Preparation of the patient for PCI

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Overview

Risk Stratification and Benefits of PCI

Preparation of the Patient for PCI

Equipment Used During PCI

Pharmacotherapy to Support PCI

Vascular Closure Devices

Recommendations for Perioperative Management–Timing of Elective Noncardiac Surgery in Patients Treated With PCI and DAPT

Post-PCI Management

Risk Reduction After PCI

Post-PCI follow up

Hybrid coronary revascularization

PCI approaches

PCI Complications

Factors Associated with Complications
Vessel Perforation
Dissection
Distal Embolization
No-reflow
Coronary Vasospasm
Abrupt Closure
Access Site Complications
Peri-procedure Bleeding
Restenosis
Renal Failure
Thrombocytopenia
Late Acquired Stent Malapposition
Loss of Side Branch
Multiple Complications

PCI in Specific Patients

Cardiogenic Shock
Left Main Coronary Artery Disease
Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmia
Severely Depressed Ventricular Function
Sole Remaining Conduit
Unprotected Left Main Patient
Adjuncts for High Risk PCI

PCI in Specific Lesion Types

Classification of the Lesion
The Calcified Lesion
The Ostial Lesion
The Angulated or Tortuous Lesion
The Bifurcation Lesion
The Long Lesion
The Bridge Lesion
Vasospasm
The Chronic Total Occlusion
The Left Internal Mammary Artery
Multivessel Disease
Distal Anastomotic Lesions
Left Main Intervention
The Thrombotic Lesion

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [7] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[8] Muhammad Saad, M.B.B.S.[9]

Overview

There are several steps involved in preparing patients for PCI, which include shared decision-making and informed consent, preprocedural documentation and history and physical examination, preprocedural laboratory testing, preprocedural fasting and sedation, antiplatelet and anticoagulant premedication, vascular access site selection, management of patients on oral anticoagulants, prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury, management of allergies and potential anaphylactoid reactions, preprocedural timeout and safety checklists, use of statins, assessment of bleeding risk, evaluation of on-site surgical backup services, and consideration of same-day discharge eligibility. A Heart Team approach is recommended for complex revascularization decisions.

Preparation of the Patient for PCI

  • Revascularization decisions should be patient centered — considerate of the patient's preferences and goals, cultural beliefs, health literacy, and social determinants of health — and made in collaboration with the patient's support system (Class 1, LOE C-LD).[1] Adequate information about benefits, risks, therapeutic consequences, and potential alternatives should be given, when feasible, with sufficient time for informed decision-making (Class 1, LOE C-LD).[1]
  • Consent procedures should include:[1][2]
  • Plain language and teach-back documentation
  • Trained interpreter when needed
  • Patient-specific short- and long-term risks
  • Information on operator expertise and facility volume
  • The need for continued medical therapy and lifestyle modifications
  • The potential for emergency surgery
  • Preprocedural Documentation, History and Physical Examination

Preprocedural Laboratory Testing

Test Timing Notes
CBC and renal profile Within 30 days for outpatients; within 24-48 hours when clinically indicated Significant anemia should be addressed prior to the procedure, especially when PCI and associated antiplatelet therapy are being considered
Hemoglobin, platelet count, electrolytes, creatinine Within 2-4 weeks; repeat if clinical or medication change or recent contrast exposure —
PT/INR As needed Not routine; obtain for severe anemia, liver disease, or ongoing warfarin use
ECG Baseline —
Chest X-ray As needed Not required unless vascular congestion or other pulmonary pathology is evident on physical examination
Beta-HCG Within 2 weeks of procedure Women of childbearing age

Sources: SCAI 2021 Expert Consensus Update[3]; SCAI 2016 Best Practices[4]; 2012 ACCF/SCAI Expert Consensus Document[2]

Preprocedural Fasting and Sedation

The ASA 2017 guidelines recommend clear liquids up to 2 hours prior and light meals up to 6 hours prior (8 hours for heavier meals).[3] NPO instructions are typically waived for emergency procedures.[3] Moderate sedation/analgesia is frequently sufficient for coronary artery procedures; anxiolysis or pain control alone may suffice. Physicians in the cardiac catheterization laboratory should be credentialed for providing moderate sedation.[3]

Emerging evidence on nonfasting: The SCOFF trial (multicenter RCT, n=716) randomized patients to fasting vs. no fasting before cardiac catheterization procedures with conscious sedation. The primary composite outcome (aspiration pneumonia, hypotension, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia) occurred in 19.1% of fasting vs. 12.0% of no-fasting patients, confirming non-inferiority (posterior probability >99.5%) and superiority (posterior probability 99.1%) of no fasting. Patient satisfaction scores were significantly better with no fasting (posterior mean difference 4.02 points).[5] The TONIC trial similarly supported the safety of nonfasting before interventional coronary procedures under local anesthesia with moderate sedation.[6] These findings are not yet incorporated into formal guidelines but represent a potential practice change.

2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI ACS Guideline Updates

Aspirin should be initiated with a loading dose (162-325 mg, nonenteric coated, chewed) in patients with ACS as soon as possible on presentation.[7] Ticagrelor or prasugrel is recommended in preference to clopidogrel in patients with ACS undergoing PCI.[7] DAPT with aspirin and an oral P2Y12 inhibitor is indicated for at least 12 months as the default strategy in patients with ACS who are not at high bleeding risk.[7]

Antiplatelet Dosing Table
Agent Loading Dose Maintenance Dose
Aspirin 162-325 mg (nonenteric coated, chewed) 75-100 mg daily
Clopidogrel (NSTE-ACS/STEMI without fibrinolytic) 300 or 600 mg 75 mg daily
Clopidogrel (STEMI with fibrinolytic, age ≤75 y) 300 mg 75 mg daily
Clopidogrel (STEMI with fibrinolytic, age >75 y) 75 mg (no loading) 75 mg daily
Prasugrel (NSTE-ACS/STEMI, undergoing PCI) 60 mg 10 mg daily (≥60 kg, <75 y); 5 mg daily (<60 kg or ≥75 y)
Ticagrelor (NSTE-ACS/STEMI) 180 mg 90 mg twice daily

Source: 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI ACS Guideline[7]

Timing of P2Y12 Loading

When PCI is planned or anticipated, loading with aspirin 324 mg po (chewed) should be performed before the procedure if the patient is not already on daily aspirin.[3] Loading before the procedure with a P2Y12 inhibitor is reasonable, although there is no evidence that pre-loading decreases ischemic complications compared to loading at the time of PCI or at its conclusion. Delaying P2Y12 loading until anatomy is known may prevent delays if anatomy demonstrates a need for CABG.[3]

Intravenous P2Y12 Inhibition (Cangrelor)

Class IIb
1. In patients undergoing PCI who are P2Y12 inhibitor naïve, intravenous cangrelor may be reasonable to reduce periprocedural ischemic events (Level of Evidence: B-R).

[1][7]

Cangrelor is a potent, direct, reversible, short-acting IV P2Y12 inhibitor with rapid onset and restoration of platelet function within 1 hour of discontinuation. No studies have compared cangrelor with a loading dose of ticagrelor or prasugrel given at the time of PCI.[1]

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs) are generally only recommended for selected cases at high, life-threatening risk for ischemic complications or for bail-out situations.[8] A pooled patient-level analysis from 3 phase 3 CHAMPION trials demonstrated that cangrelor's reduction in periprocedural ischemic complications was maintained irrespective of GPI use, while GPI use was associated with substantially higher bleeding rates regardless of randomization to cangrelor or clopidogrel.[9]

Periprocedural Anticoagulation

Class I
1. In patients undergoing PCI, administration of IV unfractionated heparin (UFH) is useful to reduce ischemic events (Level of Evidence: C-EO).
2. In patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing PCI, bivalirudin or argatroban should be used to replace UFH (Level of Evidence: C-LD).

[1]

Class IIb
1. In patients undergoing PCI, bivalirudin may be a reasonable alternative to UFH to reduce bleeding (Level of Evidence: A).
2. In patients treated with upstream subcutaneous enoxaparin for UA or NSTE-ACS, IV enoxaparin may be considered at the time of PCI (Level of Evidence: B-R).

[1]

Class III (Harm)
1. In patients on therapeutic subcutaneous enoxaparin, in whom the last dose was administered within 12 hours of PCI, UFH should not be used and may increase bleeding (Level of Evidence: B-R).

[1] Fondaparinux is no longer recommended as the only anticoagulant in PCI because of a higher incidence of guiding-catheter thrombosis.[1]

Anticoagulant Dosing Table

Drug No Previous Anticoagulant Previous Anticoagulant
UFH 70-100 U/kg bolus (target ACT 250-300 s) Additional UFH as needed (2000-5000 U) to achieve ACT 250-300 s
Enoxaparin 0.5-0.75 mg/kg IV bolus If last SC dose 8-12 h prior: 0.3 mg/kg IV; if <8 h: no additional dose
Bivalirudin 0.75 mg/kg bolus, 1.75 mg/kg/h infusion If prior UFH: repeat ACT; if not therapeutic: 0.75 mg/kg bolus + infusion
Argatroban 350 μg/kg bolus, 15 μg/kg/min infusion 200 μg/kg bolus, 15 μg/kg/min infusion

Target ACTs shown for HemoTec or I-Stat devices. For Hemochron ACT devices, ACT goals are 50 s higher. In CTO or ACS, consider higher target ACT. If IV GPI planned, target ACT 200-250 s. Source: 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline[1]

Vascular Access Site Selection

Management of Patients on Oral Anticoagulants

Prevention of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

The SCAI Quality Initiatives for Prevention of CI-AKI (2025) recommend the following approach:[11]

Risk Assessment:

Use risk calculators (e.g., Mehran score) to predict risk of CI-AKI

Hydration Strategies:

  • Pre- and post-procedural hydration: 1-1.5 mL/kg/hour NaCl × 3-12 hours pre-procedure; 12-24 hours post-procedure
  • LVEDP-guided hydration (POSEIDON trial, n=396): 3 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl × 1 hour pre-procedure, then 5 mL/kg/h (LVEDP <13 mmHg), 3 mL/kg/h (LVEDP 13-18 mmHg), 1.5 mL/kg/h (LVEDP >18 mmHg) × 4 hours post-procedure — lowered CI-AKI by 60%

Contrast Volume Limitation:

  • Risk of CI-AKI increases by 12% for every 100 mL of contrast administered
  • CV/CCC ratio should be kept <3 and ideally <2
  • MACD equation: 5 × body weight (kg) / serum creatinine. Contrast Ratio (contrast volume/MACD) exceeding 1 is associated with progressive increase in CI-AKI risk

Additional Measures:

Allergy Management

Allergies to latex, contrast, heparin (and history of HIT), aspirin, narcotics, antiplatelet agents, and other medications should be reviewed and documented.[3]

Contrast Allergies:

Aspirin Allergy:

If aspirin allergy is present, an aspirin desensitization protocol should be considered prior to stent placement when possible[3]

Diabetes Management:

Preprocedural Timeout and Safety Checklist

  • A dedicated "time out" protocol should be performed before vascular access or moderate sedation is initiated, when all members of the team are present.[3] Items reviewed during time-out include:
  • Patient identity, procedure to be performed, planned primary and backup access site
  • Equipment availability
  • Patient allergies and pre-medication
  • Special laboratory or medical conditions (INR, CKD)
  • Appropriate documentation (H&P updated within 24 hours)
  • Signed informed consent
  • For ad-hoc coronary interventions, a "Pre-PCI time out" should be considered, including: appropriate use classification, radiation exposure and contrast dose, appropriateness of intravascular imaging or physiologic assessment, DAPT issues, adequate pre-treatment with aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors, and baseline hemodynamics.[3]
  • Additional safety measures:[3]
  • All solutions on the table must be labeled in real-time (not prelabeled)
  • Defibrillation pads should be placed on all STEMI patients and those at increased risk of cardiac arrest
  • At least one working IV must be in place prior to the start of the procedure

Same-Day Discharge Considerations

  • The 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Same-Day Discharge After PCI provides the following guidance:[14]
  • Practice patterns regarding P2Y12 inhibitor loading and maintenance vary among physicians, with providers initiating P2Y12 inhibitors either days before the procedure, in the pre-procedural area, or in the catheterization laboratory after defining coronary anatomy
  • Orders for outpatient loading and maintenance or preprocedural DAPT loading should be confirmed in the EHR and communicated between preprocedural and procedural nursing
  • In addition to the DAPT loading dose, the EHR should confirm prescriptions for aspirin and statin therapy as well as a referral to cardiac rehabilitation
  • Special Populations — Older Adults

Comprehensive risk assessment in older adults should include: traditional cardiovascular risk assessment, minimum geriatric risk assessment (functional status and goals of care), and identification of high-risk clinical groups. Additional geriatric measures organized into four domains should be considered: medical conditions, cognitive and emotional health, physical function, and social environment.[15]

2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization. GENERAL PROCEDURAL ISSUES FOR PCI (Please do not edit)

Radial and Femoral Approaches for PCI

Class I
"1. In patients with ACS undergoing PCI, a radial approach is indicated in preference to a femoral approach to reduce the risk of death, vascular complications, or bleeding. (Level of Evidence: A)"
"2. In patients with SIHD undergoing PCI, the radial approach is recommended to reduce access site bleeding and vascular complications(Level of Evidence: A)"

[16] Choice of Stent Type

Class I
"1. In patients undergoing PCI, DES should be used in preference to BMS to prevent restenosis, MI, or acute stent thrombosis (Level of Evidence: A)"

[16]

Use of Intravascular Imaging

Class IIa
" 1. In patients undergoing coronary stent implantation, IVUS can be useful for procedural guidance, particularly in cases of left main or complex coronary artery stenting, to reduce ischemic events. (Level of Evidence B-R)".
'' 2. In patients undergoing coronary stent implantation, OCT is a reasonable alternative to IVUS for procedural guidance, except in the ostial left main disease.(Level of Evidence B-R)''
''3. In patients with stent failure, IVUS or OCT is reasonable to determine the mechanism of stent failure.(Level of Evidence C-LD)''

[16]

Thrombectomy

Class III (No Benefit)
"1. In patients with STEMI, routine aspiration thrombectomy before primary PCI is not useful. (Level of Evidence:A) "

[16]

Treatment of Calcified Lesions

Class IIa
" 1. In patients with fibrotic or heavily calcified lesions, plaque modification with rotational atherectomy can be useful to improve procedural success (Level of Evidence B-R)".

[16]

Class IIb
" 2. In patients with fibrotic or heavily calcified lesions, plaque modification with orbital ather-ectomy, balloon atherotomy, laser angioplasty, or intracoronary lithotripsy may be considered to improve procedural success. (Level of Evidence B-NR)".

[16]

Treatment of Saphenous Vein Graft (SVG) Disease (Previous CABG)

Class IIa
" 1. In select patients with previous CABG undergoing PCI of an SVG, the use of an embolic protection device, when technically feasible, is reasonable to decrease the risk of distal embolization (Level of Evidence B-R)".
'' 2. In patients with previous CABG, if PCI of a diseased native coronary artery is feasible, then it is reasonable to choose PCI of the native coronary artery over PCI of the severely diseased SVG(Level of Evidence B-NR)''

[16]

Class III (No Benefit)
"1. In patients with a chronic occlusion of an SVG, percutaneous revascularization of the SVG should not be performed (Level of Evidence:C-LD) "

[16]

Treatment of CTO

Class IIb
" 1. In patients with suitable anatomy who have refractory angina on medical therapy, after treatment of non-CTO lesions, the benefit of PCI of a CTO to improve symptoms is uncertain. (Level of Evidence B-R)".

[16]

Treatment of Patients With Stent RestenosisRecommendations

Class I
"1. In patients who develop clinical in-stent restenosis (ISR) for whom repeat PCI is planned, a DES should be used to improve outcomes if anatomic factors are appropriate and the patient is able to comply with DAPT (Level of Evidence: A)"

[16]

Class IIa
" 2. In patients with symptomatic recurrent diffuse ISR with an indication for revascularization, CABG can be useful over repeat PCI to reduce recurrent events. (Level of Evidence C-EO)".

[16]

Class IIb
" 1. In patients who develop recurrent ISR, brachytherapy may be considered to improve symptoms. (Level of Evidence B-NR)".

[16]

Hemodynamic Support for Complex PCI

Class IIb
" 1. In selected high-risk patients, elective insertion of an appropriate hemodynamic support device as an adjunct to PCI may be reasonable to prevent hemodynamic compromise during PCI(Level of Evidence B-R)".

[16]

2011 and 2005 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (DO NOT EDIT)[17][18]

Heart Team Approach to Revascularization Decisions (DO NOT EDIT)[17]

Class I

"1. A Heart Team approach to revascularization is recommended in patients with unprotected left main or complex CAD. [19][20][21] (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIa

"1. Calculation of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and SYNTAX (Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery) scores is reasonable in patients with unprotected left main and complex CAD. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] (Level of Evidence: B)"

Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury (DO NOT EDIT)[17]

Class I

"1. Patients should be assessed for risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury before PCI.[29][30] (Level of Evidence: C)"

"2. Patients undergoing cardiac catheterization with contrast media should receive adequate preparatory hydration.[31][32][33][34] (Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (creatinine clearance ≤60 mL/min), the volume of contrast media should be minimized.[35][36][37] (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class III (No Benefit)
"1. Administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine is not useful for the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury.[38][39] [40][41][42] (Level of Evidence: A)"

Anaphylactoid Reactions (DO NOT EDIT)[17]

Class I

"1. Patients with prior evidence of an anaphylactoid reaction to contrast media should receive appropriate steroid and antihistamine prophylaxis before repeat contrast administration. [43][44][45][46](Level of Evidence: B)"

Class III (No Benefit)
"1. In patients with a prior history of allergic reactions to shellfish or seafood, anaphylactoid prophylaxis for contrast reaction is not beneficial. [47][48][49](Level of Evidence: C)"

Statin Treatment (DO NOT EDIT)[17]

Class IIa

"1. Administration of a high-dose statin is reasonable before PCI to reduce the risk of peri-procedural myocardial infarction. (Level of Evidence: A forstatin-naïve patients) [50][51][52][53][54][55][56];(Level of Evidence: B for those on chronic statin therapy) [57]"

Bleeding Risk (DO NOT EDIT)[17]

Class I

"1. All patients should be evaluated for risk of bleeding before PCI. (Level of Evidence: C)"

PCI in Hospitals Without On-Site Surgical Backup (DO NOT EDIT)[17]

Class III (Harm)

"1. Primary or elective PCI should not be performed in hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery capabilities without a proven plan for rapid transport to a cardiac surgery operating room in a nearby hospital or without appropriate hemodynamic support capability for transfer. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIa

"1. Primary PCI is reasonable in hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery, provided that appropriate planning for program development has been accomplished.[58][59] (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIb

"1. Elective PCI might be considered in hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery, provided that appropriate planning for program development has been accomplished and rigorous clinical and angiographic criteria are used for proper patient selection.[59][60][61] (Level of Evidence: B)"

Role of Onsite Cardiac Surgical Back-Up (DO NOT EDIT)[18]

Class I
"1. Elective PCI should be performed by operators with acceptable annual volume (at least 75 procedures per year) at high-volume centers (more than 400 procedures annually) that provide immediately available onsite emergency cardiac surgical services. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Primary PCI for patients with STEMI should be performed in facilities with onsite cardiac surgery.(Level of Evidence: B)"
Class III
"1. Elective PCI should not be performed at institutions that do not provide onsite cardiac surgery. (Level of Evidence: C)"

ACA 2021 Revascularization Guideline

Thrombectomy

Class III (No Benefit)[62]
Routine aspiration thrombectomy is not useful before primary PCI in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction.

Routine rheolytic thrombectomy did not show any benefit based on trials done on patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary PCI even in the presence of thrombotic occlusion.[63][64][65][66][67][68]

Preprocedural Checklist Algorithm

The following algorithm summarizes the key steps in preparing a patient for PCI:[3][1][2]

Step Action Key Considerations
1. Initial Assessment History and physical examination; review prior catheterization and angiogram reports Document CCS/NYHA class; identify allergies, bleeding history, renal function
2. Risk Stratification Calculate bleeding risk (ARC-HBR, PRECISE-DAPT), ischemic risk, CI-AKI risk (Mehran score) Document risk scores in the medical record
3. Laboratory Testing CBC, BMP, coagulation studies (if indicated), pregnancy test (if applicable) Repeat creatinine if recent contrast exposure or medication change
4. Informed Consent Discuss risks, benefits, alternatives; document shared decision-making Use plain language; interpreter services when needed
5. Premedications Aspirin loading (162-325 mg chewed); P2Y12 inhibitor loading (timing per clinical scenario); high-dose statin Consider delaying P2Y12 loading until anatomy known if CABG possible
6. Anticoagulation Plan Determine periprocedural anticoagulant strategy; manage patients on oral anticoagulants Hold DOACs 24-48 h for elective cases; reduced-dose UFH if on VKA
7. Allergy Prophylaxis Steroid and antihistamine premedication for prior contrast reactions Shellfish allergy does NOT require pretreatment
8. Hydration Protocol IV NaCl hydration for CI-AKI prevention in at-risk patients Consider LVEDP-guided protocol; minimize contrast volume
9. Fasting Clear liquids up to 2 hours; light meal up to 6 hours prior (per ASA guidelines) Emerging evidence (SCOFF, TONIC trials) supports nonfasting under conscious sedation
10. Access Site Planning Radial preferred (Class I, LOE A); femoral if mechanical circulatory support planned Ensure competency in both approaches; ultrasound guidance available
11. Preprocedural Timeout Verify patient identity, procedure, access site, allergies, medications, consent, equipment Pre-PCI timeout for ad-hoc interventions: AUC, radiation/contrast dose, imaging plan
12. Same-Day Discharge Screening Assess eligibility for same-day discharge per 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Confirm DAPT prescriptions, statin, cardiac rehabilitation referral in EHR

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM, Bischoff JM, Bittl JA, Cohen MG, DiMaio JM, Don CW, Fremes SE, Gaudino MF, Goldberger ZD, Grant MC, Jaswal JB, Kurlansky PA, Mehran R, Metkus TS, Nnacheta LC, Rao SV, Sellke FW, Sharma G, Yong CM, Zwischenberger BA (2022). "2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. 79 (2): e21–e129. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.006. PMID 34882435 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Bashore TM, Balter S, Barac A, Byrne JG, Cavendish JJ, Chambers CE, Hermiller JB, Kinlay S, Landzberg JS, Laskey WK, McKay CR, Miller JM, Moliterno DJ, Moore JW, Oliver-McNeil SM, Popma JJ, Tommaso CL (2012). "2012 American College of Cardiology Foundation/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Expert Consensus Document on Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Standards Update". J Am Coll Cardiol. 59 (24): 2221–2305. PMID 22578923.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 Naidu SS, Abbott JD, Bagai J, Bates ER, Brilakis ES, Bhatt DL, Dehmer GJ, Feldman DN, Jolly SS, Kern MJ, Klein LW, Kumbhani DJ, Mahmud E, Rao SV, Swaminathan RV, Trost JC (2021). "SCAI Expert Consensus Update on Best Practices in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 98 (2): 255–276. PMID 33939260 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Naidu SS, Aronow HD, Box LC, Duffy PL, Kolansky DM, Kupfer JM, Latif F, Mulukutla SR, Rao SV, Swaminathan RV, Blankenship JC (2016). "SCAI Expert Consensus Statement: 2016 Best Practices in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 88 (3): 407–423.
  5. ↑ Ferreira D, Hardy J, Meere W, Coughlan JJ, Arnous S, Kiernan TJ, Elzein H, Mylotte D, McFadden E, Sharif F, Maher MM, Agarwal S, Kearney P, Caplice NM (2024). "Fasting vs. No Fasting Prior to Catheterization Laboratory Procedures: The SCOFF Trial". Eur Heart J. PMID 39217604 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Boukantar M, Chiaroni PM, Gallet R, Pariente A, Music V, Music V, Music V (2024). "A Randomized Controlled Trial of Nonfasting vs Fasting Before Interventional Coronary Procedures: The TONIC Trial". JACC Cardiovasc Interv.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Rao SV, O'Donoghue ML, Ruel M, Bhatt DL, Cannon CP, de Winter RJ, Harrington RA, Hess CN, Kirtane AJ, Mehran R, Morrow DA, Tamis-Holland JE (2025). "2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI Guideline for the Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes". J Am Coll Cardiol.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Capodanno D, Huber K, Mehran R, Lip G, Faxon DP, Granger CB, Vranckx P, Lopes RD, Montalescot G, Cannon CP, Ten Berg J, ";"; Angiolillo DJ (2019). "Management of Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Undergoing PCI: JACC State-of-the-Art Review". J Am Coll Cardiol. 74 (1): 83–99. PMID 31272561. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  9. ↑ Vaduganathan M, Harrington RA, Stone GW, Steg PG, Gibson CM, Hamm CW, Price MJ, Menozzi A, Prats J, Deliargyris EN, Mahaffey KW, White HD, Bhatt DL (2017). "Cangrelor With and Without Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors In Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention". J Am Coll Cardiol. 69 (2): 176–185. PMID 28057316.
  10. ↑ Kumbhani DJ, Cannon CP, Beavers CJ, Bhatt DL, Cuker A, Gluckman TJ, Marine JE, Mehran R, Messe SR, Patel NS, Peterson BE, Rosenfield KE, Spinler SA, Thourani VH (2021). "2020 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation or Venous Thromboembolism Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease". J Am Coll Cardiol. 77 (5): 629–658. PMID 33338599 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 CIAKI2025">"Quality Initiatives for Prevention of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury". SCAI. 2025. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ↑ Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SCAI_CIAKI_2025
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pmid37532027
  14. ↑ Rao SV, Vidovich MI, Gilchrist IC, Gulati R, Gutierrez JA, Hess CN, Jacobs AK, Jneid H, Krucoff MW, Mehta S, Nallamothu BK, Naidu SS, Rao SV, Spertus JA, Tremmel JA (2021). "2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Same-Day Discharge After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention". J Am Coll Cardiol. 77 (6): 811–825. PMID 33478655 Check |pmid= value (help).
  15. ↑ Nanna MG, Sutton NR, Kochar A, Damluji AA, Forman DE, Gershlick AH, Singh M, Batchelor W (2023). "A Geriatric Approach to Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Older Adults, Part II: A JACC: Advances Expert Panel". JACC Adv. 2.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 "Correction to: 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (11): e771. 2022. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001061. PMID 35286170 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B, Chambers CE, Ellis SG, Guyton RA, Hollenberg SM, Khot UN, Lange RA, Mauri L, Mehran R, Moussa ID, Mukherjee D, Nallamothu BK, Ting HH (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions" (PDF). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (24): 2550–83. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.006. PMID 22070837. Retrieved 2011-12-08. Text "PDF" ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Smith SC, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW, Jacobs AK, Kern MJ, King SB; et al. (2006). "ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention)". Circulation. 113 (7): e166–286. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.173220. PMID 16490830.
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  36. ↑ McCullough PA, Wolyn R, Rocher LL, Levin RN, O'Neill WW (1997). "Acute renal failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality". The American Journal of Medicine. 103 (5): 368–75. PMID 9375704. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Russo D, Minutolo R, Cianciaruso B, Memoli B, Conte G, De Nicola L (1995). "Early effects of contrast media on renal hemodynamics and tubular function in chronic renal failure". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 6 (5): 1451–8. PMID 8589322. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Gonzales DA, Norsworthy KJ, Kern SJ, et al. A meta-analysis of N-acetylcysteine in contrast-induced nephrotoxicity: unsupervised clustering to resolve heterogeneity. BMC Med. 2007; 5: 32. Published online November 14, 2007. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-5-32
  39. ↑ Ozcan EE, Guneri S, Akdeniz B, et al. Sodium bicarbonate, N-acetylcysteine, and saline for prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. A comparison of 3 regimens for protecting contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary procedures. A single-center prospective controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2007; 154: 539– 44.
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  51. ↑ Briguori C, Visconti G, Focaccio A, Golia B, Chieffo A, Castelli A, Mussardo M, Montorfano M, Ricciardelli B, Colombo A (2009). "Novel approaches for preventing or limiting events (Naples) II trial: impact of a single high loading dose of atorvastatin on periprocedural myocardial infarction". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 54 (23): 2157–63. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.005. PMID 19664895. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ Pasceri V, Patti G, Nusca A, Pristipino C, Richichi G, Di Sciascio G (2004). "Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during coronary intervention: results from the ARMYDA (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) study". Circulation. 110 (6): 674–8. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000137828.06205.87. PMID 15277322. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  53. ↑ Patti G, Pasceri V, Colonna G, Miglionico M, Fischetti D, Sardella G, Montinaro A, Di Sciascio G (2007). "Atorvastatin pretreatment improves outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ARMYDA-ACS randomized trial". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 49 (12): 1272–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.025. PMID 17394957. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  54. ↑ Yun KH, Jeong MH, Oh SK, Rhee SJ, Park EM, Lee EM, Yoo NJ, Kim NH, Ahn YK, Jeong JW (2009). "The beneficial effect of high loading dose of rosuvastatin before percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome". International Journal of Cardiology. 137 (3): 246–51. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.06.055. PMID 18706705. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ Zhang F, Dong L, Ge J (2010). "Effect of statins pretreatment on periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis". Annals of Medicine. 42 (3): 171–7. doi:10.3109/07853890903463976. PMID 20384433. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  56. ↑ Winchester DE, Wen X, Xie L, Bavry AA (2010). "Evidence of pre-procedural statin therapy a meta-analysis of randomized trials". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 56 (14): 1099–109. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.023. PMID 20825761. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  57. ↑ Di Sciascio G, Patti G, Pasceri V, Gaspardone A, Colonna G, Montinaro A (2009). "Efficacy of atorvastatin reload in patients on chronic statin therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ARMYDA-RECAPTURE (Atorvastatin for Reduction of Myocardial Damage During Angioplasty) Randomized Trial". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 54 (6): 558–65. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.028. PMID 19643320. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  58. ↑ Aversano T, Aversano LT, Passamani E, Knatterud GL, Terrin ML, Williams DO, Forman SA (2002). "Thrombolytic therapy vs primary percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction in patients presenting to hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 287 (15): 1943–51. PMID 11960536. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Dehmer GJ, Blankenship J, Wharton TP, Seth A, Morrison DA, Dimario C, Muller D, Kellett M, Uretsky BF (2007). "The current status and future direction of percutaneous coronary intervention without on-site surgical backup: an expert consensus document from the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions". Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 69 (4): 471–8. doi:10.1002/ccd.21097. PMID 17278155. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  60. ↑ Melberg T, Nilsen DW, Larsen AI, Barvik S, Bonarjee V, Kuiper KK, Nordrehaug JE (2006). "Nonemergent coronary angioplasty without on-site surgical backup: a randomized study evaluating outcomes in low-risk patients". American Heart Journal. 152 (5): 888–95. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.06.026. PMID 17070152. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  61. ↑ Singh PP, Singh M, Bedi US, Adigopula S, Singh S, Kodumuri V, Molnar J, Ahmed A, Arora R, Khosla S (2011). "Outcomes of nonemergent percutaneous coronary intervention with and without on-site surgical backup: a meta-analysis". American Journal of Therapeutics. 18 (2): e22–8. doi:10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181bc0f5a. PMID 19918168. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
  62. ↑ Writing Committee Members. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM; et al. (2022). "2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. 79 (2): e21–e129. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.006. PMID 34895950 Check |pmid= value (help).
  63. ↑ Ali A, Cox D, Dib N, Brodie B, Berman D, Gupta N; et al. (2006). "Rheolytic thrombectomy with percutaneous coronary intervention for infarct size reduction in acute myocardial infarction: 30-day results from a multicenter randomized study". J Am Coll Cardiol. 48 (2): 244–52. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.044. PMID 16843170.
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  68. ↑ Lagerqvist B, Fröbert O, Olivecrona GK, Gudnason T, Maeng M, Alström P; et al. (2014). "Outcomes 1 year after thrombus aspiration for myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med. 371 (12): 1111–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1405707. PMID 25176395.


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