Paraneoplastic syndrome: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 9: Line 9:
==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Paraneoplastic syndromes''' are rare type of [[diseases]] that are caused by abnormal [[immune]] systems resulting from [[cancerous]] cells. Paraneoplastic syndromes are [[disorders]] due to released of [[hormones]], peptitdes then [[immune]] cross-reactivity between [[cancerous]] [[cells]] and normal [[tissues]]. Sometimes the [[symptoms]] of paraneoplastic syndromes show even before the [[diagnosis]] of a [[Malignant|malignancy]].There is no [[screening]] for paraneoplastic syndromes. The stage and type of the diagnosis of the [[cancer]] determine the [[prognosis]] of a paraneoplastic syndrome. The [[causes]] are mostly related to organ affected. The classification of the paraneoplastic syndromes is divided into four main categories such as [[mucocutaneous]], [[neurological]], [[hematological]] and [[Endocrine|endocrines]].The are no cures for paraneoplastic syndrome, but [[cancer]] treatment and some [[medications]] to reduce [[Autoimmunity|autoimmune]] responses are helpful.
'''Paraneoplastic syndromes''' are rare type of [[diseases]] that are caused by abnormal [[immune]] systems resulting from [[cancerous]] cells. Paraneoplastic syndromes are [[disorders]] due to released of [[hormones]], peptitdes then [[immune]] cross-reactivity between [[cancerous]] [[cells]] and normal [[tissues]]. Sometimes the [[symptoms]] of paraneoplastic syndromes show even before the [[diagnosis]] of a [[Malignant|malignancy]].There is no [[screening]] for paraneoplastic syndromes. The stage and type of the diagnosis of the [[cancer]] determine the [[prognosis]] of a paraneoplastic syndrome. The [[causes]] are mostly related to organ affected. The classification of the paraneoplastic syndromes is divided into four main categories such as [[mucocutaneous]], [[neurological]], [[hematological]] and [[Endocrine|endocrines]].The are no cures for paraneoplastic syndrome, but [[cancer]] treatment and some [[medications]] to reduce [[Autoimmunity|autoimmune]] responses are helpful.
==Classification==
==Classification==
* Paraneoplastic syndromes may be [[Classification|classified]] into 4 main categories:
* Paraneoplastic syndromes may be [[Classification|classified]] into 4 main categories:


* [[Endocrine|Endocrine metabolic]] [[Syndrome|syndromes]]:<ref>{{MeshName|Paraneoplastic+endocrine+syndromes}}</ref><ref name="pmid15673803">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart AF |title=Clinical practice. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=352 |issue=4 |pages=373–9 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15673803 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp042806 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16337807">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spinazzé S, Schrijvers D |title=Metabolic emergencies |journal=Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=79–89 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16337807 |doi=10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.04.004 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Endocrine|Endocrine metabolic]] [[Syndrome|syndromes]]:<ref>{{MeshName|Paraneoplastic+endocrine+syndromes}}</ref><ref name="pmid15673803">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart AF |title=Clinical practice. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=352 |issue=4 |pages=373–9 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15673803 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp042806 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16337807">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spinazzé S, Schrijvers D |title=Metabolic emergencies |journal=Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=79–89 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16337807 |doi=10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.04.004 |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Hypercalcemia]] in [[breast cancer]] and [[lung cancer]] (typically squamous cell) due to the production of [[Parathyroid hormone-related protein|PTHrP]] ([[Parathyroid hormone]]-related [[protein]])
**Seen in multiple [[myeloma]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[endometrial cancer]], and [[lymphoma]]
*[[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]]<ref name="pmid17701059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raftopoulos H |title=Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia in cancer patients |journal=Support Care Cancer |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=1341–7 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17701059 |doi=10.1007/s00520-007-0309-9 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17507705">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellison DH, Berl T |title=Clinical practice. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=356 |issue=20 |pages=2064–72 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17507705 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp066837 |url=}}</ref>
**Associated [[Cancer|cancers]]: [[small cell lung cancer]], [[mesothelioma]], [[breast]], [[prostate]], [[adrenal]], [[urethral]], [[thymoma]], [[lymphoma]], GI, CNS, and [[Ewing sarcoma]]
*[[Ectopic]] [[ACTH]] [[secretion]] associated with [[Small cell lung cancer|small-cell lung cancer]], [[carcinoid tumor]], [[thymoma]] and other [[Cancer|cancers]]
*[[Tumor induced osteomalacia]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]<ref name="pmid9876347">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teale JD, Marks V |title=Glucocorticoid therapy suppresses abnormal secretion of big IGF-II by non-islet cell tumours inducing hypoglycaemia (NICTH) |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=491–8 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9876347 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Associated [[Cancer|cancers]]: [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]], [[mesothelioma]], [[lung]], and [[sarcomas]]


*[[Mucocutaneous|Musculocutaneous]] paraneoplastic syndromes <ref name="pmid9208889">{{cite journal |author=Cohen PR, Kurzrock R |title=Mucocutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=334–59 |year=1997 |pmid=9208889 |doi=}}</ref>
*** [[Hypercalcemia]] in [[breast cancer]] and [[lung cancer]] (typically squamous cell) due to the production of [[Parathyroid hormone-related protein|PTHrP]] ([[Parathyroid hormone]]-related [[protein]])
**[[Dermatomyositis]] (25-50% of adult patients have an underlying [[malignancy]])
**** Seen in multiple [[myeloma]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[endometrial cancer]], and [[lymphoma]]
**[[Leser-Trelat sign|Leser-Trélat sign]], a sudden onset of many [[Pigmented lesions|pigmented]] [[skin]] lesions
*** [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone|SIADH]]<ref name="pmid17701059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raftopoulos H |title=Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia in cancer patients |journal=Support Care Cancer |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=1341–7 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17701059 |doi=10.1007/s00520-007-0309-9 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17507705">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ellison DH, Berl T |title=Clinical practice. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=356 |issue=20 |pages=2064–72 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17507705 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp066837 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Acanthosis nigricans]]
**** Associated [[Cancer|cancers]]: [[small cell lung cancer]], [[mesothelioma]], [[breast]], [[prostate]], [[adrenal]], [[urethral]], [[thymoma]], [[lymphoma]], GI, CNS, and [[Ewing sarcoma]]
**[[Necrolytic migratory erythema]]
*** [[Ectopic]] [[ACTH]] [[secretion]] associated with [[Small cell lung cancer|small-cell lung cancer]], [[carcinoid tumor]], [[thymoma]] and other [[Cancer|cancers]]
**[[Sweet's syndrome]]
*** [[Tumor induced osteomalacia]]
**[[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]
*** [[Hypoglycemia]]<ref name="pmid9876347">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teale JD, Marks V |title=Glucocorticoid therapy suppresses abnormal secretion of big IGF-II by non-islet cell tumours inducing hypoglycaemia (NICTH) |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=491–8 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9876347 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
****Associated [[Cancer|cancers]]: [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]], [[mesothelioma]], [[lung]], and [[sarcomas]]


*[[Neurological]] paraneoplastic syndromes: <ref>{{MeshName|Nervous+system+paraneoplastic+syndromes}}</ref><ref name="pmid19620862">{{cite journal |vauthors=Didelot A, Honnorat J |title=Update on paraneoplastic neurological syndromes |journal=Curr Opin Oncol |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=566–72 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19620862 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e3283306647 |url=}}</ref>
** [[Mucocutaneous|Musculocutaneous]] paraneoplastic syndromes <ref name="pmid9208889">{{cite journal |author=Cohen PR, Kurzrock R |title=Mucocutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=334–59 |year=1997 |pmid=9208889 |doi=}}</ref>
**[[Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]] associated with [[lung]], [[ovarian]], [[breast]], [[lymphatic]], and other cancers
*** [[Dermatomyositis]] (25-50% of adult patients have an underlying [[malignancy]])
**[[Encephalomyelitis]] ([[inflammation]] of the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]])
*** [[Leser-Trelat sign|Leser-Trélat sign]], a sudden onset of many [[Pigmented lesions|pigmented]] [[skin]] lesions
**[[Limbic encephalitis]]
*** [[Acanthosis nigricans]]
**[[Encephalitis|Brainstem encephalitis]]
*** [[Necrolytic migratory erythema]]
**[[Opsoclonus]] (involving eye movement)
*** [[Sweet's syndrome]]
**[[Encephalitis]] triggered by a [[teratoma]]<ref name="pmid17262855">{{cite journal |author=Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY, ''et al'' |title=Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=17262855 |pmc=2430743 |doi=10.1002/ana.21050 |url=}}</ref>
*** [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]
**[[Polymyositis]]
**[[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] ([[LEMS]]) in [[Small cell lung cancer|small-cell lung cancer]]
**[[Myasthenia gravis]]
**Subacute (peripheral) [[sensory neuropathy]]
**[[Autonomic neuropathy]]


*[[Hematological]] paraneoplastic syndromes <ref name="pmid9208888">{{cite journal |author=Staszewski H |title=Hematological paraneoplastic syndromes |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=329–33 |year=1997 |pmid=9208888 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8400277">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blay JY, Favrot M, Rossi JF, Wijdenes J |title=Role of interleukin-6 in paraneoplastic thrombocytosis |journal=Blood |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=2261–2 |date=October 1993 |pmid=8400277 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Neurological]] paraneoplastic syndromes: <ref>{{MeshName|Nervous+system+paraneoplastic+syndromes}}</ref><ref name="pmid19620862">{{cite journal |vauthors=Didelot A, Honnorat J |title=Update on paraneoplastic neurological syndromes |journal=Curr Opin Oncol |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=566–72 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19620862 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e3283306647 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Granulocytosis]] (increased [[granulocyte]]s) due to the production of [[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|G-CSF]]
*** [[Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]] associated with [[lung]], [[ovarian]], [[breast]], [[lymphatic]], and other cancers
**[[Eosinophilia]]
*** [[Encephalomyelitis]] ([[inflammation]] of the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]])
**[[Pure red cell aplasia]]
*** [[Limbic encephalitis]]
**[[Thrombocytosis]]
*** [[Encephalitis|Brainstem encephalitis]]
*** [[Opsoclonus]] (involving eye movement)
*** [[Encephalitis]] triggered by a [[teratoma]]<ref name="pmid17262855">{{cite journal |author=Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY, ''et al'' |title=Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=25–36 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=17262855 |pmc=2430743 |doi=10.1002/ana.21050 |url=}}</ref>
*** [[Polymyositis]]
*** [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] ([[LEMS]]) in [[Small cell lung cancer|small-cell lung cancer]]
*** [[Myasthenia gravis]]
*** Subacute (peripheral) [[sensory neuropathy]]
*** [[Autonomic neuropathy]]


*Others:
** [[Hematological]] paraneoplastic syndromes <ref name="pmid9208888">{{cite journal |author=Staszewski H |title=Hematological paraneoplastic syndromes |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=329–33 |year=1997 |pmid=9208888 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8400277">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blay JY, Favrot M, Rossi JF, Wijdenes J |title=Role of interleukin-6 in paraneoplastic thrombocytosis |journal=Blood |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=2261–2 |date=October 1993 |pmid=8400277 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**[[Membranous glomerulonephritis]]
*** [[Granulocytosis]] (increased [[granulocyte]]s) due to the production of [[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|G-CSF]]
*** [[Eosinophilia]]
*** [[Pure red cell aplasia]]
*** [[Thrombocytosis]]
** Others:
*** [[Membranous glomerulonephritis]]
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* The major [[causes]] of paraneoplastic syndrome include:<ref name="pmid1591305">{{cite journal| author=Richardson GE, Johnson BE| title=Paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer. | journal=Curr Opin Oncol | year= 1992 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 323-33 | pmid=1591305 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1591305  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8946620">{{cite journal| author=Gold PJ, Fefer A, Thompson JA| title=Paraneoplastic manifestations of renal cell carcinoma. | journal=Semin Urol Oncol | year= 1996 | volume= 14 | issue= 4 | pages= 216-22 | pmid=8946620 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8946620  }}</ref><ref name="pmid191296132">{{cite journal| author=Horwhat JD, Gerke H, Acosta RD, Pavey DA, Jowell PS| title=Focal or diffuse "fullness" of the pancreas on CT. Usually benign, but EUS plus/minus FNA is warranted to identify malignancy. | journal=JOP | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-42 | pmid=19129613 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19129613  }}</ref>
* The major [[causes]] of paraneoplastic syndrome include:<ref name="pmid1591305">{{cite journal| author=Richardson GE, Johnson BE| title=Paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer. | journal=Curr Opin Oncol | year= 1992 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 323-33 | pmid=1591305 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1591305  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8946620">{{cite journal| author=Gold PJ, Fefer A, Thompson JA| title=Paraneoplastic manifestations of renal cell carcinoma. | journal=Semin Urol Oncol | year= 1996 | volume= 14 | issue= 4 | pages= 216-22 | pmid=8946620 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8946620  }}</ref><ref name="pmid191296132">{{cite journal| author=Horwhat JD, Gerke H, Acosta RD, Pavey DA, Jowell PS| title=Focal or diffuse "fullness" of the pancreas on CT. Usually benign, but EUS plus/minus FNA is warranted to identify malignancy. | journal=JOP | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-42 | pmid=19129613 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19129613  }}</ref>
 
** [[Small cell lung cancer]]
* [[Small cell lung cancer]]
** [[Non-small cell lung cancer]]
 
** [[Myeloma]]
*[[Non-small cell lung cancer]]
** [[Breast cancer]]
*[[Myeloma]]
** [[Medullary thyroid cancer]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
** [[Bronchial]] [[carcinoid]]
*[[Medullary thyroid cancer]]
** [[Pancoast tumor|Pancoast's tumour]]
*[[Bronchial]] [[carcinoid]]
** [[Pancreatic cancer]]
*[[Pancoast tumor|Pancoast's tumour]]
** [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
*[[Pancreatic cancer]]
** [[Gastric tumors]]
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
** [[Gastrointestinal]] [[neuroendocrine tumors]] (NETS)
*[[Gastric tumors]]
** [[Leukemias]]
*[[Gastrointestinal]] [[neuroendocrine tumors]] (NETS)
** [[Lymphomas]]
*[[Leukemias]]
** [[Skin cancers]]
*[[Lymphomas]]
** [[Renal carcinoma]]
*[[Skin cancers]]
*[[Renal carcinoma]]
 
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
*Paraneoplastic syndromes [[causes]] may be regrouped by organ system.<ref name="pmid20810794">{{cite journal| author=Pelosof LC, Gerber DE| title=Paraneoplastic syndromes: an approach to diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 9 | pages= 838-54 | pmid=20810794 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0099 | pmc=2931619 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20810794  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30876820">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henry K |title=Paraneoplastic syndromes: Definitions, classification, pathophysiology and principles of treatment |journal=Semin Diagn Pathol |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=204–210 |date=July 2019 |pmid=30876820 |doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2019.01.002 |url=}}</ref>
*Paraneoplastic syndromes [[causes]] may be regrouped by organ system.<ref name="pmid20810794">{{cite journal| author=Pelosof LC, Gerber DE| title=Paraneoplastic syndromes: an approach to diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 9 | pages= 838-54 | pmid=20810794 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0099 | pmc=2931619 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20810794  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30876820">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henry K |title=Paraneoplastic syndromes: Definitions, classification, pathophysiology and principles of treatment |journal=Semin Diagn Pathol |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=204–210 |date=July 2019 |pmid=30876820 |doi=10.1053/j.semdp.2019.01.002 |url=}}</ref>
{| style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
|-
|-

Revision as of 18:43, 10 October 2019

For patient information, click here

Paraneoplastic syndrome Microchapters

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Endocrine
Musculocutaneous
Neurological
Hematological
Others

Causes

Differential diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Paraneoplastic syndrome

Overview

Paraneoplastic syndromes are rare type of diseases that are caused by abnormal immune systems resulting from cancerous cells. Paraneoplastic syndromes are disorders due to released of hormones, peptitdes then immune cross-reactivity between cancerous cells and normal tissues. Sometimes the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes show even before the diagnosis of a malignancy.There is no screening for paraneoplastic syndromes. The stage and type of the diagnosis of the cancer determine the prognosis of a paraneoplastic syndrome. The causes are mostly related to organ affected. The classification of the paraneoplastic syndromes is divided into four main categories such as mucocutaneous, neurological, hematological and endocrines.The are no cures for paraneoplastic syndrome, but cancer treatment and some medications to reduce autoimmune responses are helpful.

Classification

  • Paraneoplastic syndromes may be classified into 4 main categories:

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

  • Paraneoplastic syndromes causes may be regrouped by organ system.[16][17]
Dermatologic
Ear Nose Throat
Endocrine
Gastroenterologic
Hematologic
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
Neurologic
Obstetric/Gynecologic
Oncologic
Pulmonary
Renal/Electrolyte
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
  • No underlying causes
Urologic
Miscellaneous

Differential diagnosis

Paraneoplastic syndromes must be differentiated from others types of cancer depending on the location and type of organs.

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Small cell lung cancer[18][19] _ _ Small, round and oval cells

Necrosis

Biopsy _
Squamous lung cancer[20]


_ _ _ _ _
Hepatocellular carcinoma[21][22] _ _ _ _ _
Diseases Symptom 1 Symptom 2 Symptom 3 Physical exam 1 Physical exam 2 Physical exam 3 Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Imaging 1 Imaging 2 Imaging 3 Histopathology Gold standard Additional findings
Breast cancer[23][24][25] _ _ _ _ _ _
Renal cancer[26][27][28][29] _ _
  • Depends on the subtypes
 _
Pancreatic cancer[30][31][32][33] _
  • U/S: hypoechoic mass
 _
Gastric cancer[34][35][36][37]


_ _ _ _
Lymphoma[38][39] _ _ _ _ _ _
  • Depends on the type of lymphoma
 _
Ovarian cancer[40][41] _ _ _ _

References

  1. ↑ Paraneoplastic+endocrine+syndromes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  2. ↑ Stewart AF (January 2005). "Clinical practice. Hypercalcemia associated with cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (4): 373–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp042806. PMID 15673803.
  3. ↑ Spinazzé S, Schrijvers D (April 2006). "Metabolic emergencies". Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 58 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.04.004. PMID 16337807.
  4. ↑ Raftopoulos H (December 2007). "Diagnosis and management of hyponatremia in cancer patients". Support Care Cancer. 15 (12): 1341–7. doi:10.1007/s00520-007-0309-9. PMID 17701059.
  5. ↑ Ellison DH, Berl T (May 2007). "Clinical practice. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (20): 2064–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp066837. PMID 17507705.
  6. ↑ Teale JD, Marks V (October 1998). "Glucocorticoid therapy suppresses abnormal secretion of big IGF-II by non-islet cell tumours inducing hypoglycaemia (NICTH)". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 49 (4): 491–8. PMID 9876347.
  7. ↑ Cohen PR, Kurzrock R (1997). "Mucocutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes". Semin. Oncol. 24 (3): 334–59. PMID 9208889.
  8. ↑ Nervous+system+paraneoplastic+syndromes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  9. ↑ Didelot A, Honnorat J (November 2009). "Update on paraneoplastic neurological syndromes". Curr Opin Oncol. 21 (6): 566–72. doi:10.1097/CCO.0b013e3283306647. PMID 19620862.
  10. ↑ Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY; et al. (2007). "Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma". Ann. Neurol. 61 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1002/ana.21050. PMC 2430743. PMID 17262855. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Staszewski H (1997). "Hematological paraneoplastic syndromes". Semin. Oncol. 24 (3): 329–33. PMID 9208888.
  12. ↑ Blay JY, Favrot M, Rossi JF, Wijdenes J (October 1993). "Role of interleukin-6 in paraneoplastic thrombocytosis". Blood. 82 (7): 2261–2. PMID 8400277.
  13. ↑ Richardson GE, Johnson BE (1992). "Paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer". Curr Opin Oncol. 4 (2): 323–33. PMID 1591305.
  14. ↑ Gold PJ, Fefer A, Thompson JA (1996). "Paraneoplastic manifestations of renal cell carcinoma". Semin Urol Oncol. 14 (4): 216–22. PMID 8946620.
  15. ↑ Horwhat JD, Gerke H, Acosta RD, Pavey DA, Jowell PS (2009). "Focal or diffuse "fullness" of the pancreas on CT. Usually benign, but EUS plus/minus FNA is warranted to identify malignancy". JOP. 10 (1): 37–42. PMID 19129613.
  16. ↑ Pelosof LC, Gerber DE (2010). "Paraneoplastic syndromes: an approach to diagnosis and treatment". Mayo Clin Proc. 85 (9): 838–54. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0099. PMC 2931619. PMID 20810794.
  17. ↑ Henry K (July 2019). "Paraneoplastic syndromes: Definitions, classification, pathophysiology and principles of treatment". Semin Diagn Pathol. 36 (4): 204–210. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2019.01.002. PMID 30876820.
  18. ↑ NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Small Cell Lung Cancer, version 2.2014
  19. ↑ Carter, Brett W.; Glisson, Bonnie S.; Truong, Mylene T.; Erasmus, Jeremy J. (2014). "Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Staging, Imaging, and Treatment Considerations". RadioGraphics. 34 (6): 1707–1721. doi:10.1148/rg.346140178. ISSN 0271-5333.
  20. ↑ Rosado-de-Christenson, M L; Templeton, P A; Moran, C A (1994). "Bronchogenic carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation". RadioGraphics. 14 (2): 429–446. doi:10.1148/radiographics.14.2.8190965. ISSN 0271-5333.
  21. ↑ Reynolds, Arich R.; Furlan, Alessandro; Fetzer, David T.; Sasatomi, Eizaburo; Borhani, Amir A.; Heller, Matthew T.; Tublin, Mitchell E. (2015). "Infiltrative Hepatocellular Carcinoma: What Radiologists Need to Know". RadioGraphics. 35 (2): 371–386. doi:10.1148/rg.352140114. ISSN 0271-5333.
  22. ↑ Flores, Yvonne N.; Lang, Cathy M.; Salmerón, Jorge; Bastani, Roshan (2011). "Risk Factors for Liver Disease and Associated Knowledge and Practices Among Mexican Adults in the US and Mexico". Journal of Community Health. 37 (2): 403–411. doi:10.1007/s10900-011-9457-4. ISSN 0094-5145.
  23. ↑ Mišković, Josip (2016). "DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY FOR BREAST TUMORS". ACTA CLINICA CROATICA: 625–628. doi:10.20471/acc.2016.55.04.13. ISSN 0353-9466.
  24. ↑ Mišković J, Zorić A, Radić Mišković H, Šoljić V (2016). "Diagnostic Value of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for Breast Tumors". Acta Clin Croat. 55 (4): 625–628. doi:10.20471/acc.2016.55.04.13. PMID 29117654.
  25. ↑ McKenna RJ (1994). "The abnormal mammogram radiographic findings, diagnostic options, pathology, and stage of cancer diagnosis". Cancer. 74 (1 Suppl): 244–55. doi:10.1002/cncr.2820741308. PMID 8004594.
  26. ↑ Cairns, Paul; Srivastava, Sudhir; Grizzle, William E. (2011). "Renal cell carcinoma". Cancer Biomarkers. 9 (1–6): 461–473. doi:10.3233/CBM-2011-0176. ISSN 1875-8592.
  27. ↑ de la Mata J, Uy HL, Guise TA, Story B, Boyce BF, Mundy GR; et al. (1995). "Interleukin-6 enhances hypercalcemia and bone resorption mediated by parathyroid hormone-related protein in vivo". J Clin Invest. 95 (6): 2846–52. doi:10.1172/JCI117990. PMC 295971. PMID 7769125.
  28. ↑ Laski ME, Vugrin D (1987). "Paraneoplastic syndromes in hypernephroma". Semin Nephrol. 7 (2): 123–30. PMID 3306861.
  29. ↑ Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N (2010). "Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI". Nat Rev Urol. 7 (6): 311–25. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.63. PMID 20479778.
  30. ↑ Horwhat JD, Gerke H, Acosta RD, Pavey DA, Jowell PS (2009). "Focal or diffuse "fullness" of the pancreas on CT. Usually benign, but EUS plus/minus FNA is warranted to identify malignancy". JOP. 10 (1): 37–42. PMID 19129613.
  31. ↑ Porta M, Fabregat X, Malats N, Guarner L, Carrato A, de Miguel A; et al. (2005). "Exocrine pancreatic cancer: symptoms at presentation and their relation to tumour site and stage". Clin Transl Oncol. 7 (5): 189–97. PMID 15960930.
  32. ↑ Holly, Elizabeth A.; Chaliha, Indranushi; Bracci, Paige M.; Gautam, Manjushree (2004). "Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer: a population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay area". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2 (6): 510–517. doi:10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00171-5. ISSN 1542-3565.
  33. ↑ Schmidt-Hansen M, Berendse S, Hamilton W (2016). "Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer in Primary Care: A Systematic Review". Pancreas. 45 (6): 814–8. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000000527. PMID 26495795.
  34. ↑ Ajani JA, Bentrem DJ, Besh S, D'Amico TA, Das P, Denlinger C; et al. (2013). "Gastric cancer, version 2.2013: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines". J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 11 (5): 531–46. PMID 23667204.
  35. ↑ Wanebo HJ, Kennedy BJ, Chmiel J, Steele G, Winchester D, Osteen R (1993). "Cancer of the stomach. A patient care study by the American College of Surgeons". Ann Surg. 218 (5): 583–92. doi:10.1097/00000658-199321850-00002. PMC 1243028. PMID 8239772.
  36. ↑ Sussman SK, Halvorsen RA, Illescas FF, Cohan RH, Saeed M, Silverman PM; et al. (1988). "Gastric adenocarcinoma: CT versus surgical staging". Radiology. 167 (2): 335–40. doi:10.1148/radiology.167.2.3357941. PMID 3357941.
  37. ↑ Karita M, Tada M (1994). "Endoscopic and histologic diagnosis of submucosal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract using combined strip biopsy and bite biopsy". Gastrointest Endosc. 40 (6): 749–53. PMID 7859977.
  38. ↑ Hagler KT, Lynch JW (2004). "Paraneoplastic manifestations of lymphoma". Clin Lymphoma. 5 (1): 29–36. PMID 15245605.
  39. ↑ Briani C, Vitaliani R, Grisold W, Honnorat J, Graus F, Antoine JC; et al. (2011). "Spectrum of paraneoplastic disease associated with lymphoma". Neurology. 76 (8): 705–10. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31820d62eb. PMID 21339498.
  40. ↑ Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (2011). "Identifying women with suspected ovarian cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of algorithm". BMJ. 344: d8009. doi:10.1136/bmj.d8009. PMC 3251328. PMID 22217630.
  41. ↑ Li J, Fadare O, Xiang L, Kong B, Zheng W (2012). "Ovarian serous carcinoma: recent concepts on its origin and carcinogenesis". J Hematol Oncol. 5: 8. doi:10.1186/1756-8722-5-8. PMC 3328281. PMID 22405464.

Template:WH Template:WS


References


Template:WikiDoc Sources

References

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Paraneoplastic_syndrome&oldid=1583997"