Diabetes mellitus type 2 epidemiology and demographics

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*Images are courtsey of The International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes, 7 ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2015. http://www.diabetesatlas.org

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2];Tarek Nafee, M.D. [3],Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [4]

Overview

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is well studied in the United States and other developed countries. However, worldwide there is a large variation in the results of the population studies in developing countries and particularly in rural areas with poor access to healthcare. For this reason, diabetes is estimated to be undiagnosed in approximately 50% of adults worldwide. In the United States, African Americans, Mexican Americans, American Indians and non-Hispanic blacks are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to non-Hispanic whites. It is more prevalent among those older than 65 years, although there is a growing trend of childhood-onset of the disease. In 2011, 335 million people were estimated to have type 2 diabetes and that number is on a trajectory to reach over 500 million people by 2050. These figures correlate with a prevalence of approximately 5000 and 7500 per 100,000 in 2011 and 2050, respectively. Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent among men than women and in countries with low to mid income levels compared to high income level countries. It is classified as a global epidemic that is growing in parallel to massive urbanization.

Epidemiology

Incidence

Prevalence

  • In 2011, about 336 million people had type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide. This is approximately 5,000 per 100,000.
  • The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the U.S is estimated at 7000 to 9,300 per 100,000[2]. Approximately 20% of the population over age 65 have type 2 DM.[3]

Mortality rate

  • In 2015, diabetes mellitus was the seventh leading cause of death in the United States.
  • Based on a cohort study done on 40,286 deaths in patients with type 2 diabetes, middle age white men lost 5 years and middle age white women lost 6 years of life, compared with non-diabetics. Furthermore, this study revealed that South Asians and blacks with diabetes lost 1-2 years of life.[4]

Demographic

Age

Race

Gender

Socioeconomic Status

  • The prevalence of type 2 DM is higher among those with low socioeconomic status. Approximately 75% of patients with diabetes live in low to middle income countries.[3][5]

Geographic Distribution

  • The global distribution of diabetes mellitus is reported by the international diabetes foundation (IDF). While prevalence of type 2 diabetes is not specifically reported, they do report that the vast majority of diabetes cases are type 2. Additionally, the IDF reports the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance which alludes to the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes.[3][5]
Region Prevalence of Diabetes (per 100,000) Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance (per 100,000) Maps
Africa 3200 7900
Europe 9100 4800
Middle East and North Africa 9100 7800
North America and Caribbean 12900 15000
South and Central America 9400 7900
Southeast Asia 8500 4600
Western Pacific 9300 6200
  • Images are courtsey of The International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes, 7 ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2015. http://www.diabetesatlas.org

References

  1. Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001, 414, 782-787.
  2. 2.0 2.1 National Diabetes Statistics Report 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Accessed on Nov 19, 2016
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  4. Wright, Alison K.; Kontopantelis, Evangelos; Emsley, Richard; Buchan, Iain; Sattar, Naveed; Rutter, Martin K.; Ashcroft, Darren M. (2017). "Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Quantifying Relationships in Ethnic Subgroups". Diabetes Care. 40 (3): 338–345. doi:10.2337/dc16-1616. ISSN 0149-5992.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "IDF Diabetes Atlas 7th Edition". IDF. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  6. Selvin E, Parrinello CM, Sacks DB, Coresh J (2014). "Trends in prevalence and control of diabetes in the United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2010". Ann. Intern. Med. 160 (8): 517–25. doi:10.7326/M13-2411. PMC 4442608. PMID 24733192.
  7. Wright, Alison K.; Kontopantelis, Evangelos; Emsley, Richard; Buchan, Iain; Sattar, Naveed; Rutter, Martin K.; Ashcroft, Darren M. (2017). "Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Quantifying Relationships in Ethnic Subgroups". Diabetes Care. 40 (3): 338–345. doi:10.2337/dc16-1616. ISSN 0149-5992.


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