Diabetes mellitus type 2 causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The underlying cause of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. The exact cause of insulin resistance | The underlying cause of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is [[insulin resistance]]. The exact cause of [[insulin resistance]] is not known, however several [[Theory|theories]] exist. [[Central obesity]], [[Ageing|aging]], and [[Glycemic index|high glycemic]] diets are most commonly implicated in the development of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]. | ||
== Causes == | == Causes == | ||
The etiology of type 2 diabetes is multifactorial.<ref name="pmid28679485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM |title=Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28679485 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021 |url=}}</ref> There is often an interplay of multiple risk factors coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a genetically susceptible person, which results in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. | |||
Numerous theories exist as to the exact cause and mechanism in type 2 diabetes. [[Central obesity]] is known to predispose individuals to insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called [[adipokine]]s that may possibly impair glucose tolerance. Obesity is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Eberhart | first = MS | coauthors = Ogden C, Engelgau M, Cadwell B, Hedley AA, Saydah SH | title = Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002 | journal = Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 53 | issue = 45 | pages = 1066-1068 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = November 19, 2004 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5345a2.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-11}}</ref> Other factors include aging (about 20% of elderly patients in North America have diabetes), and family history (type 2 is much more common in those with close relatives who have type 2 DM). In the last decade, type 2 diabetes has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood obesity seen in recent decades in some places.<ref>{{cite book | * The etiology of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] is multifactorial.<ref name="pmid28679485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM |title=Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort |journal=Eur. J. Intern. Med. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28679485 |doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021 |url=}}</ref> There is often an interplay of multiple [[Risk factor|risk factors]] coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a [[Genetics|genetically]] susceptible person, which results in [[hyperglycemia]] and [[insulin resistance]]. Numerous [[Theory|theories]] exist as to the exact cause and mechanism in [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]. | ||
* [[Central obesity]] is known to predispose individuals to [[insulin resistance]]. Abdominal fat is especially active [[Hormone|hormonally]], secreting a group of [[Hormone|hormones]] called [[adipokine]]s that may possibly impair [[glucose]] tolerance. [[Obesity]] is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Eberhart | first = MS | coauthors = Ogden C, Engelgau M, Cadwell B, Hedley AA, Saydah SH | title = Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002 | journal = Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 53 | issue = 45 | pages = 1066-1068 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = November 19, 2004 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5345a2.htm | accessdate = 2007-03-11}}</ref> | |||
* Other factors include [[Ageing|aging]] (about 20% of elderly patients in North America have [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]), and a positive [[family history]] ([[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2]] is much more common in those with close relatives who have [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 DM]]).<ref name=":0">Jack, L., Jr., Boseman, L. & Vinicor, F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. ''Geriatrics'' '''2004''', 59, 14-17.</ref> | |||
* In the last decade, [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood [[obesity]] seen in recent decades in some places.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| last = Arlan Rosenbloom | | last = Arlan Rosenbloom | ||
| first = Janet H Silverstein | | first = Janet H Silverstein | ||
Line 17: | Line 20: | ||
| isbn = 978-1580401555 | | isbn = 978-1580401555 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
* Based on some studies, besides factors like [[Ageing|aging]]<ref name=":0" /> and high-[[fat]] diets<ref>Lovejoy, J. C. The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance. ''Curr Diab Rep'' '''2002''', 2,435-440.</ref>, a less active lifestyle<ref>Hu, F. B. Sedentary lifestyle and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lipids 2003, 38,103-108.</ref> is also found to increase risk of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]. | |||
The following medications may cause type 2 diabetes: | * The following [[Medication|medications]] may cause [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]: | ||
**[[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]] | |||
* [[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]] | **[[Dexamethasone]] | ||
* [[Dexamethasone]] | **[[Estropipate]] | ||
* [[Estropipate]] | **[[goserelin]] | ||
* [[goserelin]] | **[[Indinavir]] | ||
* [[Indinavir]] | **[[interferon alfacon-1]] | ||
* [[interferon alfacon-1]] | **[[Pasireotide]] | ||
* [[Pasireotide]] | **[[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]] | ||
* [[Pegylated interferon alfa-2b]] | **[[Pergolide]] | ||
* [[Pergolide]] | **[[Ritonavir]] | ||
* [[Ritonavir]] | **[[Saquinavir mesylate]] | ||
* [[Saquinavir mesylate]] | **[[Tipranavir]] | ||
* [[Tipranavir]] | |||
==References== | ==References== |
Revision as of 13:38, 1 August 2020
Diabetes mellitus type 2 Microchapters |
Differentiating Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 from other Diseases |
Diagnosis |
Treatment |
Medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
The underlying cause of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. The exact cause of insulin resistance is not known, however several theories exist. Central obesity, aging, and high glycemic diets are most commonly implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Causes
- The etiology of type 2 diabetes is multifactorial.[1] There is often an interplay of multiple risk factors coupled with the effect of environmental factors in a genetically susceptible person, which results in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Numerous theories exist as to the exact cause and mechanism in type 2 diabetes.
- Central obesity is known to predispose individuals to insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called adipokines that may possibly impair glucose tolerance. Obesity is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.[2]
- Other factors include aging (about 20% of elderly patients in North America have diabetes), and a positive family history (type 2 is much more common in those with close relatives who have type 2 DM).[3]
- In the last decade, type 2 diabetes has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, likely in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood obesity seen in recent decades in some places.[4]
- Based on some studies, besides factors like aging[3] and high-fat diets[5], a less active lifestyle[6] is also found to increase risk of type 2 diabetes.
- The following medications may cause type 2 diabetes:
References
- ↑ Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, Gómez-Campelo P, de Burgos-Lunar C, Cárdenas-Valladolid J, Abánades-Herranz JC, Otero-Puime A, Jiménez-García R, López-de-Andrés A, de Miguel-Yanes JM (2017). "Body mass index and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Findings from the 5-year follow-up of the MADIABETES cohort". Eur. J. Intern. Med. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.021. PMID 28679485.
- ↑ Eberhart, MS (November 19, 2004). "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 53 (45): 1066–1068. Retrieved 2007-03-11. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jack, L., Jr., Boseman, L. & Vinicor, F. Aging Americans and diabetes. A public health and clinical response. Geriatrics 2004, 59, 14-17.
- ↑ Arlan Rosenbloom, Janet H Silverstein (2003). Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment. American Diabetes Association,U.S. p. 1. ISBN 978-1580401555.
- ↑ Lovejoy, J. C. The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance. Curr Diab Rep 2002, 2,435-440.
- ↑ Hu, F. B. Sedentary lifestyle and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lipids 2003, 38,103-108.