Cataplexy

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Cataplexy
ICD-10 G47.4
ICD-9 347
DiseasesDB 16311
MedlinePlus 000802
MeSH D002385

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Cataplexy is a medical condition which often affects people who have narcolepsy, a disorder whose principal signs are EDS (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness), sleep attacks, sleep paralysis, hypnopompic hallucinations[1] and disturbed night-time sleep. Cataplexy is sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimuli cause superficially similar seizures.

The term cataplexy originates from the Greek kata, meaning down, and plexis, meaning a stroke or seizure.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Ischemia
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Modafinil, Provigil
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Niemann pick disease
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Astrocytoma, Encephalitis, Glioblastoma, Glioma, Head trauma, Hydrocephalus, Hypnagogic hallucinations, Hypocretin deficiency, Hypothalamus lesions, Multiple sclerosis, Narcolepsy, Neurodegenerative diseases, Niemann pick disease, Sleep attacks, Sleep paralysis
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma, Glioma, Paraneoplasia syndrome, Subependynoma, Surgical tumor resection
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Head trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Presentation

Cataplexy manifests itself as muscular weakness which may range from a barely perceptible slackening of the facial muscles to the dropping of the jaw or head, weakness at the knees, or a total collapse. Usually the speech is slurred, vision is impaired (double vision, inability to focus), but hearing and awareness remain normal. These attacks are triggered by strong emotions such as exhilaration, anger, fear, surprise, orgasm, awe, embarrassment and laughter.

Cataplexy may be partial or complete, affecting a range of muscle groups, from those controlling facial features to (less commonly) those controlling the entire body. [2]

  • Arm weakness
  • Sagging jaw
  • Drooping head
  • Slumping of the shoulders
  • Slurred speech
  • Generalized weakness
  • Knee buckling

When cataplexy happens often, or cataplexy attacks make patients fall or drop things, it can have serious affects on normal activities. It can cause accidents and be embarrassing when it happens at work or with friends. For example, a narcoleptic may not pick up a baby because they are afraid they may drop them. [3]

Treatment

Despite its relation to narcolepsy, in most cases, cataplexy must be treated differently and separate medication must be taken. For many years, cataplexy has been treated with tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine, clomipramine or protriptyline. However these can have unpleasant side-effects and so have been generally replaced by newer drugs such as Effexor, a more recent antidepressant. Xyrem, the brand-name of the compound (sodium)gamma-Hydroxybutyrate GHB, has been shown to treat not only cataplexic attacks, but in narcoleptics, it has also been shown to significantly reduce daytime sleepiness.[4] Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be used to manage both cataplexy and the REM sleep-onset symptoms of sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.[1]

A person's efforts to stave off cataplectic attacks by avoiding these emotions may greatly diminish their lives, and they may become severely restricted emotionally if diagnosis and treatment is not begun as soon as possible. [5]

Diagnosis

Cataplexy in severe cases can cause vital signs to be hard to detect without a continuous auditory pulse oximeter (a well-known heart monitor). As an anecdotal example, one Allison Burchell, a sufferer of severe Cataplexy, has been sent to the morgue three times.[6]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 "Narcolepsy". Childhood Sleep Disorders. Armenian Medical Network. 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-19. Text " Thomas F. Anders, M.D. " ignored (help)
  2. "Cataplexy". Sleep Disorders - Cataplexy. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  3. "Cataplexy Introduction for Patients". Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  4. Black J, Houghton WC (2006). "Sodium oxybate improves excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy". Sleep. 29 (7): 939–46. PMID 16895262.
  5. "Narcolepsy and Cataplexy". NODSS Narcolepsy and Overwhelming Daytime Sleep Society of Australia. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  6. "The woman who died three times". The Argus. 2000-10-18. Retrieved 2006-12-20.


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