COVID-19-associated heart failure

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For COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions, click here
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mitra Chitsazan, M.D.[2]Mandana Chitsazan, M.D. [3]

Synonyms and keywords: Novel coronavirus, COVID-19, Wuhan coronavirus, coronavirus disease-19, coronavirus disease 2019, SARS-CoV-2, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, heart failure, acute heart failure, de Novo acute heart failure, chronic heart failure, acute decompensated heart failure, HFrEF, HFpEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction

Overview

Both de novo acute heart failure and acute decompensation of chronic heart failure can occur in patients with COVID-19. Patients with chronic heart failure may be at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection due to advanced age and the presence of multiple comorbidities.

Historical perspective

  • In late December 2019, the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in Wuhan, China. [1]
  • The World Health Organization(WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern On January 30, 2020, [2] and a pandemic on March 12, 2020. [3]
  • On March 27, 2020, Inciardi et al. reported the first case of acute myopericarditis complicated by heart failure in an otherwise healthy 53-year-old woman one week after the onset of symptoms of COVID-19. [4]

Classification

  • Acute heart failure has two forms:
    • Newly-arisen (“de novo”) acute heart failure
    • Acutely decompensated chronic heart failure (ADCHF)

Pathophysiology



Common Precipitating factors in COVID-19 patients
Cardiac
Pressure overload
Volume overload
  • Renal dysfunction
Pulmonary
Increased systemic metabolic demand
Iatrogenic
  • Cardiovascular toxicity of medications
  • Aggressive fluid resuscitation
Others
  • Anemia

Causes

Acute heart failure in COVID-19 patients may be caused by: [10] [11]

Differentiating COVID-19 associated heart failure from other Diseases

  • For further information about the differential diagnosis, click here.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Age

Gender

Race

Risk Factors

To read more on the risk factors of congestive heart failure, click here.

Screening

  • There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for heart failure in COVID-19 patients.
  • Routine measurement of natriuretic peptides and/or cardiac troponins has not been recommended in the absence of a high index of suspicion for heart failure on the clinical grounds.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

CT scan

CMR

Other Imaging Findings

  • To view other imaging findings on COVID-19, click here.

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • To view other diagnostic studies for COVID-19, click here.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventional therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

References

  1. "WHO | Pneumonia of unknown cause – China".
  2. "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)".
  3. "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020".
  4. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, Italia L, Raffo M, Tomasoni D, Cani DS, Cerini M, Farina D, Gavazzi E, Maroldi R, Adamo M, Ammirati E, Sinagra G, Lombardi CM, Metra M (March 2020). "Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". JAMA Cardiol. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096. PMID 32219357 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, Italia L, Raffo M, Tomasoni D; et al. (2020). "Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". JAMA Cardiol. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096. PMID 32219357 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. Mehra MR, Ruschitzka F (2020). "COVID-19 Illness and Heart Failure: A Missing Link?". JACC Heart Fail. 8 (6): 512–514. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2020.03.004. PMID 32360242 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. Xiong TY, Redwood S, Prendergast B, Chen M (2020). "Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: acute and long-term implications". Eur Heart J. 41 (19): 1798–1800. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa231. PMID 32186331 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. Musher DM, Abers MS, Corrales-Medina VF (2019). "Acute Infection and Myocardial Infarction". N Engl J Med. 380 (2): 171–176. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1808137. PMID 30625066.
  9. Chen C, Zhou Y, Wang DW (2020). "SARS-CoV-2: a potential novel etiology of fulminant myocarditis". Herz. 45 (3): 230–232. doi:10.1007/s00059-020-04909-z. PMC 7080076 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32140732 Check |pmid= value (help).
  10. 10.0 10.1 Jabri A, Kalra A, Kumar A, Alameh A, Adroja S, Bashir H, Nowacki AS, Shah R, Khubber S, Kanaa'N A, Hedrick DP, Sleik KM, Mehta N, Chung MK, Khot UN, Kapadia SR, Puri R, Reed GW (July 2020). "Incidence of Stress Cardiomyopathy During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic". JAMA Netw Open. 3 (7): e2014780. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14780. PMC 7348683 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32644140 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. 11.0 11.1 Minhas AS, Scheel P, Garibaldi B, Liu G, Horton M, Jennings M, Jones SR, Michos ED, Hays AG (May 2020). "Takotsubo Syndrome in the Setting of COVID-19 Infection". JACC Case Rep. doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.04.023. PMC 7194596 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32363351 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. [+https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950 "Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China | Global Health | JAMA Cardiology | JAMA Network"] Check |url= value (help).
  13. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, Guan L, Wei Y, Li H, Wu X, Xu J, Tu S, Zhang Y, Chen H, Cao B (March 2020). "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study". Lancet. 395 (10229): 1054–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMC 7270627 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32171076 Check |pmid= value (help).
  14. Kociol RD, Pang PS, Gheorghiade M, Fonarow GC, O'Connor CM, Felker GM (2010). "Troponin elevation in heart failure prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical implications". J Am Coll Cardiol. 56 (14): 1071–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.016. PMID 20863950.
  15. Saenger AK, Rodriguez-Fraga O, Ler R, Ordonez-Llanos J, Jaffe AS, Goetze JP; et al. (2017). "Specificity of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Assays: Cross-Reactivity with Different BNP, NT-proBNP, and proBNP Peptides". Clin Chem. 63 (1): 351–358. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2016.263749. PMID 28062628.
  16. Gao L, Jiang D, Wen XS, Cheng XC, Sun M, He B; et al. (2020). "Prognostic value of NT-proBNP in patients with severe COVID-19". Respir Res. 21 (1): 83. doi:10.1186/s12931-020-01352-w. PMC 7156898 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32293449 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. Han H, Xie L, Liu R, Yang J, Liu F, Wu K; et al. (2020). "Analysis of heart injury laboratory parameters in 273 COVID-19 patients in one hospital in Wuhan, China". J Med Virol. 92 (7): 819–823. doi:10.1002/jmv.25809. PMC 7228305 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32232979 Check |pmid= value (help).
  18. Christ-Crain M, Breidthardt T, Stolz D, Zobrist K, Bingisser R, Miedinger D, Leuppi J, Tamm M, Mueller B, Mueller C (August 2008). "Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the risk stratification of community-acquired pneumonia". J. Intern. Med. 264 (2): 166–76. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01934.x. PMID 18298480.
  19. Mueller C, Laule-Kilian K, Frana B, Rodriguez D, Scholer A, Schindler C, Perruchoud AP (February 2006). "Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the management of acute dyspnea in patients with pulmonary disease". Am. Heart J. 151 (2): 471–7. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.036. PMID 16442916.
  20. Lai CC, Sung MI, Ho CH, Liu HH, Chen CM, Chiang SR, Chao CM, Liu WL, Hsing SC, Cheng KC (March 2017). "The prognostic value of N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome". Sci Rep. 7: 44784. doi:10.1038/srep44784. PMID 28322314.
  21. Determann RM, Royakkers AA, Schaefers J, de Boer AM, Binnekade JM, van Straalen JP, Schultz MJ (July 2013). "Serum levels of N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients--relation to tidal volume size and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome". BMC Pulm Med. 13: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-13-42. PMID 23837838.
  22. Park BH, Park MS, Kim YS, Kim SK, Kang YA, Jung JY, Lim JE, Kim EY, Chang J (August 2011). "Prognostic utility of changes in N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic Peptide combined with sequential organ failure assessment scores in patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome concomitant with septic shock". Shock. 36 (2): 109–14. doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e31821d8f2d. PMID 21478812.
  23. Cosyns B, Lochy S, Luchian ML, Gimelli A, Pontone G, Allard SD, de Mey J, Rosseel P, Dweck M, Petersen SE, Edvardsen T (July 2020). "The role of cardiovascular imaging for myocardial injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients". Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 21 (7): 709–714. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeaa136. PMID 32391912 Check |pmid= value (help).
  24. Teerlink JR, Alburikan K, Metra M, Rodgers JE (2015). "Acute decompensated heart failure update". Curr Cardiol Rev. 11 (1): 53–62. doi:10.2174/1573403x09666131117174414. PMID 24251454.
  25. Seferovic PM, Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Bauersachs J, Chioncel O, Cleland J, de Boer RA, Drexel H, Ben Gal T, Hill L, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Anker MS, Lainscak M, Lewis BS, McDonagh T, Metra M, Milicic D, Mullens W, Piepoli MF, Rosano G, Ruschitzka F, Volterrani M, Voors AA, Filippatos G, Coats A (October 2019). "Clinical practice update on heart failure 2019: pharmacotherapy, procedures, devices and patient management. An expert consensus meeting report of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur. J. Heart Fail. 21 (10): 1169–1186. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1531. PMID 31129923. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  26. Bleumink GS, Feenstra J, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH (2003). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and heart failure". Drugs. 63 (6): 525–34. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363060-00001. PMID 12656651.


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