMN>250 cells/mm³ Culture: Positive for single organism Ultrasound for evaluation of liver cirrhosis Renal causes Pyelonephritis Unilateral + ± + − − − − − + − − Hypoactive Urinalysis Urine culture Blood culture CT MRI CVA tenderness Renal colic Flank pain − − + − − − − − − − − N Hematuria CT scan and ultrasound Colicky abdominal pain Dysuria Hollow Viscous Obstruction Small bowel obstruction Diffuse + − + − + − + − + + ± Hyperactive then absent Leukocytosis with left shift indicates complications Abdominal X ray Dilated loops of bowel with air fluid levels Gasless abdomen "Target sign"– , indicative of intussusception Venous cut-off sign" – suggests thrombosis Volvulus Diffuse Positive in perforated cases − + − + − − − Positive in perforated cases + + Hyperactive then absent Leukocytosis CT scan and abdominal X ray U shaped sigmoid colon "Whirl sign" Biliary colic RUQ − − + + − − − − − − − N Increased bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase Ultrasound Nausea & vomiting Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI Bleed Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments Vascular Disorders Ischemic causes Mesenteric ischemia Periumbilical Positive if bowel becomes gangrenous − + − − + + + Positive if bowel becomes gangrenous Positive if bowel becomes gangrenous − Hyperactive to absent Leukocytosis and lactic acidosis Amylase levels D-dimer CT angiography SMA or SMV thrombosis Also known as abdominal angina, worsens with eating Acute ischemic colitis Diffuse + ± + − − + + + + + + Hyperactive then absent Leukocytosis Abdominal x-ray Distension and pneumatosis CT scan Double halo appearance, thumbprinting Thickening of bowel May lead to shock Hemorrhagic causes Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm Diffuse ± − + − − − + + + − − N Fibrinogen D-dimer Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST)  Unstable hemodynamics Intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal hemorrhage Diffuse ± − ± − − − − + + − − N Anemia CT scan History of trauma Disease Abdominal Pain Fever Rigors and chills Nausea or vomiting Jaundice Constipation Diarrhea Weight loss GI Bleed Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Comments Gynaecological Causes Tubal causes Torsion of the cyst RLQ / LLQ − − + − − − − − − ± ± N Increased ESR and CRP Ultrasound Sudden onset & severe pain with nausea and vomiting Acute salpingitis RLQ / LLQ + ± − − − − − − − ± ± N Leukocytosis Pelvic ultrasound Vaginal discharge Cyst rupture RLQ / LLQ − − + − − − − − + ± ± N Increased ESR and CRP Ultrasound Sudden onset sever pain with nausea and vomiting Pregnancy Ruptured ectopic pregnancy RLQ / LLQ − − + − − − − − + + + N Positive pregnancy test Ultrasound History of missed period and vaginal bleeding Extra-abdominal causes Pulmonary disorders Pleural empyema RUQ/Epigastric + ± − − − − + − − − − N Thoracentesis Chest X-ray Pleural opacity USG Localization of effusion Physical examination Crackles Egophony Increased tactile fremitus Pulmonary embolism RUQ/LUQ ± − − − − − − − ± − − N ABGs D-dimer CXR V/Q scan Spiral CT pulmonary angiogram Dyspnea Tachycardia Pleuretic chest pain Pneumonia RUQ/LUQ + + + − − ± − − + − − Normal or hypoactive ABGs Eosinophilia Pancytopenia CXR CT chest Bronchoscopy Cardiovascular disorders Myocardial Infarction Epigastric ± − + − − − − − Positive in cardiogenic shock − − N Cardiac enzymes ECG Echocardiogram Wall motion abnormality Wall rupture Septal rupture Complications: Arrythmias Mitral regurgitation Ventricular wall rupture Septal rupture

The following is a list of diseases that present with acute onset severe lower abdominal pain:

Disease	Findings
Ectopic pregnancy	History of missed menses, positive pregnancy test, ultrasound reveals an empty uterus and may show a mass in the fallopian tubes.
Appendicitis	Pain localized to the right iliac fossa, vomiting, abdominal ultrasound sensitivity for diagnosis of acute appendicitis is 75% to 90%.
Rupturedovarian cyst	Usually spontaneous, can follow history of trauma, mild chronic lower abdominal discomfort may suddenly intensify, ultrasound is diagnostic.
Ovarian cyst torsion	Presents with acute severe unilateral lower quadrant abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, tender adnexal mass palpated in 90%, ultrasound is diagnostic.
Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst	Presents with localized abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Hypovolemic shock may be present, abdominal tenderness and guarding are physical exam findings, ultrasound is diagnostic.
Endometriosis	Presents with cyclic pain that is exacerbated by onset of menses, dyspareunia. laparoscopic exploration is diagnostic.
Acute cystitis	Presents with features of increased urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain.

References

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